AHSGE Remediation
Standards IV-V, Part A
Standard IV, Objective 1: Identify and evaluate
events, causes, and effects of the Civil War.
IV, 1
What congressional solution made California a free
state and gave popular sovereignty to the New
Mexico and Utah territories?
Compromise of 1850 (AHSGE): Attempt to settle
slave state/free state tensions over the new territory
(see map) that had been acquired from Mexico.
Clay's Compromise
1. Ended slave trade in the District of
Columbia
2. A new fugitive slave law
3. Federal assumption of the Texas debt
4. Admit California as free state
5. Divide remaining Mexican cession
into New Mexico and Utah and allow
popular sovereignty to decide (in other
words, let the people of each
territory/state decide).
What part of the solution in the Compromise
of 1850 upset many northerners?
Fugitive Slave Act (AHSGE): Of all the bills that
made up the Compromise of 1850, the Fugitive Slave
Act was the most controversial and it made
abolitionists all the more resolved to put an end to
slavery.
Measures
1. Slaves had no right to a trial by jury
2. Slaves couldn't testify on their own behalf
3. Return to slavery only on the testimony of
supposed slave owner
4. Court commissioner received $10 if rule for
slave owner; $5 for accused slave
5. No time limit for groups to hunt
possible slave
Passage of the Fugitive Slave Act made abolitionists all the
more resolved to put an end to slavery. The Underground
Railroad became more active, reaching its peak between 1850
and 1860. The act also brought the subject of slavery before
the nation. Many who had previously been ambivalent about
slavery now took a definitive stance against the institution.
Kansas-Nebraska Act (AHSGE): Gave popular
sovereignty to the unorganized territory (see map)
What act supported by Stephen Douglas gave
popular sovereignty to two territories just
west of Missouri?
I. Kansas-Nebraska Act
A. Stephen Douglas' motive
1. Preserving the Union by enabling the
Midwest to hold the balance of political
power between the North and South
2. Uniting the Democrat party around a
single issue
3. Encouraging construction of a railroad
from Chicago to the West to guarantee a
continuous line of settlement between the
Midwest and the Pacific
B. Concessions for the South
1. Why? Douglas needed the South to agree
2. What were they?
a. South wanted railroad to have route
from a southern city to the Pacific
b. Nebraska was North of parallel 36'30'',
which under the Missouri
Compromise could not have slaves
C. Results
1. Douglas forced to say Nebraska Act would
override or supersede the Missouri
Compromise
2. It split the Nebraska Territory into Kansas
and Nebraska
3. It applied the principle of popular
sovereignty to Nebraska and Kansas, but
it was assumed that Kansas, closer to the
South, would be slave
4. Anti-slavery supporters accused the K-N act
of violated the "sacred pledge" of Missouri
Compromise
5. Southerners, originally indifferent, became
furious when plan is assaulted
6. Vote on Act passes, but a clear sectional vote
7. Idea of free soil unites northerners
What political party was formed in the
1850's that supported the anti-slavery
platform (also, it is known as the party of
Lincoln)?
Formation of Republican Party
(AHSGE): In the 1850s, a new party arose in
response to the failures of the Democratic and Whig
parties, and the slavery issue (Lincoln a Republican).
A. Coalition
1. Former Northern Whigs mad at
Southern Whigs
2. Former Northern Democrats mad that
Southerners dominated the party
3. Former Know-Nothings
B. Issues avoided
1. Economic issues such as tariffs,
banking, internal improvements
2. Immigrants/Catholic issues
3. Slavery issue
C. Unity Issue--Bleeding Kansas
(SEE NOTES)
What famous court case upheld the right of slave
owners as property holders and disallowed slaves to
file court cases?
Dred Scott decision (AHSGE):Supreme Court
that decided on the side of slaveholders.
Decisions (Taney, Chief Justice)
a. Scott could not sue for freedom
b. No black, slave or free, could be a
U.S. citizen
c. Congress could not bar slavery in
the territories; therefore Missouri
Compromise unconstitutional
SEE NOTES
Who led the massacre at Pottawatomie Creek, NE and
led the raid on the federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry?
John Brown's Raid (AHSGE)
raid of the federal arsenal at
Harpers Ferry, Virginia to arm
slaves with the weapons he and
his men seized from the arsenal.
However local farmers,
militiamen, and Marines led by
Robert E. Lee killed or captured,.
within 36 hours of the attack,
most of Brown's men.
Results:
a. Northern abolitionists were
incensed
b. Southerners were incensed
Who won the presidential election in 1860?
1860 election (AHSGE): Lincoln (Republican)-WINS (wasn't even on many southern ballots)
b. John Breckinridge (Democratic, Southern)
V.P. under Buchanan, from Kentucky
c. Stephen Douglas (Democratic, Northern)
Senator from Illinois
d. John Bell (Constitutional Union)
U.S. Senator from Tennessee
Democratic split (AHSGE): In the 1860 election,
the northern and southern democrats split, leading
to a republican victory.
What state was the first to secede from the Union in
1860?
Secession (AHSGE): South Carolina secedes in Dec.
1860, immediately after the election of Lincoln.
Federal response (AHSGE): After much of the lower
south secedes, once Lincoln take office, he appeals for
75,000 militiamen to suppress an insurrection in the
Lower South. Upper South seceded when Lincoln
proclaimed that an insurrection existed
formation of Confederacy (AHSGE):In
February 1861, representatives from
the seven seceded states met in
Montgomery, Alabama to found the
Confederate States of America.
Montgomery, AL (AHSGE): location of
the 1st capital of the Confederacy.
Later moved to Richmond, VA
Fort Sumter (AHSGE): site of the first engagement
between union and confederate forces in Charleston,
SC.
