Ap Final Outline
Ch 13 Renaissance Mid 15th Century
Italian Economic and Political and Military
-Crossroads of the Crusades…Venice
- Wool Trade… Florence
- Banking … Florence
-“City-States”
- Balance of power
- Machiavelli
-Mercenaries
-Hapsburg Valois Wars 1494
Spirit if the Renaissance
Classicism
Humanism
Secular
Italian Vs. Northern
North- Christian and pious
Erasmus and More
Status
Men
Women
Artist
Slavery
Spain – Reconquista
France-Unification
England – Tudors
(All use Machiavellian tactics to obtain and keep power)
Ch 14 Reformation
Scriptures
Worldliness of popes
Simony
Pluralism
Luther- By faith not acts,
Communion
-Trans and Consubstantiation
Indulgences
95 –Theses -1517
Diet of Worms 1521
Luther – Religious not political
German Princes –political and economic
Women’s status
Germany is devastated
Peace of Augsburg 1555
Rise of Habsburgs – Marriage – Charles V
Calvin- Geneva… Theocracy, Predestination, Puritan Ethic
Counter Reformation – Trent
Jesuits
Ursuline
English Reformation – Henry VIII [1509-1547]
- Political
- Kings emotional life
- Supremacy Act 1534
- Avoids War
Ch 15 Age of Religious Wars
France – Habsburg –Valois- 1494 -1559 Spanish Hapsburgs win
Wars of Three Henrys 1584-98
Edict of Nantes, Henry Navarre – Politiques’ “Paris is worth a mass”
Netherlands
Charles V Abdicates 1558
Spanish Habsburgs
Phillip II - Catholic
Northern and Southern Dutch Provinces
England supports Protestants – Elizabeth I
Armada 1588
The Thirty Years War 1618 –1648: Four stages, Peace of Westphalia
Exploration
Gold
God
Glory
Portugal
Da Gamma 1ndia 1498
Spain takes over
Technology
Caravel
Astrolabe
Clock
Cannon
Witchcraft Craze
Montaigne – Skepticism Tolerance
Baroque Art
Ch 16 Absolutism and Constitutionalism “one state one religion”
Sovereignty
France
Richelieu – Raison d etat
Subordinate nobles to monarch
Districts – Generalities – Intendants
Nobility of the Robe
Louis XIV – Domesticate or compromise with the nobles
Fronde
Versailles
Colbert – Mercantilsm
Many wars – Treaty of Utrecht 1713
Check French power
Dutch get little
England gets more
Spain – Don Quioxte – Nobles did little, tiny middle class- inbred kings
Constitutionalism
Stuarts – divine right
English Civil War – Book of Common Prayer
Charles I head cut-off 1649
Cromwell
Restoration
James II English Bill of Rights 1688-9
Dutch Republic – weak federal govt. local control
Early to mid 17th century powerful
Ch 17
Absolutism East
Suppressed serfs – hereditary subjugation
Austria – pragmatic sanction
Turks
Prussia - Thirty Years War
Great Elector – crushed smaller nobles
Frederick William I The Soldier King – Junkers
Russia – The Mongol Yoke
Moscow
Ivan I “Tsar”
Peter the Great
Modernize Russia
Navy
St Petersburg
Baroque and Absolutism – Royal cities
Chapter 18 Scientific Revolution – Universities and the Renaissance
Aristotle – Goodbye
Copernicus
Brahe
Kepler
Galileo
Descartes and Bacon
Newton
The Enlightenment,
Natural laws,
Progress,
Secular,
France
Philosophers
Public
Books – for the different classes
Enlighten Despots
Frederick the Great – Mandatory education, religious tolerance?
Catherine the Great – Westernize
Domestic reform
Gives nobles control of the serfs
Austrian Habsburgs
Maria Teresa – Limits popes influence
Reduced power of nobles over serfs
Joseph II – Tries to free serfs some religious tolerance
Ch 18 A New World –View
Scientific Revolution
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Copernicus- early 16th Century- Heliocentric
Kepler
o Uses Brahe’s data
o Elliptical orbits
Galileo mid 17th Century
o Scientific method- overturns “The Philosopher”
o Observation with telescope
o Church reactions to science in Europe
Descartes and Bacon mid 17th Century
Newton Late 17th Century- (1688 Principia)
o Universal Laws
o Principia
More critical way of thinking
Not commercial but intellectual
The Enlightenment –
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Mid 18th Century
Natural science should be used understand all aspects of life… rationalism
Progress… Human being could create better societies
Determined to reach the all of Europe’s educated elite… The Public…not “the blind and noisy
multitude”
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Hobbes – Social Contract
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Locke- Tabla Rasa
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Montesquieu- Separation of powers
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Voltaire- Anti-Church, Satires
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D’Holbach- machines
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Rousseau – Social Contract , General Will
Enlightened Despots
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Frederick the Great
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Catherine the Great
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Maria Theresa/Joseph II Austria – pragmatic sanction 1713
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Louis XV
o All had aggressive foreign policies
o None permanently freed their serfs (in the east)
Expansion of Europe in the 18th Century
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Before 1750 population was stagnant
Agricultural changes“Spring time”
o Low Countries
o Great Britain
o Crop Rotation
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Ends strip farming
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Dramatic increase in food
Selective breeding
Enclosure
o Increased food yield
o Market oriented economy
o Creates class
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Landed
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Proletariat
Cottage Industry
o Putting out
o Merchant capitalists
Building the Atlantic Economy
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Ch 20
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England
o 1713 War of Spanish Succession
o 1748 War of Austrian – little territory
o 1756 Seven years War- Much territory exchanged
France
Holland
Labor – Slaves
o Sugar
o Indigo
o Tobacco
o Cotton
Spain
o Pacific Coast
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Creoles
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Meztisos
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Blacks
Economic or Classical Liberalism Adam Smith 1776 “The Wealth of Nations”
o Laissez Faire
o Free trade
o The Invisible Hand
The Changing Life of the People before and after the mid 18 th Century
Extended and the Nuclear Families
Many never married
o Those that did, married late – 27 yrs old
o Economic conditions
Up until 1750 illegitimacy was rare
Premarital sex was common
Parents neglect was a reason for mortality: Vicious circle
by 1770 1/3 of all babies born in Paris were abandoned
Enlightenment ideas appear
Rousseau.. Emile 1762