Virginia Company
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U.S. History: 1st half 140 Vocabulary words that you MUST be familiar with for the Final Exam. Each word has not only a definition but a relationship to one or more of the other vocabulary words. (a piece of the puzzle) It is up to you to know how they all fit together. (a giant puzzle) Once you know the big picture, you can see where the details connect. Virginia Company Joint business venture during colonial times First successful European settlers of America Came over here looking for gold Started Jamestown John Smith was the leader First non-religious colony in America King James signed the charter Cultivated tobacco House of Burgesses First European-style legislative assembly in the colonies Some members were appointed and others were elected Oversee the Virginia colony Similar to England’s parliament Powhatan Native American Chief from eastern Virginia Attacked the settlers of the Virginia company Provided food for the colonists of Jamestown Daughter was Pocahontas Bacon’s Rebellion Landless rebels wanted harsher action against the Native Americans Led by Nathaniel Bacon They opposed Governor Berkley Showed poor farmer’s displeasure with not having the support of the government Resulted in a law stating that poor whites could no longer side with slaves against rich white colonists Massachusetts Settlement Settled by Puritans who wanted religious freedom Did not want ties to Catholicism and were not tolerant of other religions Boston was the capital John Winthrop “City upon a hill” Known as the Pilgrims Government was dominated by Puritan religious beliefs Rhode Island Settlement Dissenters (people who did not agree) from Massachusetts Established by Roger Williams Tolerant of other religions Lived in peace with the Native Americans Banished from Massachusetts, Anne Hutchinson fled here with her 17 children Half-Way Covenant Allowed partial church membership for children and grandchildren of Puritans Get more people to join Church because of a lack of personal relationship with God Caused by more and more children being brought up outside the Church Encouraged by Puritan ministers Resulted from the Church’s need for more money King Philip’s War Conflict between English colonists and Native Americans Native American leader was Metacom (he died) King Philip was a Native American Chief (Same as above) End of Native American presence in New England 1675-1676 Result of Native Americans being forced to live by Puritan Law Salem Witch Trials Over dramatic white people Widespread hysteria 24 people were killed, 29 were convicted Mostly women were accused of witchcraft, 150 total Caused by Lack of opportunities for women Extreme religious faith Stress between natives and colonists Mid-Atlantic Colonies Territory between Virginia and New England Founded by the religiously tolerant Quakers (Pennsylvania) New Amsterdam was settled by the Dutch first Pennsylvania Founded by William Penn Quakers who wanted peace and religious tolerance Penn’s Holy Experiment Lived in peace with the Native Americans New Amsterdam (New York) Founded by the Dutch Very diverse population taken over by the British Founded in 1625 by Dutch settlers, British take over in 1664 British invited the Dutch to stay when they took over Quebec French speaking territory Fur trade Established in 1608 French were spreading Catholicism British were Spreading Protestantism First permanent French Settlement Mercantilism Nations collect gold and silver British economic policy of the colonial era More exports, less imports Ultimate goal self sufficiency Trans-Atlantic Trade Trade from the colonies across the Atlantic and back Under mercantilism, the British wanted to control this trade Triangular Trade 1-finished goods from GB to Africa 2-slaves from Africa to colonies 3-raw materials from colonies to GB Middle Passage Trade route from Africa to the colonies Second part of the three way voyage (triangular trade) Slaves were brought from Africa to America Very poor conditions for Africans 2 of 10 died along the journey 2nd leg of trans-Atlantic trade African American Culture Music, dance, story-telling, and basket weaving High diversity because of different origins in Africa Very spiritual Followed traditions of their homelands Multiple languages were spoken Stories were passed on orally from generation to generation Benjamin Franklin Declaration of Independence Inspired by John Locke Founding father Believed in individualism and social mobility Believed in obtaining truth through experimentation and reasoning Bifocals Proved lightening was a form of electrical power Individualism Seeking ways to improve one’s own status New way of thinking for the colonists Making your own choices Free thought Values the Protestant Work Ethic Social Mobility Changing classes in society Ability to move up in society based on hard work The foundation of the American Dream Outlined the capitalistic economy The Great Awakening Revival of religious feeling in American colonies during the 1730’s Preachers began to travel around Jonathan Edwards Colonists, Native Americans, and African Americans all became a part of one church Brought many colonists into organized Christian churches for the first time Pre-destiny was taught French and Indian War French and Native Americans were on the