Test 1– March 2015
FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURE
DEPARTMENT OF BIOKINETICS AND SPORTS SCIENCE
SHMS111 Paper 2 – Functional Anatomy
DURATION: 90 MINUTES
MARKS: 95
SUBMINIMUM: 40%
Internal Examiner
Miss K Frames
Moderator
Mrs C Gouws
INSTRUCTION TO CANDIDATES
1.
2.
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6.
Please ascertain that this paper has two (2) pages, including the cover page.
Answer all questions in the answer book provided.
Number the questions correctly.
Please answer questions in the correct order.
Please do not write in the margins of the answer book.
Write neatly and do not use tipex.
Question 1
[34]
1.1 What does anatomy mean?
“tome” means to cut in Greek
Describes the structures of the body:
– what they are made of
– where they are located
– associated structures
(2)
1.2 Describe the levels of organization in the human body.
(10)
Chemical Level: - atoms (e.g. carbon) combine to form molecules (e.g. glucose)
Cellular level:
– Smallest living units in organisms
– Cells contain organelles, each with a function
Tissue level - different groups of cells that perform a function
Organ Level - Different types of tissues that perform a common function
Organ system – consists of different organs that work closely together
1.3 Describe the 11 organ systems in the body and provide 1 function of each system.
(22)
Integumentary: Waterproofs, cushions, protects deeper tissue, Excretes salts, pain, pressure,
Regulates body temp, synthesize vitamin D
Nervous: Fast-acting central control system, Responds to external/internal stimuli via nerve
impulses (electrical messages)
Skeletal: Protects & supports body organs, Framework for muscles & movement, Store minerals
Endocrine: Slow-acting control system, Glands produce hormones that regulate growth,
reproduction, metabolism
Muscular: Contraction & mobility (locomotion), Facial expression, posture, Produce body heat
Cardiovascular: Carries O2 nutrients, hormones, & other substances to and from tissue cells,
White blood cells protect against bacteria, toxins, tumors
Lymphatic: Complements circulatory system by returning leaked fluid back to blood vessels,
Cleanses the blood; involved in immunity
Urinary: Eliminates nitrogenous waste from the body (urea & uric acid), Regulates water,
electrolytes, & acid-base balance of the blood
Respiratory: Keeps blood supplied with O2 & removes CO2, Carries out gas exchanges through
air sacs in lungs
Reproductive: Primary function for both sexes is to produce offspring, Male – testes produce
sperm & male sex hormones, Female – ovaries produce eggs & female sex hormones; mammary
glands for nourishment
Digestive: Breaks food down into absorbable units that enter the blood; indigestible food
eliminated as feces
Question 2
[11]
2.1 Describe the 3 body planes.
Sagittal Plane – divides body into right and left parts.
Midsagittal = median plane –divides body into two equal halves.
Frontal = coronal plane – divides body into anterior and posterior parts
Transverse plane = cross section= horizontal section divides into upper and lower parts
(6)
2.2 Explain the following terms:
a. Abduction
moving away from the midline of the body or body part
(5)
b. Proximal
close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.
c. Superficial
toward or at the body surface.
d. Pronation
rotating forearm medially
e. Eversion
lifting the lateral border of the foot
Question 3
[35]
3.1 What are the functions of the skeleton?
1. Supportive framework & soft body tissues
2. Protection of vital organs
3. Production of red blood cells
4. Provides system of levers allowing movement
5. Provides shape to the body
6. Maintains homeostasis (Balance calcium)
(6)
3.2 Differentiate between the types of bone cells.
Osteoblasts:
Bone building cells
Synthesize & secrete collagen & other organic compounds to build up bone matrix
(6)
Function: initiates calcification
Osteocytes:
Mature bone cells
Derived from osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix
Function: maintain daily cellular activities (exchange nutrients & wastes with blood)
Osteoclasts:
Cells originating from the fusion of numerous white blood cells concentrated in the endosteum
Function: resorption (destruction of bone matrix)
3.3 Explain Wolff’s Law.
(2)
Bone is laid down (built up) where it is needed and resorbed (broken down) where it is not
needed
3.4 Describe the classification of the types of bones in the body with an example of each. (12)
Long Bone: have a long shaft and two distinct ends, Classification is based on shape not size,
Compact bone on exterior with spongy inner bone marrow, E.g. Humerus, femur
Short bones: are roughly cubelike, Thin compact bone layer surrounding spongy bone mass,
E.g. Carpals in hands, tarsals in feet
Flat Bones: are thin, flattened and usually curved, Parallel layer of compact bone with spongy
bone layer between, E.g. Skull, sternum, ribs, scapula
Irregular bones: don’t fit into the previous categories, Complicated shapes, Consist of spongy
bone with a thin layer of compact, E.g. hip bones, facial bones & vertabrae
Sesamoid Bone: Develop in some tendons where there is substantial friction, tension & physical
stress, Protect tendons from excessive wear & tear, Not completely ossified, Patella, bones in
sole of feet, palm of hands
Sutural Bone: Classified by location, Also known as Wormian bones, Small bones located
within joints, E.g. Certain Cranial bones
3.5 Describe the following terms:
(3)
a. Diaphysis
Long tubular diaphysis is the shaft of the bone, Collar of compact bone surrounds a central
medullary or marrow cavity, In adults, cavity contains fat
b. Epiphysis
The epiphyses are the ends of the bone, The joint surface of the epiphysis is covered with
articular cartilage
c. Periosteum
Covers outer bone surface
3.5 Describe the different types of skeletal cartilage in the body.
(6)
Hyaline Cartilage: The most prevalent type of cartilage, Its high proportion of collagen fibers
give it flexibility and resilience while providing support, The tissue appears white, frosted, and
smooth
Elastic cartilage: is similar to hyaline cartilage but with more elastic fibers, Its elastic fibers
enable it to withstand repeated bending, Found only in the external ear and the epiglottis
Fibrocartilage: The tissue contains parallel rows chondrocytes alternating with collagen fibers,
Tissue is highly compressible and has great tensile strength, Found in thick pad-like structures
like the menisci of the knee or the discs of the vertebral column
Question 4
[15]
4.1 What structures are included under the axial skeleton?
Skull
Vertebral column
Thoracic cage
(3)
4.2 Explain how the vertebrae are arranged into sections in the vertebral column and
indicated how many vertebrae are in each section.
Cervical – 7
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacrum (5 fused)
Coccyx (4 fused)
4.3 Describe 1 disorder of the axial skeleton.
Scoliosis (over 10% curvature)
Kyphosis
Lordosis
Vertebral compression fractures
Spinal stenosis
END
TOTAL: 95 Marks
(10)
(2)