Began on April 12, 1861 when Confederate artillery opened fire on this
Federal fort in Charleston Harbor. Fort Sumter surrendered 34 hours
later. Union forces would try for nearly four years to take it back.
Northern goals (AHSGE): Reunite
the secessionist states, even with
the use of force.
Southern goals (AHSGE): peacefully
secede from the north, but if necessary fight a
defensive war.
What county in Alabama never seceded from the
Union?
Winston County (AHSGE):Winston County gained
notoriety during the Civil War at the Looney's Tavern
meeting where it was declared the "Free State of
Winston" with plans to secede from the state though it
never did.
What state was actually split over the decision to
secede and eventually became two states?
Virginia
What new state was created?
West Virginia (AHSGE): Separated from Virginia and stayed with
the Union.
--Political
What was the most famous of the Black military units
to fight in the Civil War?
creation of black military units
(AHSGE): including the Fifty-Fourth regiment,
were made up of free Blacks including the sons of
Frederick Douglass, who were instrumental in the
formation of the 54th.
The 54th
On July 18, 1863, the regiment won undying glory by leading the
bloody assault on Fort Wagner near Charleston, South Carolina. In
the attack nearly half the regiment was killed, wounded or captured.
Colonel Shaw was among those who died. For his bravery in the
battle, Sergeant William H. Carney became the first African
American to earn the Medal of Honor, the nation's highest military
award. The survivors of the Fifty-fourth went on to participate in
the eventual capture of Fort Wagner several weeks later.
The Fifty-fourth continued to serve throughout the remainder of
the war. They fought at Olustee, Florida; Honey Hill, South
Carolina; and finally at Boykin's Mills, South Carolina.
The example of steadfast courage and heroism set by the Fiftyfourth Massachusetts paved the way for the enlistment of over
200,000 African Americans in the Union Army and Navy.
--Economic
What act passed by the Republican dominated
congress (during the Civil War) gave 160
acres to western settlers?
• Homestead Act (AHSGE): Passed to
encourage settlement of the west; Settlers
received 160 acres and could gain title to the
land by living there for five years.
• The federal government helped settle the
Great Plains by passing the Homestead
Act in 1862. 
• For $10, a settler could file for a
homestead, or a tract of public land
available for settlement.
The Homestead Act
May 20, 1862
(U. S. Statutes at Large, Vol. XII, p. 392 ff.)
AN ACT to secure homesteads to actual settlers on the public domain.
Be it enacted, That any person who is the head of a family, or who has arrived at the age
of twenty-one years, and is a citizen of the United States, or who shall have filed his
declaration of intention to become such, as required by the naturalization laws of the
United States, and who has never borne arms against the United States Government or
given aid and comfort to its enemies, shall, from and after the first of January, eighteen
hundred and sixty-three, be entitled to enter one quarter-section or a less quantity of
unappropriated public lands, upon which said person may have filed a pre-emption claim
or which may, at the time the application is made, be subject to pre-emption at one dollar
and twenty-five cents, or less, per acre; or eighty acres or less of such unappropriated
lands, at two dollars and fifty cents per acre, to be located in a body, in conformity to the
legal subdivisions of the public lands, and after the same shall have been surveyed:
Provided, That any person owning or residing on land may, under the provisions of this
act, enter other land lying contiguous to his or her said land, which shall not, with the
land so already owned and occupied, exceed in the aggregate one hundred and sixty
acres.
Sec. 2. That the person applying for the benefit of this act shall, upon application to the
register of the land office in which he or she is about to make such entry, make affidavit
What act passed by the Republican
dominated congress (during the Civil War)
gave large land grants to states from the
federal government?
Morrill Land Grant Act (AHSGE) gave federal
land grants to states for the purposes of
establishing agricultural and mechanical
colleges 
Land Grant Institutions
ALABAMA
Alabama A&M University
Auburn University
Tuskegee University
ALASKA
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
ARIZONA
University of Arizona
ARKANSAS
University of Arkansas
University of Arkansas Pine Bluff
CALIFORNIA
University of California
COLORADO
Colorado State University
CONNECTICUT
University of Connecticut
--Cultural
Draft opposition (AHSGE) with the manpower
shortage on both sides during the war, both side
started a draft (Confederacy first); it was resisted
by southerners and New York had riots.
The Confederacy passed its first of 3 conscription acts 16 April 1862,
and scarcely a year later the Union began conscripting men. exemption
and commutation clauses allowed propertied men to avoid service, thus
laying the burden on immigrants and men with few resources.
Occupational, only-son, and medical exemptions created many
loopholes in the laws. Doctors certified healthy men unfit for duty, while
some physically or mentally deficient conscripts went to the front after
sham examinations. Enforcement presented obstacles of its own; many
conscripts simply failed to report for duty.
Under the Union draft act men faced the possibility of conscription in
July 1863 and in Mar., July, and Dec. 1864. Draft riots ensued, notably
in New York in 1863. Of the 249,259 18-to-35-year-old men whose
names were drawn, only about 6% served, the rest paying commutation
or hiring a substitute.
The first Confederate conscription law also applied to men
between 18 and 35, providing for substitution (repealed Dec. 1863) and
exemptions. A revision, approved 27 Sept. 1862, raised the age to 45; 5
days later the legislators passed the expanded Exemption Act. The
Conscription Act of Feb. 1864 called all men between 1 7 and 50.
Conscripts accounted for one-fourth to one-third of the Confederate
armies east of the Mississippi between Apr. 1864 and early 1865.
Source: "Historical Times Encyclopedia of the Civil War" Edited by
Patricia L. Faust
What did Lincoln pass on Jan. 1, 1863
granting freedom to slaves in the
Confederate states in rebellion?