same side British won and gained new territory British and colonists fought beside each other Some Native American tribes also sided with the British towards the end Conflict over land 1756-1763 Caused by tensions over claims to colonies First time George Washington led a military group 1763 Treaty of Paris Ended the French and Indian War France surrendered Canada to Great Britain France gave up all land east of the Mississippi except for New Orleans Led to the Proclamation of 1763 Caused tension between the British and their colonies because GB gained control of all colonies…NO MORE CHARTER COLONIES!!! Proclamation of 1763 No settling west of the Appalachian Mountains Attempt to limit conflict between colonists and Native Americans Americans did not like this Settled west anyway Angered the colonists First of a series of Acts and Proclamations that eventually lead to the Revolution Stamp Act Stamp on all paper goods First of direct taxes imposed on the colonists by the British Led to creation of the Sons/Daughters of Liberty Caused emergence of rebellious attitude towards Great Britain Established tax collectors Happened because of uprising at the custom’s house Replaced by the Declaratory Act Intolerable Acts Punishment for the Boston Tea Party Closed off Boston Harbor Martial Law and Quartering Act Led to the First Continental Congress 1774 Sons of Liberty Attempted to stop the distribution of stamped paper after the Stamp Act Established by Samuel Adams Eventually turned to violence to protest Led the efforts in the Boston Tea Party Daughters of Liberty Joined the sons of liberty in British opposition Made their own clothes to boycott British Imports Refused to buy tea and other British Imports Openly protested the sale of British goods Committees of Correspondence First secret meeting between colonies Established colonial militia to resist the Intolerable Acts Carried out the First Continental Congress Established the use of minutemen to resist British colonial rule Thomas Paine Wrote Common Sense Supported Independence Created a sense of unity among the colonists in their efforts against the British Patriot philosopher Did not like the way Britain (“the Mother Country”) treated its child (the colonies) Common Sense Written by Thomas Paine Said that Great Britain was too far away to rule the colonies effectively 1776 Declaration of Independence July 4, 1776 Written by Thomas Jefferson Outlined what we had done to try and alleviate conflict with Great Britain Based on the ideas of John Locke and Charles de Montesquieu Unalienable rights Changed the war from a civil war to a revolutionary war Established America as a separate country Presented the idea that all men are created equal John Locke Natural rights of man Life, liberty, and property English philosopher Helped South Carolina write their State Constitution Influenced the Declaration of Independence Ideas spread during the Enlightenment Charles de Montesquieu French political thinker French army general Wanted equal rights Influenced the Declaration of Independence Wrote the Declaration of French Independence General George Washington Led troops across the Delaware River to a surprise attack on Trenton and victory Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army Reorganized the army Signed the Declaration of Independence First military conquest was in the French and Indian War and he failed Crossing the Delaware Christmas Eve surprise attack German Hessians were attacked by Washington and his troops First big win for the Americans Inspired by Thomas Paine’s The Crisis The conditions were very harsh This siege changed the course of the war The win against Great Britain inspired the French to support the Americans Valley Forge George Washington conducted a training camp for troops despite harsh conditions Most difficult time during the war effort, many died Lacking supplies and morale Pennsylvania Low point for General Washington’s troops Sickness and death were common Marquis de Lafayette General during the Revolution for American troops Came up with the plan that made the Americans win at Yorktown Trained American troops Won the Battle against Cornwallis French commander of American troops Inspired to come to America by Benjamin Franklin who was serving as ambassador to France at the time General Charles Cornwallis British general during the Revolutionary War Surrendered at Yorktown Established forts across the state of South Carolina and had much success in the south Aided by African Americans who had escaped from Patriot slave owners Battle of Yorktown Cornwallis surrendered here Ended the American Revolution French naval force defeated a British fleet Blocked the entrance to Chesapeake bay British could not be rescued by sea Virginia 1783 Treaty of Paris Ended the Revolutionary War US gained control of all land east of the Mississippi Signed in Versailles in September Between the United States, Great Britain, France, and Spain Confirmed US independence Set the boundaries of the new nation Did not protect the land interests of the Native Americans Articles of Confederation Outlined the 1st form of government for the United States after the Revolutionary war Did not work, was weak, gave the central government NO power States had all the power Revised after Shay’s Rebellion No executive branch Did not have a strong