Chapter 10 PowerPoint
The Scientific Revolution
• The Scientific Revolution was the time in
which scientific, mathematical, and medical
advances were made.
• As people looked at ancient writings, many
began to question some of the accepted ideas.
• The first question had to do with the universe.
• The Ptolemaic system came from the
astronomer Ptolemy. It said the universe
revolved around the earth (geocentric).
The Ptolemaic System
Copernicus and Kepler
• Nicholas Copernicus, another astronomer,
questioned Ptolemy’s system.
• He discovered the sun was the center of the
universe and everything revolves around it
(heliocentric).
• He published his findings with On the Revolutions
of the Heavenly Spheres.
• Johannes Kepler added to the destruction of the
Ptolemaic system. He that planets did not orbit
in circles like Ptolemy said. Instead, they orbit in
oval paths.
Heliocentric
Galileo and Newton
• Galileo Galilei was the first European to make
regular observations of the heavens using a
telescope.
• He found that planets were not balls of light.
Instead, they had features such as volcanoes,
mountains, and other substance.
• He published his work in the Starry Messenger
• Isaac Newton discovered the universal law of
gravitation. It states explains why planets do not
get off their orbital paths and why people do not
float on earth.
Galileo
Newton
Gravity
Medicine and Chemistry
• The Greek physician Galen had been the most reliable source of
information on the human body. He used animal, not human
bodies for his research.
• The first change occurred with the work of Andreas Vesalius in his
book On the Fabric of the Human Body. He used human bodies for
his research.
• He gave a better and more detailed view of the human body but
still believed, like Galen, that the body had two kinds of blood.
• William Harvey took research a step further. He proved that the
heart was the center of circulation. He proved that there is only
one type of blood in the body.
• He published his findings in On the Motion of the Heart and Blood.
• Robert Boyle is known as the father of modern chemistry.
• He was one of the first people to use controlled experiments.
• He discovered Boyle’s Law which states that the volume of a gas
varies with the pressure exerted on it.
Rene Descartes
• His most famous work was Discourse on Method.
• In it he discusses how the mind works and proves
what is true.
• One of his famous quotes was “I think therefore I
am.”
• He believed in the separation of mind and matter.
• He has been called the father of rationalism.
• Rationalism is a belief that reason is the chief
source of knowledge.
The Scientific Method
• People became concerned with how they
could understand the physical world.
• The scientific method was created to solve
problems in the world.
• Francis Bacon is given credit for creating the
scientific method.
Section 2
• The Enlightenment was an 18th century
philosophical movement of intellectuals who
were impressed with the Scientific Revolution.
• John Locke and Isaac Newton were the two
leaders of the Enlightenment.
• Newton saw the world as one machine that is
ruled by certain rules of nature. Locke thought
that people were molded by the experiences that
came to their senses from the surrounding world.
John Locke
Isaac Newton
Montesquieu and Voltaire
• Baron de Montesquieu wrote The Spirit of the
Laws. He said government should have 3
branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.
• The gov’t operates on a separation of power
principle.
• He set up each branch with checks and balances
so each one would not get to powerful.
• Voltaire thought the universe was a clock…God,
the clockmaker, created it. He then set it in
motion and left it alone.
• He believed in Deism.
Montesquieu and Voltaire
Economics and Courts
• Laissez-faire economics states that the
government should not interfere with the
economy of a nation.
• Adam Smith wrote The Wealth of Nations. It
states the above.
• Smith said the government has three basic roles:
1. Protect society from invasion 2. defend citizens
from injustice and 3. keep up certain public
works.
• Cesare Bacaria wrote On Crimes and
Punishments. It says that punishments should
not be cruel because cruel punishments does not
cause people to not break the law.
Rousseau and Wollstonecraft
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a French philospher.
His most famous work is the Social Contract.
• In it, he says that society agrees to let a
government be over them, but the government
must protect the people.
• Mary Wollstonecraft is seen as the founder of the
modern women’s rights movement.
• She wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women.
In it, she says if it is wrong for a government to
have power over its subjects, then it has to be
wrong for women to be forced to obey men.
Rousseau
Stonecraft
The Growth of the Methodist Church
• John Wesley started the Methodist Church.
• He wanted “to lower religion to the level of the lowest people’s
capacities.”
• He stressed hard work for the community and after his death, the
Methodist Church excelled.
Section 4-The American Revolution
• After the 7 Years War, British leaders wanted to get new revenues
from the colonies. These would pay war costs and other expenses.
• In 1765, Parliament imposed the Stamp Act. It required printed
materials to have a stamp showing the tax had been paid.
• In response to the Stamp Act and other taxes, colonists organized
the First Continental Congress in September 1774. Many called for
fighting to begin.
• In April 1775, war broke out in Lexington and Concord.
• The Second Continental Congress meets and formed an army with
George Washington as its commander.
• However, many colonists still did not want to fight.
• Finally, on July 4, 1776 the Second Continental Congress approved
the Declaration of Independence written by Thomas Jefferson.
Second Continental Congress
Declaration of Independence
American Revolution Continued
• The colonists had to have support from other
countries to defeat the British. Many were
hesitant to help the colonists until they saw
that the colonists could defeat the British.
• The turning point in the American Revolution
occurred at the Battle of Saratoga.
• The colonists win and after Saratoga, France
joins the colonists in their battle against the
British.
Saratoga
The End of the Revolution
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The war ended when the British general, Cornwallis, was defeated at Yorktown by
George Washington.
The Treaty of Paris (1783) officially ended the Revolution.
With the win, the United States had to write a Constitution to govern the states.
The first constitution was called the Articles of Confederation.
The articles failed because the government was too weak under them.
So, in the summer of 1787, 55 delegates came to Philadelphia to fix the Articles.
They decided to scrap the articles and set up a new Constitution.
The new Constitution divided power through the federal system. It shares power
between the national, state, and local levels.
It divided the federal level into three branches (judicial, executive, and legislative).
The last problem at the convention was the issue of how many houses in the
legislative branch
The Great Compromise divided the legislative branch into two houses. The Senate
would have equal representation (2 senators per state) and the House of
Representatives would have population based on representation.
To get everyone to approve the Constitution, the Bill of Rights was added. These
were the first 10 amendments to the Constitution.
Yorktown
Bill of Rights