Emancipation Proclamation (AHSGE): Lincoln
declared "that all persons held as slaves" within
the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall
be free," Jan. 1, 1863 granting freedom to
slaves in the Confederate states in rebellion
Emancipation--strengthened the moral cause of the Union
Lincoln's political reasons
1. The desire to injure the Confederacy, threaten its
property, heighten its dread, saps its moral, and hasten its
demise
2. The need to gain the support of European liberals, who
wanted a crusade against slavery
3. His intention to steal the political initiative from
the Radical Republicans in Congress.
Despite this expansive wording, the
Emancipation Proclamation was limited in
many ways. It applied only to states that
had seceded from the Union, leaving
slavery untouched in the loyal border
states. It also expressly exempted parts of
the Confederacy that had already come
under Northern control. Most important, the
freedom it promised depended upon Union
military victory.
Although the Emancipation Proclamation
did not immediately free a single slave, it
fundamentally transformed the character of
the war.
--Legal
What did Lincoln suspend during the Civil
War, depriving many citizens of their civil
rights?
Suspension of Habeas Corpus (AHSGE):During the Civil
War, Lincoln (to limit pockets of secession in Union states),
in certain regions, suspended the right of prisoners to appear
before a judge.
Habeas corpus says that authorities must bring a person they arrest
before a judge who orders it. The U.S. Constitution says: "The
privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless
when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require
it." But Lincoln suspended habeas corpus without waiting for
Congress to authorize it. Lincoln's action meant that individuals
could be arrested and held without formal charges being lodged
against them. Taney ruled that Lincoln's order violated Article 1,
Section 9, of the U.S. Constitution, which gave only Congress the
power to suspend habeas corpus. Lincoln ignored the ruling.
Congress ratified the suspension in 1863.
Civil War scholars generally point to the large pockets of anti-war
sentiment in the Union states as a justification for his wartime
suspension of civil liberties.
What was the first major battle of the Civil
War?
First Battle of Bull Run (AHSGE): or
Manassas; 1st major land battle in which
Union soldiers were routed but
Confederate soldiers did not pursue.
Location: Fairfax County and Prince William County
Campaign: Manassas Campaign (July 1861)
Date(s): July 21, 1861
Principal Commanders: Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell
[US]; Brig. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston and Brig. Gen.
P.G.T. Beauregard [CS]
Forces Engaged: 60,680 total (US 28,450; CS 32,230)
Estimated Casualties: 4,700 total (US 2,950; CS
1,750)
Description: This was the first major land battle of the armies in
Virginia. On July 16, 1861, the untried Union army under Brig. Gen.
Irvin McDowell marched from Washington against the Confederate
army, which was drawn up behind Bull Run beyond Centreville. On
the 21st, McDowell crossed at Sudley Ford and attacked the
Confederate left flank on Matthews Hill. Fighting raged throughout
the day as Confederate forces were driven back to Henry Hill. Late
in the afternoon, Confederate reinforcements (one brigade arriving
by rail from the Shenandoah Valley) extended and broke the Union
right flank. The Federal retreat rapidly deteriorated into a rout.
Although victorious, Confederate forces were too disorganized to
pursue. Confederate Gen. Bee and Col. Bartow were killed. Thomas
J. Jackson earned the nom de guerre “Stonewall.” By July 22, the
shattered Union army reached the safety of Washington. This battle
convinced the Lincoln administration that the war would be a long
and costly affair. McDowell was relieved of command of the Union
army and replaced by Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan, who set about
reorganizing and training the troops.
Result(s): Confederate victory
What battle resulted in the single bloodiest
day of the Civil War?
Antietam (AHSGE):Single bloodiest day of
the Civil War; 23,000 soldiers were killed,
wounded or missing after twelve hours of savage
combat on September 17, 1862. The Battle of
Antietam ended the Confederate Army of
Northern Virginia’s first invasion into the North
and led to Abraham Lincoln’s issuance of the
preliminary Emancipation Proclamation.
Other Names: Sharpsburg
Location: Washington County
Campaign: Maryland Campaign (September 1862)
Date(s): September 16-18, 1862
Principal Commanders: Maj. Gen. George B.
McClellan [US]; Gen. Robert E. Lee [CS]
Description: On September 16, Maj. Gen. George B.
McClellan confronted Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia at
Sharpsburg, Maryland. At dawn September 17, Hooker’s
corps mounted a powerful assault on Lee’s left flank that
began the single bloodiest day in American military
history. Attacks and counterattacks swept across Miller’s
cornfield and fighting swirled around the Dunker Church.
Union assaults against the Sunken Road eventually
pierced the Confederate center, but the Federal advantage
was not followed up. Late in the day, Burnside’s corps
finally got into action, crossing the stone bridge over
Antietam Creek and rolling up the
Confederate right. At a crucial moment, A.P. Hill’s division
arrived from Harpers Ferry and counterattacked, driving
back Burnside and saving the day.
Although outnumbered two-to-one, Lee committed his
entire force, while McClellan sent in less than threequarters of his army, enabling Lee to fight the Federals to
a standstill. During the night, both armies consolidated
their lines. In spite of crippling casualties, Lee continued
to skirmish with McClellan throughout the 18th, while
removing his wounded south of the river. McClellan did
not renew the assaults. After dark, Lee ordered the
battered Army of Northern Virginia to withdraw across
the Potomac into the Shenandoah Valley.
Result(s): Inconclusive (Union strategic victory.)
Anteitam battle field on the day of the battle September 16,1862.
What battle in Mississippi resulted in a
complete blockade of the south by the
Union?