judicial branch Started the debate between a strong central government and strong state governments 1787 Gave the national government the power to declare war, make peace, sign treaties, borrow money, standards for U.S. Constitution The supreme law of the land for the United States Supported by the Federalists Reiterated the natural rights of man Outlines the rules of the Government Established a Supreme Court 1789 Established a bicameral legislature Included separation of powers and a system of checks and balances Congress established lower courts Shay’s Rebellion Uprising of debt ridden Massachusetts farmers Attempt to seize a federal arsenal in Massachusetts Led by Daniel Shay Proved the weakness of the Articles of Confederation Convinced 12 states to send delegates to the Philadelphia convention Great Compromise Two house national legislature BICAMERAL Small states and large states compromised on the issue of representation Established Senate and House of Representatives Connecticut Compromise / Virginia Compromise Suggested by Roger Sherman Equal representation in Senate and population determined representation in House of Reps. Slavery Owning African American people Population and representation issue Led to the 3/5’s compromise South supported slaves counted as population Dealt with runaway slaves issue at Constitutional Convention Underground railroad Harriet Tubman, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Harriet Beecher Stowe Constitution said slave trade would end in 20 years Separation of Powers Dividing the government into local, state, and federal levels Weakened the power of the Central/Federal Government Assigned certain powers to each level of government Was established by the Constitution and allowed for broad interpretation Limited Government Supported by anti-federalists Reassured people that the government would not be like a monarchy Bill of Rights Outlined in the 9th and 10th amendments to the constitution Ensured a free market economy Executive Branch President Enforce/carry out the laws Veto power, checked by judicial and legislative branches George Washington established the tradition of a cabinet Loosely interpreted by each president Decide their own powers Checks and Balances Kept one branch from dominating the government Ties all three branches of government together Separates government into three branches Assigns different powers to each branch Judicial branch makes sure the other two don’t do anything unconstitutional President can’t do anything without the approval of congress Federalist Supported the Constitution Believed in strong central government Alexander Hamilton Favored the new constitution’s balance of power The beginnings of political parties George Washington and James Madison Anti-federalist Supported limited federal Government Did not support the Constitution Called for the Bill of Rights Thomas Jefferson Patrick Henry Samuel Adams Similar to Republican party of today Richard Henry Lee Received support from rural areas The Federalist Writings by James Madison and Alexander Hamilton and John Jay Series of 85 essays defending and explaining the Constitution Called for ratification of the Constitution Explained the intent of the Constitution Appeared in New York newspapers between 17871788 James Madison Helped create the Bill of Rights Supporter of Thomas Jefferson and his ideas Federalist Worked with Hamilton on the Federalist Papers 4th president Alexander Hamilton Secretary of Treasury under George Washington Believed in loose interpretation of the Constitution Very important federalist Expand the power of government Killed in a duel with Aaron Burr Son was killed in a duel in the same place States’ Rights Supported by Southern States and rural areas States refused to enforce laws they did not support Anything not put in the constitution 10th amendment outlines that all powers not directed to the federal government are reserved for the states Bill of Rights First 10 amendments to the Constitution Appeased the Anti-federalists Rights of the people Limited government Accepted by federalists and anti-federalists President George Washington First president of the United States under the Constitution Did not like the idea of political parties Taxed whiskey Was selected as president, was not elected Started the tradition of a cabinet Set the precedent of two term presidency Did not expect the Constitution to last more than 20 years Whiskey Rebellion Farmers attacked tax collectors in the Appalachian Mountain region Tried to get rid of excise tax Led to moonshiners Government quashed the rebellion Washing ton instituted tax on Whiskey Tax was to repay war debt Washington’s second term Demonstrated president’s constitutional authority to enforce the law The way to change law was to petition government peacefully not by rebelling Political Parties George Washington warned against political parties in his farewell address Started forming between Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson Democratic-republicans and Whigs Parties were recognized based on their clothing Federalists and anti-federalists Factions Groups with different ideas and opinions John Adams vs. Thomas Jefferson Political parties Strict and liberal constructionists How the constitution was to be interpreted Jefferson: strict constructionist Hamilton: loose constructionist John Adams Beat Thomas Jefferson to become 2nd president of the United States Supporter of Alexander Hamilton Elected in 1796 Was a federalist Grew up on a farm in Massachusetts Much criticism came from the supporters of his vp Thomas Jefferson Presidency showed the weakness of the vp being the losing candidate Northwest Ordinance Established the procedure by which new states would be admitted to the Union Showed Americans that government encouraged westward expansion First territory outside of the original 13 colonies 1787 Manifest Destiny Angered the Native Americans Much conflict in the northwest over land claims Louisiana Purchase Bought land from the French for $15 million Doubled the size of the country Lewis and Clark explored the land Bought from Napoleon Sacagawea Land had many Native American tribes Monroe and Livingston closed the deal Lewis and Clark Explored the western area purchased in the Louisiana Territory Led by Sacajawea Went to the Pacific Looking for water routes Appointed by Thomas Jefferson Documented new types of animals and plants War of 1812 War between the Americans and Great Britain We won Ended by the Treaty of Ghent Caused by British restrictions on American trade in the Atlantic Confirmed American independence and strengthened nationalism Last violent conflict between America and Great Britain Erie Canal First man made canal that connected Lake Erie to the Atlantic Ocean Took 8 years to make Emergence of “Uncle Sam” Samuel Wilson 363 miles long Increased wealth of the Northeast Paid for itself in 12 years Work was done by people who lived along the canal route New York City National capital until 1790 Flourished after construction of the Erie Canal Center of commerce By 1835 was the largest city in the US Cultural melting pot Connection between agricultural markets of the west and European traders Monroe Doctrine Anti-intervention policy set out by President Monroe Told other countries to stay out of our domestic business 1823 Industrial Revolution Flourishing of factories in the North Less man power = more machine power North dominated Started in Great Britain Thomas Jefferson was president during this changing time in American history Eli Whitney Cotton Gin Interchangeable parts (musket) Mass production Increased efficiency, decreased costs Benefited the south, cotton kingdom Manufactured 10,000 muskets in 2 years He invented many things Cotton gin Invented by Eli Whitney Tremendously helped cotton farmers Made the cultivation of short staple cotton easier Invented in 1793 Increase in slaves Reduced price of cotton Increased profits Separated seeds from cotton Interchangeable parts Musket Benefited factories Assembly line Made identical parts so that the whole machine would not have to be replaced Invented by Eli Whitney Improved the production process Decreased the need for skilled laborers Manifest Destiny It is our fate to settle all lands westward from the East coast to the West Coast 19th century belief that inspired westward expansion People moved to the Pacific and Caribbean territory Spreading Christianity Temperance Movement Banning of alcohol Supported by women Laid the foundation of the women’s suffrage movement Mary C. Vaughan attested to the evils of alcohol at a temperance meeting Increased the size of Protestant religious organizations and their influence in west and rural areas Abolitionism Push to end slavery Main issue causing conflict before and during the Civil War Frederick Douglass was a famous abolitionist Abolitionists were persecuted for their beliefs Did not want to allow new states to have slavery Public School Reform All children should be allowed to attend free public schools Funded by taxes African Americans could not attend Was led by Horace Mann Improved quality because of formal training of teachers Instituted curriculum reform Doubled money that states spent on schools Women’s Suffrage Movement Women attempting to gain the right to vote and have a more active role in society Eventually resulted in the 19th amendment Grimke sisters, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Sojourner Truth went throughout the country preaching and arguing for abolition and women’s rights Elizabeth Cady Stanton Led the women’s rights convention at Seneca Falls New York Prominent leader in women’s suffrage movement Declaration of Sentiments Went to London for the World’s anti-slavery convention in 1848 Husband was a delegate at the convention Seneca Falls Conference First women’s rights convention Elizabeth Cady Stanton was a leader at the conference New York 1848 Lucretia Mott was also a prominent figure at the convention Over 300 people attended Men and women Adopted the Declaration of Women’s Independence Declaration of Sentiments Jacksonian Democracy Sought a stronger President and Executive branch and a weaker Congress Left the republican party to found the democraticrepublican party Believed that political leaders should be able to pick followers for government jobs Wanted to limit the power of elite groups Expanded men’s suffrage to all white men, not just land owners American Nationalism Extreme pride in country and desire to spread Culture Language Religion Belief that the national interest should be placed ahead of regional interests Led to competitive and antagonistic rivalries among the nations