THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Chapter 7 and 8
BELL RINGER -10/29


List technology that has changed the way society
and economics operated over the past 10 years.
Describe what life would be like without these.
REVOLUTION BEGINS

Shifted the way people worked
Human/animal power
Water and steam power

Industrial revolution – era of the rise of powerdriven machinery
FACTORS OF DEVELOPMENT

Exploration and colonialism – provided many
raw materials and new markets

Seapower – bring in raw materials

Political stability – country at peace

Government support – laws favoring businesses

Growth of private investment – private business
funding
AGRICULTURAL CHANGES

Improvements (research and development)
Breeding methods
 More varieties of crops
 More food = increase in population

Enclosure movement – combining of smaller
fields to create larger farms
 forced poor farmers to the city

FACTORS OF PRODUCTION – ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS A COUNTRY NEEDS TO ACHIEVE
ECONOMIC SUCCESS
Factors of
Production
What it means
How it was an
advantage
Land
Labor
Capital
INVENTION PATENT PROJECT
As members of the Court of Appeals, you will be
assigned one of the inventions to discuss.
 As a group, you will keep written documentation
explaining your decision.
 Fill out the form based on the information
presented by the inventors, not personal opinion.

Good Luck!
TEXTILES
Weaving used to be a cottage industry
 Supply of both cotton and wool increased,
therefore increased demand for cloth
 America/slavery profitable
 Machines took over for cottage industry, putting
people out of work
 Factories built to house new machines (near
water sources)

STEAM POWER
First steam machines were slow
 Improved by James Watt
 Factories used steam, no longer need steady
supply of water
 Moved closer to people and supplies
 Steam powered transportation

Locomotive
 Ships/boats

Needed fuel to heat water = coal
 Factories build near coal mines

THE SPINNING JENNY - 1764
THE FLYING SHUTTLE - 1733
WATT’S STEAM ENGINE - 1775
INDUSTRY AND THE WEST

Key to industry = freedom of economic activity
Democratic governments (more freedoms)
 Competition is good


U.S. Industry
Hamilton argued it would help U.S. gain economic
independence from G.B.
 Samuel Slater brought Arkwright’s machine design
to U.S.
 Francis Cabot Lowell build first all-in-one mill

SPREAD TO EUROPE AND ASIA
Europe
Belgium next –
William Cockerill
 France plagued by
political unrest. Mid
1800s industrialized
 Germany lacked
central government.
Railways helped
industry grow.

Asia
Japan industrialized
1860s under
modernization of Meiji
government
 China, Russia, and
India industrialized
1900s

QUESTIONS FOR PRIMARY SOURCES




What are the conditions being
described/pictured?
How did the Industrial Revolution lead to these
conditions?
What are the effects on the living and working
conditions based on the sources?
What recommendation would you give to address
this issue?
Life Before
Industrial
Revolution
Causes
for
change
Life During
Industrial
Revolution
NEW ECONOMY
Factories required large amounts of capital
 3 tiered system

Wealthy businessmen – invest and own
 Employees to run and supervise
 Employees to run machines

Little incentive to work hard
 Plentiful workers
 Women and children (pay less)
 Luddite movement – riots of unhappy cottage
workers who destroyed factories

CHANGING LABOR CONDITIONS
Government didn’t want to interfere with
business
 Workers formed labor unions – organizations
representing workers’ interests
 Organized strikes
 British parliament banned unions and strikes
 Pressure from public


Sadler Report
MASS PRODUCTION

American System
Mass production – system of manufacturing large
numbers of identical items
 Interchangeable parts – identical machine made
parts
 Assembly line – each worker performs one step in the
manufacturing process

Advantages – dramatic increase in production;
costs went down; more affordable
 Disadvantages – repetitious jobs

NEW ECONOMIC IDEAS
Adam Smith
Laissez-faire –
governments shouldn’t
control trade
 Market systems where
economy is free from
restrictions
 British government
agreed

Thomas Malthus
Concerned about
population growth
 Population would grow
faster than food
production
 Only curbed by war,
disease, and famine
 Poverty would never go
away
 Britain used to justify
limited charity

NEW BUSINESS LEADERS
Entrepreneurs – someone who starts a new
business
 Pooled money to create large corporations
 Began to buy and sell companies for profit
 Famous examples include

Andrew Carnegie – steel
 Cornelius Vanderbilt – railroads
 John D. Rockefeller – oil

Major contributions
 Criticized for harsh treatment of workers


No strikes/unions
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
Carnegie Worksheet:
 What were the positive and negative impacts
that Carnegie had as a business leader?
 What do you think his most important legacy is
and why?
Communist Manifest Worksheet:
 Based on this excerpt, what is Marx and Engels’
definition of communism?
 Do you think the original theory is used or
interpreted the same today? Explain.
SOCIALISM
Distresses upon working class families
 Socialism - a political and economic system in
which society, usually in the form of government,
owns the means of production
 common distribution to all
 In this utopian society, workers




Use abilities for the good of society
Everyone's needs would be met
Robert Owen – created New Lanark and New
Harmony after this idea
NEW LANARK, SCOTLAND
New Harmony, Indiana
NEW SOCIALISM
 Industrial
capitalism caused more harm than
good
 The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and
Friedrich Engels

Blamed industrial capitalism for hardships
 Communism
- economic and political system
in which government owns the means of
production and controls economic planning;
without social classes
New Socialism (cont.)
All history is the history of class struggle
 Two groups constantly opposed



Bourgeoisie – middle class
Proletariat – working class
Oppressors controlled production and workers
 Struggle would lead to a violent revolution
 Oppressed (proletariat) would overthrow the oppressors
and establish a dictatorship
 Create a classless society

TYPES OF SYSTEMS
Communism – economic and political system in which
government owns the means of production and controls
economic planning; without social classes
 Socialism – a political and economic system in which
society, usually in the form of government, owns the
means of production
 Utopianism – a ideal society in which poverty and social
evils are eliminated
 Capitalism – an economic system in which most
businesses are privately owned

TYPES OF ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
 explain
how each aimed to change or
benefit society
 could this theory work today? why or why
not?
capitalism
 utopianism
 socialism
 communism