Vicksburg (AHSGE)—strategically
important because this Mississippi battle gave
the North control over the whole Mississippi River,
and thus split the South into two parts.
See notes
--Political
What major three-day battle did the
Confederates (under Lee) lose in
Pennsylvania?
Gettysburg (AHSGE): Pennsylvania battle that
was a turning point in the war. Although Meade
did not pursue Lee, the North celebrated this
victory over the South.
By the summer of 1863, the brilliant General Robert E. Lee was in command of the
Army of Northern Virginia. He decided upon an invasion of the north, which would
pull both armies from war torn northern Virginia, where most of the fighting had
previously been. By invading the north and particularly, winning a victory in the north, it
might cause disenchanted northerners to pressure the Lincoln administration to seek a
settlement toward peace, thus ending the war.
1, 1863
Lee ordered several brigades to travel east to check their location and to forage for
supplies for his troops. Northwest of the town of Gettysburg they met. A skirmish ensued
and as the battle heated, word was sent back to both commanders that the enemy was
found and reinforcement troops proceeded to the area. Over the next 2 days Lee’s army
converged onto Gettysburg from the west and north while Meade’s army arrived from
the south and southeast. Thus a battle never planned occurred simply by circumstance.
See notes
What Union general captured Atlanta and
continued southeast to Savannah destroying
everything in his path?
Sherman’s March
(AHSGE): the Civil
War's most
destructive
campaign against a
civilian population
to prove to the
Confederate
population that its
government could
not protect the
people from
invaders.
Sherman's march frightened and appalled Southerners. It
hurt morale, for civilians had believed the Confederacy
could protect the home front. Sherman's March to the
SeaSherman had terrorized the countryside; his men had
destroyed all sources of food and forage and had left
behind a hungry and demoralized people. Although he did
not level any towns, he did destroy buildings in places
where there was resistance.
Sherman, however, burned or captured all the food stores
that Georgians had saved for the winter months. As a
result of the hardships on women and children,
desertions increased in Robert E. Lee's army in Virginia.
Sherman believed his campaign against civilians would
shorten the war by breaking the Confederate will to fight,
and he eventually received permission to carry this
psychological warfare into South Carolina in early 1865.
By marching through Georgia and South Carolina he
became an archvillain in the South and a hero in the
I think it is absolutely necessary that we
should abandon our position tonight. . .
Telegram from Robert E. Lee, in Petersburg,
to Jefferson Davis, in Richmond, April 2, 1865
Richmond, the capital, surrenders leading
to . . .
See notes
What famous speech was given by Lincoln at
a consecration ceremony where he reminded
Americans of the basic ideal, "All men are
created equal?"
Gettysburg Address: Approximately two minute
speech by Lincoln at the dedication of the battlefield
and cemetery in which he “rededicates” the war
toward a “government of the people, by the
people, for the people.”
See notes
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought
forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty,
and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created
equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether
that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated,
can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of
that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field,
as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives
that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and
proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate - we can not
consecrate - we can not hallow - this ground. The brave
men, living and dead, who struggled here, have
consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract.
The world will little note, nor long remember what we say
here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for
us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished
work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly
advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the
great task remaining before us - that from these honored
dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which
they gave the last full measure of devotion - that we
here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in
vain - that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth
of freedom - and that government of the people, by the
people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
President Abraham Lincoln
November 1863
--Economic
Where did Robert E. Lee surrender to Grant
in 1865?
Lee’s surrender/Appomattox (AHSGE):On Palm
Sunday, 1865 Lee surrendered to Grant signaling
the end of the Southern States' attempt to create
a separate nation.
Cost of war (AHSGE): after four years of Civil War,
approximately 630,000 deaths and over 1 million
casualties, the South was economically ruined.
What was the program called that returned
southern states to the Union, rebuilt the
South's infrastructure, and attempted to
protect the rights of free blacks?
Reconstruction (AHSGE): Plan to return Southern
states to the Union, rebuild the South's
infrastructure, and protect the rights of free
blacks
Unfortunately, how the Reconstruction was to be done was highly
debated. Possibly because of Lincoln’s death, his more lenient (to the
South) plan was not accepted by the Radical Republicans.
--Plans for Reconstruction
Lincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction (AHSGE): (Dec.
1863) 10% of population must swear allegiance to the
Union, Confederate officials ask for presidential
pardons, and recognize emancipation (13th
Amendment).
Ten percent plan
1. State govts. could be formed when 10% of those who voted in
1860 (note: that does not include freedmen) swore allegiance to the
Union and accepted emancipation
2. Confederate officials and military officers needed presidential
pardons before participating in the new government
See notes
What amendment abolished slavery?
13th Amendment (AHSGE): Abolished slavery.
Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a
punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted,
shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their
jurisdiction.
Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by
appropriate legislation.
What amendment guarantees
protection of the laws for all citizens?
14th Amendment (June 1866) (AHSGE):Gave
citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in
the U.S.
1. Passed by Congress and required southern
2. Johnson opposed it because it denied
states the right to manage their own affairs
Weakened by the Slaughterhouse cases of
1873
a. Federal government obliged to protect
only basic rights of NATIONAL
citizenship
b. Federal government did not have to protect
such rights against state violations
SEE NOTES
What amendment gave the vote to African
American males?
Fifteenth Amendment (AHSGE): Right of Citizens
to Vote
Section. 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be
denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of
race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
Section. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by
appropriate legislation.
However, African Americans would be kept from voting using
the Grandfather Clauses
•The White Primary
•Literacy Tests
•Racial Gerrymandering
Radical Reconstruction (AHSGE):
Congressional Plan that made it
harder
for Reconstruction
southern states
to be
Congressional
Act of 1867
readmitted.