Believed in manifest destiny William Lloyd Garrison Founded abolitionist societies and published an abolitionist newspaper Active in religious reform movements in Massachusetts Most radical white abolitionist Editor of a newspaper Published the Liberator sending the message of immediate emancipation Frederick Douglass Worked for Garrison during the abolition movement Lecturer for the American Anti-Slavery Society Born in 1817 Taught to read and write by the wife of his owner Wrote an autobiography Published an anti-slavery newspaper Grimke Sisters Held lectures in the North about slavery Angelina published an appeal to Christian women of the south Pushed women to be abolitionists Grew up on a plantation and did not like the way slaves were treated Missouri Compromise of 1820 Missouri was admitted as a slave state and Maine was added as a free state to the Union Attempt to maintain the balance between slave and free states in the Union Slavery was prohibited in the northern part of the Louisiana purchase Nat Turner’s Rebellion 60 whites were killed and Nat was eventually executed Slave that started a revolt in the south He had 80 followers Believed he was called by God to save his people African American preacher Led to whites killing over 200 slaves Nullification Crisis States’ refusal to recognize an act of congress that it considers unconstitutional (slavery) Supported by John C. Calhoun States’ rights Sectionalism Evident when South Carolina tried to nullify a tariff on imports and threatened to secede John C. Calhoun Supported states’ rights Supported Henry Clay’s American System Supported infrastructure and other national issues He thought the 1828 tariff on imports was an abomination Andrew Jackson’s Vice President Helped South Carolina during the nullification crisis Sectionalism Being loyal to a certain region rather than the nation Southern states supported this idea because it was in their best interest Promoted by the nullification crisis Growing danger that underscored the presidential election of 1796 Mexican-American War Ended by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo James K. Polk was president during the war Fought to win territory in Texas Robert E. Lee’s first battle Mexico had an unstable government War began in 1846 US wanted New Mexico and California Wilmot Proviso Proposed that none of the territory acquired in the war with Mexico would be open to slavery Was an amendment to an 1846 military appropriations bill Divided congress along regional lines Northerners supported this, southerners did not South believed it would tilt the balance of power in the congress in favor of the north Compromise of 1850 A series of congressional measure intended to settle the grievances between free states and slave states Included the fugitive slave act Free states must return runaway slaves Supported by Henry Clay 5 laws to maintain stability New Mexico was established by the border of Texas New Mexican voters could vote on slavery issue Cali was free Return runaway slaves a must Slave trade abolished in DC Kansas-Nebraska Act A law enacted in 1850 that established the territories of Kansas and Nebraska Enacted the idea of popular sovereignty People voted on whether or not the state would allow slavery Repealed the Missouri Compromise 90% of congress voted for the bill but the entire congress debated whether or not to pass it Enacted in 1854 Popular Sovereignty A system in which residents of an area vote to decide an issue Appealed to both the north and the south Seemed like the most fair way to organize new state governments Caused mass migration to new states Was not successful in Kansas and Nebraska Dred Scott Decision Attempted to gain his freedom through the court system outcome was against Scott because he was viewed as property and not a citizen Popular sovereignty was unconstitutional Court decision said that slaves were not citizens and could not bring cases to court He had no claim to freedom Former slave from Missouri Hearing was in 1857 John Brown Attacked people in Kansas and killed 5 people Believed God sent him to fight against slavery Secretly obtained financial backing from several prominent northern abolitionists Wanted a full slave revolt to spread throughout the United States Harper’s Ferry: Oct. 16, 1859 Abolitionist Abraham Lincoln Main political force in ending slavery Republican Main goal was to preserve the Union and stop slavery from spreading Eventually changed goal to abolish slavery Issued the Emancipation Proclamation Wanted the south to fire the first shot 16th president Assassinated by John Wilkes Boothe at Ford’s Theatre Gettysburg address – 2 minutes South Carolina seceded when he was elected Habeas Corpus Court order requiring authorities to bring a prisoner before a judge to determine if he/she is being held legally Lincoln suspended this so they could hold southern sympathizers without justification More than 13,000 suspected confederate sympathizers were held without a trial Constitution allows president to suspend in times of National emergency Emancipation Proclamation Outlawed slavery in the confederate states Did not expect slave owners to follow it Expected slaves would hear of it and run away on their own Military action aimed at states in rebellion January 1, 1863 Hurt the war effort of the south Did not free slaves