The Age of Reformation
By: Anita Tucker
AP European History Class
Quiz
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The Reformation broke out first in:
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a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
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the prosperous ports of Holland.
London and other important English cities.
the French countryside
Austria.
the free imperial cities of Germany and Switzerland.
All of the following were important figures I the
English Reformation EXCEPT
•
•
•
•
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Cardinal Thomas Wolsey.
Thomas Cranmer.
Thomas Cromwell.
John Calvin
William Tyndale
The Crucifixion of Christ
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Matthias Grunewald
(ca.1480-1528)
Crucifixion shows Christ
who takes the sins of the
world into his own body;
his mother, Mary, Mary
Magdalene and John the
Baptist and the Apostle
are there to share his
suffering;

Musee Unterlinden,
Colmar, France
The Protestant Reformation was:
A
reaction against the traditions, policies,
dogma, and abuses of the Catholic
Church.
 The name “Protestant” came from their
“Protests.”
 These protests altered the religious unity
of Europe, brought about religious wars,
and fragmented the Christian faith into
many different denominations.
Causes of the Reformation:
 The
Great Schism: Two different popes
(Clement VII and Urban VI both claimed
authority over the Catholic Church; it was
resolved at the Council of Constance in
1414, and the overall result was the
weakening of church unity;
 Sales of indulgences, nepotism, and
simony;
Causes of the Reformation,
Continued
 Clerical
immorality and absenteeism
 Humanism – the rise of scholarship during
the Renaissance, interest in returning to
classical texts made study and access to
the Bible extremely important
Martin Luther (1483-1546)
Martin Luther (1483-1546)
Luther’s father wanted him to become a lawyer,
but entered a monastery after being rescued
during a lightening storm;
 As a German Catholic Monk, he tried to change
things he felt were wrong in the Catholic Church
 He believed in “justification by faith alone”
 In 1517 attacked the Catholic system of
indulgences and posted his Ninety-five Theses
on the door of Castle Church in Wittenberg at
the Diet of Würms;

Luther Nailing the 95 Theses to
Castle Church in Wittenberg,
Germany
Martin Luther, Continued
 Condemned
to heresy in 1520 but
protected by friends who hid him in a
castle while he translated the New
Testament into the vernacular (common
language), German, using Erasmus’s
Greek text and Latin translation.
 Protected by Frederick II
Frederick the Wise (1463-1525)

Founded the
University of
Wittenberg where
Luther taught
 Protected Luther after
the Diet of Worms
from the Pope and
emperor;
Johannes Tetzel (1464-1519)
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German Preacher who
excelled at selling
indulgences to help Pope
Leo X (1475-1521) pay
for the restoration of St.
Peter’s Basilica in Rome;
P.T. Barnum of selling
indulgences
“as soon as the coin in
the coffer rings, the soul
from purgatory springs.”
Reformation in Switzerland
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Ulrich Zwingli (14841531)
Opposed indulgences
and religious superstition;
Successfully petitioned
the end to clerical
celibacy and right to
marry;
Believed the Bible was
Literal and anything not
supported should not be
believed.
Reformation in Switzerland,
Continued
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Questioned beliefs like
fasting, adoration of
saints, pilgrimages, and
other sacraments;
His beliefs translated into
a regime of harsh
discipline in Zurich and
Switzerland became an
example of puritanical
Protestantism;
Disagreed with Luther in
Marburg Colloguy (1529)
over presence of Christ’s
body in Eucharist;
John Calvin (1509-1564)

Leader of the
Calvinists
 Believed in divine
predestination or
concept of “the elect”
 Individual’s “duty” to
reform society
according to God’s
plan
John Calvin (1509-1564),
Continued
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Calvin’s Institutes of
Christian Religion is a
theological statement of
the Protestant faith
Believed in unity of
church and state
Stressed sovereignty of
God over all creation
Led theocracy in Geneva