A. Placed South under military rule for a
short time
B. Quick readmission if states allow black
suffrage
C. Election of delegates to state conventions
by southern black voters and whites
C. Ex-Confederate disqualified from holding
federal office could not vote for
delegates to constitutional convention
D. Ratification of the 14th Amendment
Southern military districts (AHSGE): the South was
put under military control after the Civil War and
divided into 5 military districts.
What were the laws called passed by
southern states attempting to control
freedmen and keeping them in a subservient
position?
Black codes (AHSGE): state laws (varied state to
state) to control freed black and restrict their legal
and civil rights.
In South Carolina persons of color contracting for service were to be
known as "servants," and those with whom they contracted, as
"masters." On farms the hours of labor would be from sunrise to sunset
daily, except on Sunday. The negroes were to get out of bed at dawn.
Time lost would be deducted from their wages, as would be the cost of
food, nursing, etc., during absence from sickness. Absentees on Sunday
must return to the plantation by sunset. House servants were to be at
call at all hours of the day and night on all days of the week. They must
be "especially civil and polite to their masters, their masters' families
and guests," and they in return would receive "gentle and kind
treatment." Corporal and other punishment was to be administered only
upon order of the district judge or other civil magistrate. A vagrant law
of some severity was enacted to keep the negroes from roaming the
roads and living the lives of beggars and thieves."
What were northerners called who moved to
the South, voted Republican, and were
scorned by southerners after the Civil War?
Carpetbaggers (AHSGE) recent arrivals from the
North, primarily former Union soldiers who hoped
to buy land, open factories, build railroads, or enjoy
the warmer climate
see notes
What were southerners called who voted
Republican after the Civil War?
Scalawags (AHSGE): former Whig planters or
merchants who were in the South before the war
and held most of the political offices during
Reconstruction
What southern secret society emerged during
the Reconstruction that harassed, tormented,
and killed blacks demanding equality?
Organized resistance groups (AHSGE):
Many white Alabamians fought
Reconstruction through the political
process and also through the
emergence of organized resistance
groups. The Ku Klux Klan (answer to
above question) was the most well
known. Others were the Pale Faces
What man served as president during
Reconstruction and whose legacy (as
president) is remembered as being very
corrupt?
Presidency of U.S. Grant (AHSGE): legacy
includes the fact that his administration was very
corrupt.
“I have acted in every instance from a conscientious desire to do
what was right, constitutional, within the law, and for the very
best interests of the whole people. Failures have been errors of
judgment, not of intent.”
“I have made it a rule of my life to trust a man long after other
people gave him up, but I don't see how I can ever trust any
human being again
End of Reconstruction (AHSGE): the
north occupation of the South ended
in when the Republican and Democratic parties
affected a
compromise concerning the 1876
election
Election of 1876 (AHSGE): Disputed election
in which Hayes (R) gets the presidency in return for
ending Reconstruction.
In the end, returns in three states,
South Carolina, Florida and
Louisiana were disputed. Tilden
was one state short of victory.
Congress appointed a
congressional committee to
investigate. The committee
decided to award all the disputed
votes to Hayes. Hayes, in return,
however, promised to end
reconstruction. Hayes became
the next President.
What congressional solution resulted in
Hayes winning the presidential election in
1876 and Reconstruction ending?
“Compromise of 1877”(AHSGE):ended
Reconstruction when the Republican and Democratic
parties affected a
compromise concerning the
1876 election with Hayes given the presidency.
1. Hayes given presidency
2. Filibuster broken by southern Democrats
3. Radical governments fall—Solid South begins
4. Army removed from the South
5. More federal patronage to southern Democrats
6. Federal aid for building railroads and other
internal improvements
New South (AHSGE): After Reconstruction, Planter
class tries to reestablish old order with as few changes
as possible and Middle class wants a more commercial
and industrial South.
Politics after Reconstruction (AHSGE) Democrats
re-gained control of the legislature and governor's
office and, in the next year, rewrote the state’s
Reconstruction constitution.
Industrialization
The Bourbon constitution of 1875 was a victory for prosperous rural and small-town
Alabamians who did not want to pay taxes to improve the lives of those less fortunate
than themselves and who did not want to finance commercial development that did not
benefit them directly. In particular, it was a victory for planters and merchants who
dominated the Black Belt economy and government and who expected to maintain that
domination (along with their influence on the state level) by controlling the black vote
in their region.
Basic principles of redemption
1. Laissez-faire—lower taxes for large landowners
and an end to most social programs
2. White supremacy—included legally restricting
the actions of freedmen
3. New governments
A. Cut back on education and other
social programs
B. Embezzlement and bribery continued
C. Small white farmers neglected
Industrialization after
Reconstruction (AHSGE): Although
capital was insufficient and industrialization would lag
in the South, The founding of Birmingham is the best
example of the development of a New South
economy based upon industrialism
Race relations (AHSGE): during this
time period was characterized
segregation and disfranchisement
laws and by brutal acts of mob
violence (lynchings) against
southern blacks.
Schools (AHSGE): during this time
period were segregated, in part,
because of the court case Plessy v.
Ferguson (‘separate but equal
doctrine”).