in Missouri, Kentucky, West Virginia, Maryland, Delaware Jefferson Davis Confederate President From Mississippi Believed that the south was not here to make compromises with the Union Wanted south to be taken seriously as a nation Born in 1808-died 1889 President from 1861-1865 Graduated from West Point Elected to US senate in 1846 and 1856 Ulysses S. Grant General for the Union Gained control of the Mississippi River in the siege of Vicksburg Graduated from West Point Successful general, bad everything else 18th president of the US February 1862 invaded west Tennessee Accepted the surrender of General Lee Captured 2 confederate forts in 11 days 15th amendment added during presidency Robert E. Lee General for the Confederacy Surrendered at Appomattox Asked to join the Union but declined and joined the Confederacy because he loved Virginia Graduated from West Point Hated slavery but loved his state more Led the standoff at Antietam Opposed succession Defeated at Gettysburg Chancellor at West Point William Tecumseh Sherman Led the march through Georgia and burned everything in his path After capturing Savannah, went north to help Grant wipe out Lee Graduated from West Point Gave Savannah to Lincoln as a Christmas present First example of TOTAL WAR Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson Confederate General Won the first Battle of Bull Run Caused Washington to retreat at the 1st Battle of Bull Run Graduated West Point Died during battle Lost his right arm On Stone Mountain Battle of Antietam Deadliest/bloodiest one day battle of the Civil War 26,000 casualties (as many as the entire War of 1812) Two sides fought to a standoff Robert E. Lee led the south McClellan led the north Could have ended the civil war if McClellan had followed when the south retreated Fought on September 17, 1862 Battle of Gettysburg Deadliest battle of the war (over three days) Turning point of the Civil War General Lee decided not to invade the North again after this Started July 3, 1863 Gettysburg address issued 4 months later National cemetery dedication The south lost Siege of Vicksburg In combination with Gettysburg, this was the turning point for the war Mississippi, one of last Confederate holdouts preventing the Union from taking control of the Mississippi River May-July 1863 Grant was the Union leader and won Battle of Atlanta Sherman burned the city to the ground Atlanta was a major manufacturing and railroad hub for the Confederacy July-September of 1864 TOTAL WAR Sherman marched to the coast (Savannah) after burning the city Destroyed everything in his path Gettysburg Address Issued by Abraham Lincoln at the dedication of the national cemetery at the site of the Battle of Gettysburg Gary Willis, “It remade America” November of 1863 2 minutes Edward Everett spoke for 2 hours preceding Lincoln’s address Raised spirits of the US so it would be one indivisible nation Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address Expressed sorrow that differences between north and south could not be settled peacefully Expressed slavery as such an evil that the north was justified in going to war Outlined plans for reconstruction Re-elected in 1864 Emphasized NOT wanting to punish the south Dropped the republican name and used “National Union Party” to gain the support of democrats Presidential Reconstruction Plan to rebuild the south quickly and readmit them to the Union Lincoln believed that it was the individuals and not the states that rebelled Did not want the Union to punish the individuals so he pardoned their actions Very lenient towards the south Johnson followed in Lincoln’s footsteps Radical Republican Reconstruction Plan to readmit the southern states to the Union only after they had met many strict requirements Meant to punish the many confederate power holders Hated moderate reconstruction plan Led by Thaddeus Stevens Only wanted to allow readmission after ratification of 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments Wanted Congress to be in charge of reconstruction th 13 Amendment Abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in all states The five states that were loyal to the Union now had to free their slaves 1865 Ratified by 27 states 8 were from the south th 14 Amendment Stated that all people born in the US were citizens regardless of race Extended the protection in the Bill of Rights to ALL people Started with the 1866 Civil Rights Acts Enacted over presidential veto Passed in 1868 th 15 Amendment No one could be kept from voting based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude Reduced the amount of racism within the Congressional laws Passed in 1870 Grant was President Caused Jim Crow laws to be passed in the south Led to the Enforcement Act of 1870 whites did not want to follow 14th and 15th amendments Southern Morehouse College College for African Americans Samuel L Jackson : Alumni First Historically Black College Focus was on education and ministry 1867 established as the Augusta Institute Founded by two ministers and a former slave Freedmen’s Bureau Established to help out former slaves after the Civil War Distributed food and clothing to poor whites and former slaves Established at the end of the war Congress voted to continue in 1866 SOME freed slaves were given land that was not reclaimed after the war Vetoed by Johnson Andrew