Examples: schools, churches, and family
The story of the church in the years following slavery is one of a
mass exodus from white churches into black denominations. Blacks
sought to exercise their newly won independence and power, while
whites sought to retain their privilege. This struggle played itself out
in the church, the center of community life for both blacks and
whites in the South. Among the many choices freed people made,
choosing a denominational affiliation became the most important and, potentially, the most dangerous, as choosing the wrong
denomination risked provoking the ire of former slavemasters and
their confederates. The Southern Methodist Episcopal Church had
been the church most enslaved people attended. It claimed 208,000
black members. A year after the Civil War ended, only one-quarter of
them remained. The African Methodist Episcopal (AME) and AME Zion
established hierarchies of black bishops, deacons, ministers, and
pastors that made them, effectively, churches with the soul of a
nation. it soon became the most popular church among the freed
people. When the Southern Baptist Convention first organized in
1845, black Baptists outnumbered whites, even though blacks
weren't given the same rights and privileges. In 1862, one quarter of
the four million freed people called themselves Baptist.
What were the laws called passed in southern
states after Reconstruction that stripped
African Americans of basic rights like
voting?
Jim Crow laws (AHSGE): enforced segregation
examples of Jim Crow laws
Blacks face severe hardships
1. 15th Amendment subverted through intimidation,
loss of jobs, eviction from tenant farms, poll taxes,
literacy tests, property requirement, and voter fraud
2. 14th Amendment subverted through intimidation,
loss of jobs, eviction from tenant farms and
Slaughterhouse cases
3. Slaughterhouse cases—Supreme Court said the
federal government was obliged to protect only basic
rights of national citizenship, and it did not have to
protectsuch rights against state violations
4. Racism in the South including KKK and in the
1890s, and avg of 187 blacks lynched a year.
FACT SHEET FOR THE "NEW SOUTH,“
CA. 1880S TO WORLD WAR ONE
In 1860 the South had 76% of personal
income per capita as a percentage of
the U.S. average. In 1880 and 1900,
southerners only held 51% of per
capita national wealth, and in 1920
only 62%.
COTTON PRODUCTION IN THE SOUTH
BY DECADE:
1860: 5, 385,000 bales
1870: 3, 011,000 bales
1880: 5, 709,000 bales
1890: 7,363,000 bales
1900: 9,207,000 bales
1910: 11,015,000 bales
Tobacco production followed a similar
pattern of postwar decline and then
rapid increase into the new century.
The literacy rate for southern whites
declined from 1875 to 1900, while the
literary rates for southern blacks
increased dramatically during this
period. Literacy rates for both shot up
from 1900 to 1920.
Before 1900 there was not a singly
publicly supported high school for
blacks in the entire lower South, but
the literacy rate rose to include nearly
half the black population by 1915.
In 1900, total income for blacks was
about 35% of total income of whites,
nationwide.
In 1880, there were 16, 317 cotton mill
workers in the South. In 1890 there
were 35,415 cotton mill workers. In
1900, there were 97,494 cotton mill
workers in the region. The capital
invested in cotton mills grew from
17,375, 897 in 1880 to 124, 596,874 in
1900. Value of cotton mill products
rose from 16,356,598 in 1880 to
95,002,059 in 1900.
What type of farming existed in the south
after the war where farmers rented land to
grow crops?
Tenant farming (AHSGE): The “tenant” is the
cultivator of the land but not the owner. In return for
the right to use the land, the tenant owes a rent.
From 1880 to 1900 the percentage of
white farmers in tenant of
sharecropping situations rose, the
percentage of landowners among
white farmers declined. Among blacks,
the percentage of landowners rose in
the Upper South and declined in the
Lower South.
What type of farming existed in the south
after the war where farmers were forced to
share crops with landowners?
Sharecropping (AHSGE): Farmers work a piece of
land for a fixed share of the crop (usually ½).
It required no advance expenditures for landlord and
helped share the risk of crop failures or fallen prices
However, it rarely led to ownership or land and often
led to deep debts
sharecroppers, 1939
On sharecropping W. E. B. Bois once wrote
that "[t]he slave went free; stood for a brief
moment in the sun; then moved back again
toward slavery."
Fifty years after the Civil War, 89% of
African Americans still lived in the
South, while 1.5 million blacks moved
to urban areas within the South.
From 1900 to 1920, the number of
workers in manufacturing in the South
grew from 627, 000 to 1.3 million, and
the population of the urban South rose
from 3 million to 5.3 million, a rate of
increase faster than in the nation as a
whole.
Between 1882 and 1951, over 4,900
people were lynched in the U.S.; over
85% were black. 80% of lynchings
were in the South. Until 1908, more
than one hundred people a year were
lynched.
V, 1
STANDARD V, OBJECTIVE 1. Identify
and evaluate the events that led
to the settlement of the West.
New states (AHSGE): With the removal of Native
Americans to reservations, the western settlement
movement (especially from 1865-1890) would
continue and lead to the creation of several new states.
--Indian tribes
Army/Native American conflict: (AHSGE) Army
encouraged white hunters to kill buffalo to end
Native American nomadic life and force Native
Americans onto reservations.
What animal was hunted and heavily relied
upon by Plains Indians?
BUFFALO ANNIHILATION: (AHSGE)
U.S. policy to destroy buffalo in order to
end the nomadic way of life for Plains
Indians
A. Brains - hide, preparation
B. Skull - ceremonies,
sun dance, prayer
This is why the Buffalo was important to
Native Americans:
C. Horns - cups, fire
carrier, powderhorn,
spoons, ladles, toys
headdresses, signals,
D. Tongue - best part
E. Beard - ornamentation
F. Rawhide - containers, clothing, headdresses, food, medicine bags, shields,buckets,
moccasin soles, rattles, drums, drumsticks, splints, cinches, ropes, thongs, saddles,
stirrups, knife cases, bull boats, quirts, armbands, lance cases, horse masks,
horse forehead ornaments, bullet pouches, belts
G. Buckskin - moccasin tops, cradles, winter robes, bedding, breechclouts, shirts,
leggings, belts, dresses, pipe bags, pouches, paint bags, quivers, tipi covers, gun
cases, lance covers, coup flag covers, dolls
H. Hoof & Feet - glue, rattles
I. Meat - (every part eaten) pemmican (converted), hump ribs - jerky
J. Four Chambered Stomach - first stomach content: frostbite & skin diseases,
liner: container for carrying and storing water, cooking vessel
L. Bladder - sinew pouches, quill pouches, small medicine bags
M. Paunch - lining for buckets, cups, basins, dishes
N. Skin of hind leg - moccasins or boots
O. Buffalo Chips - fuel, signals, ceremonial smoking
P. Tail - medicine switch, fly brush, lodge exterior decorations, whips
Q. Bones - knives, arrowheads (ribs) , shovels, splints, winter sleds, arrow
straighteners, saddle trees, war clubs, scrapers (ribs), quirts, awls, paint brushes
(hipbones), game dice
R. Muscles - sinew: bows, thread, arrows, cinches, glue
S. Hair - headdresses, saddle pad filler, pillows, ropes, ornaments, halters, medicine
balls
T. Whole Animal - totem, clan symbol, white buffalo sacred, adult yellow rare-prized
Starting in 1865, in 21 years the Buffalo
population would go from fifteen million
TO:
600 by 1886
Many Native Americans were forced to live
on?
reservations
What great Apache leader surrendered to the
U.S. in 1886?
Geronimo
Custer and his cavalry were destroyed by
the who at what battle?
Sioux, Little Big Horn
Who was the leader of the Sioux nation at the
above battle?
Sitting Bull
The United States government attempted to
settle Indians on plots of land to farm with
what act?
Dawes Act
What event resulted in over 200 unarmed
Sioux being massacred by U.S. troops in
1890?
Massacre at Wounded Knee
How had the plow improved during the
late 1800s?
Steel plow: (AHSGE) made it possible to cut through
the tough plains grass and root system.
•By the 1860s, farmers on the Great Plains
were using newly designed steel plows, seed
drills, reapers, and threshing machines.
Windmill: (AHSGE) allowed farmers to pump up
water to supplement the
scant rainfall of the Great
Plains
revolver: (AHSGE) In 1836, Samuel Colt was
granted a U.S. patent for the Colt revolver, which was
equipped with a revolving cylinder containing five or
six bullets and an innovative cocking device
“the gun that won the West.“Single Action
Army Model 1873 Peacemaker, designed to
use metallic ammunition that contained its
own primer.
"Abe Lincoln may have freed all men, but
Sam Colt made them equal."
Why did the open ranges used by cattle
disappear?
Barbed Wire (AHSGE): invented by Glidden and
helped end the open range.
see notes
What 19th century How did cattle ranchers
technological
move their beef back to
innovation led to the eastern markets?
rapid settlement of
the western
territories?
• Railroads provided
easy access to the
Great Plains
(AHSGE).
• Railroad companies
sold land along the rail
lines at low prices and
provided credit. 
Railroad improvement and expansion:
led to a tremendous drop in shipping
costs and opened up a new network
of markets.
http://cprr.org/Museum/
Freight rates that had been $60 per ton
on the wagon train and then $30 per ton on the toll
road, dropped to $12 per ton by railroad.
EARLY MECHANIZATION OF
AGRICULTURE: allowed for larger crops to be
harvested and fewer laborers (AHSGE)
What types of new equipment was
developed for farming in the late 1800s?
cornhuskers, cornbinders, steam powered
threshers
List three complaints of farmers in the late
1800s.
FARMERS' GRIEVANCES: Included
overcharging by railroads to ship farm goods,
money supply issues (deflation), tariffs, and
falling crop prices (AHSGE)
This will lead to ….
How did the farmers organize themselves to
fight big business?
What was the name given to the farmers who
organized themselves politically during this
period?
American Agricultural Rebellion: which will
include the Grange movement, the Farmers’
Alliance movement and the Populist
movement (AHSGE).
Populist Movement (AHSGE): in the 1890s, this
emerged to increase the political power of
farmers and to work for legislation for farmers’
interests.
Who was the presidential candidate in 1896
for the Populists?
James Weaver
Alabama farmers faced additional economic
problems (AHSGE):
•prevalence of sharecropping and tenancy;
•historic divisions between big planters of the Black
Belt and Tennessee Valley and the small farmers of
the Hill Country and Wiregrass;
•an emerging urban industrial society based on iron
and coal;
•an emerging labor movement, especially among
coal miners and the Knights of Labor;
•powerful railroads, especially the L & N and
its connection with coal and iron companies.
STANDARD V, OBJECTIVE 2. Evaluate the
concepts, developments, and
consequences of
industrialization and urbanization.
V, 2
--Geographic factors that influenced industrialization
NATURAL RESOURCES:(AHSGE) U.S.
abundance of natural resources helped U.S. to
industrialize.
Geography: U.S. geography played a factor
that influenced industrialization (AHSGE).
• For example: mountains, rivers
•- Sources of power for new industries
•COAL
--Sources of power for new industries
Oil: (AHSGE) became a readily available
source of fuel for light, lubrication of
machineries,
and fuel
to PA.
runPenn.
machinery
Triumph
Hill,
was
responsible for 1/2 of the
WORLD'S production of oil
until the East Texas oil boom of
1901
--Communication revolution
Transatlantic cable: (AHSGE) After several
failures, Europe and North America were finally
connected and allowed the two continents to
communicate almost instantaneously
From Heart's Content, Cyrus Field sent the
following message on July 27, 1866...
"We arrived here at nine o'clock this morning.
All well. Thank God, the cable is laid, and is in
perfect working order."
Who invented the telephone?