Johnson’s Impeachment The Congress believed he was not following the laws laid out in the Constitution when it came to reconstruction Removed military officers who attempted to enforce the reconstruction acts Impeached by Radical Republicans in congress Not removed from office by one vote Black codes Reinstated almost all of the same restrictions as slavery No carrying weapons Serving on juries Marrying whites Testifying against whites Started in Mississippi and SC used to prevent blacks from moving up in society Segregated all public facilities Jim Crow laws Ku Klux Klan Secret organization that used terrorist tactics to restore white supremacy in the south after the Civil War Started in Tennessee in 1866 Killed African Americans and white sympathizers Established by veterans of the Confederate military Kept African Americans from voting after the Civil War Used intimidation like burning crosses, murder, etc. Backed off so that the federal troops would leave the south Railroad industry Expanded during the late 1800’s Provided transportation for settlers going west Hired Chinese workers and paid low wages Made the steel industry grow exponentially First Trans-continental railroad completed in 1869 Western areas were settled by farmers Homestead Act More railroads in the east than west Tripled in size by 1890 Led to the creation of time zones Bonanza farms Transcontinental Railroad Linked the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts of the United States First - Completed in 1869 Led to the creation of time zones Travel from coast to coast shortened to one week 4 by 1900 Chinese Laborers Cheap labor for the RR industry Worked in extremely dangerous conditions So many that the US had to pass the Chinese Immigration Act Wages were minimal Chinese : $35/month and no food Whites : $60/month and supplied food Led to the Chinese Exclusion Act Maintained their own culture and traditions Steel Industry Benefited from the mass expansion of the RR Used the Bessemer process Technique involved by injecting air into molten iron to remove carbon and other impurities Production became more efficient and lower cost First monopoly was in the steel industry Created by Andrew Carnegie Used vertical and horizontal integration Big Business John D. Rockefeller – Oil Social Darwinism Philosophy taken on by the prospering businesses Pullman Railway Company Carnegie – Steel Led to the creation of Labor Unions John D. Rockefeller Standard Oil Company Monopoly 1870 company processed 2-3% of oil and after a decade controlled 90% of the industry Used trusts to gain market share Led to the Sherman Anti-Trust Act Companies/the government could not use tactics that interfered with free trade Standard Oil Company Controlled 90% of the Oil Industry Believed in using trust agreements to gain market share John D. Rockefeller Bought out competitors (horizontal integration) Known as a Robber Barron Trusts Business alliances John D. Rockefeller used to gain 90%of oil industry Agreed on prices Lead to monopolies Sherman Anti-trust act Made illegal trusts that interfered with free trade Monopolies When one company controls an industry Currently Illegal Can set prices artificially high Used by Rockefeller and Carnegie Prevent competition in the marketplace Thomas Edison Light bulb Electric system Motion pictures Phonograph Power grid to distribute/transport electricity Developed the concept of industrial research centers He added innovations that made electricity safer and less expensive Electric Light bulb Thomas Edison Replace oil burning lamps Increased demand for electrical lines Patented in 1880 Led to a system for producing and distributing electrical power Menlo Park, NJ Allowed automation in factories Phonograph Thomas Edison Communication and entertainment Attempted to record and play back sound from a telegraph Led to the development of the telephone Developed in 1877 Motion Pictures Thomas Edison Entertainment changed society More jobs for people Developed in 1895 Sitting Bull Native American Sioux Refused to sign the Treaty of Fort Laramie Captured and killed by US forces Followers fled to South Dakota Wounded Knee Last battle with Native Americans Between 250 and300 died some were innocent Revived the 7th cavalry of George A. Custer No one knows where first shot came from December of 1890 Most think it was a slaughter Ellis Island Immigrants New York Many people could not pass through Attempt to prevent entrance to people with disease Weeded out the poor and degenerate Gave literacy tests Welcomed the wealthy American Federation of Labor Influenced labor laws Samuel Gompers Shortened the work day to 8 hours from 12 Focused on collective bargaining Used strikes as a method of negotiating Strikes led to the alliance between big business and government Samuel Gompers AFL Strikes President of AFL from 1886-1894 and 1895-1924 Wanted higher wages Shorter work days Safer working conditions Efforts led to farmers being subsidized Led the cigar makers international labor union to join with other craft unions in 1886 Pullman Strike Illinois Government sent in troops to stop the violence Stopped all rail traffic west of Chicago All rail workers refused to work any line associated with the Pullman company Another display of the alliance between big business and government The town was built around the company