Telephone (AHSGE) : Alexander Graham Bell
patented the “talking telegraph” and set up the
American Telephone and Telegraph Company (see
notes)
• The first phone call was Alexander Graham Bell
saying “Come here, Watson, I want you.”
• In 1877 Bell and his associates organized the Bell
Telephone Company, which later became the
American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T).
• In the late 1800s, Thomas Alva Edison invented or
perfected the phonograph, the light bulb, the electric
generator, the dictaphone, and the motion picture.
Edison later set up Menlo Park 
What two energy sources were used to
power factories in the late 1800s?
Westinghouse and Alternating currents
Who invented the light bulb and electric
generators?
• In the late 1800s, Thomas Alva Edison invented or
perfected the phonograph, the light bulb, the electric
generator, the dictaphone, and the motion picture.
Edison later set up Menlo Park 
• In 1882 an Edison Company began to transform
American society when it started supplying electric
power to customers in New York City.
Edison’s voice
Thomas Edison
1897 “http://www.tinfoil.com/sounds.
Radio: (AHSGE) Guglielmo Marconi
invented his spark transmitter with
antenna at his home in Bologna, Italy, in
December 1894.
-- Early industry/role of labor in
Alabama (Note: Alabama maps may be
used)
What types of industry was Alabama involved
in during the late 1800s?
Iron/steel: Alabama played a significant role in the
development of the American iron and steel
industry after the Civil War because of its natural
and human resources. Birmingham was
particularly important because of the natural
resources of Jones Valley, in which it is located.
(AHSGE)
Coal mining/Railroads: Alabama economics were
changing with an emerging urban industrial society
based on iron and coal, an emerging labor movement,
especially among coal miners and the Knights of
Labor, and
powerful railroads, especially the L & N and its
connection with coal and iron companies.
Textile (AHSGE):In Alabama, the total capital invested in
1890 was about $2.9 million, and a decade later the number
had risen to $11.6 million. Most mills came to the South
because of incentives such as abundant resources and cheap
labor, and in addition, some southern cities and entrepreneurs
saw industry as the best way to become more prosperous. The
most important factor for growth, however, was cheap labor.
Typically, in 1880, the wages in southern textile mills were 30
percent to 50 percent less than those in the North.
Mills drew a labor force primarily from poor farmers who
moved to escape the evils of sharecropping, tenantry, and the
crop lien that had developed after the Civil War. The security of
weekly pay, a life of lighter work, and better quarters lured
farm families to the mill village. The "family wage" system
continued the farm labor pattern where everyone worked to
help provide for the family. The prevalence of the family wage
system can be seen in the percentages of genders and age
groups working in Alabama textiles in 1900. Of the employees,
38 percent were men, 33 percent were women, and 29 percent
were children under sixteen. This new work force settled in
numerous textile mills throughout the South.
Exporting this textile was obviously important to Alabama.
There was one cotton textile plant in Alabama, a huge plant,
25,000 spindles. The entire product of this Cordova, Alabama
textile plant, the entire product went to China.
Timber (AHSGE): Very important to Alabama’s
economy.The production of saw timber in the South went from
1.6 billion board feet in 1880 to an estimated 15.4 billion
board feet in 1920 (Williams, Pg. 238). New technology was
immediately applied to southern sawmills; the use of steam
engines and circular saws replaced the old waterwheel
sawmills often working in unison with gristmills.
Alabama like most of the South was seeking industry and was
lobbing to make the southern forests available to the lumber
industry moving out of the Lake States. Richard Nassey
writes “ In the 1880’s all the ingredients for a prosperous
business seemed to be at hand – abundant natural resources,
cheap and plentiful labor, and a rising demand for the product”
(Nassey, Pg 174). The South’s land ownership patterns were
also favorable to the lumber industry. The South allowed for
the purchase and consolidation of millions of acres into private
ownership (Williams). William explains how the South had
allowed 925 people to own 336.3 billion board feet of timber
or half of the existing timber in the South, that is 925
individuals owned 46.6 million acres (Williams). These factors
combined to make the South the next big timber production
center.
Early competition in the sawmilling industry kept prices
down. Sawmills ranged from large to small “peckerwood”
mills (Nassey). The investment in sawmills ranged from over
one million dollars to a few thousand dollars, for the small
portable sawmills (Nassey). Like in agriculture entry into the
sawmilling industry was easy at this period in time, but the
lack of education and money forced producers to sell their
outputs immediately, regardless of price (Nassey). This like in
agriculture forced an overproduction which, suppressed timber
prices and kept competition and the rate of failure high
(Nassey). This was the era of the small lumbermen; numerous
markets and an endless timber resource in an undeveloped
region favored the small producer. The success of these small
operations would later suffer from further advances in
technology, and the development of the region and the
transportation systems.
The South reached its maximum timber
production in 1920 at which time the Pacific Northwest
became the leader (Williams).
http://www.ag.auburn.edu/~bailelc/sawmills.htm
Convict leasing (AHSGE): Convict leasing began
in Alabama in 1846 and lasted until July 1, 1928,
when Herbert Hoover was vying for the White
House. In 1883, about 10 percent of Alabama's
total revenue was derived from convict leasing.
In 1898, nearly 73 percent of total revenue came
from this same source. Death rates among leased
convicts were approximately 10 times higher
than the death rates of prisoners in non-lease
states. In 1873, for example, 25 percent of all
black leased convicts died. Possibly, the greatest
impetus to the continued use of convict labor in
Alabama was the attempt to depress the union
movement.
Monopoly: occurs when one company gains
control of an entire market (AHSGE). 
• In the late 1800s, Americans became suspicious
of large corporations and feared monopolies. 
• Many states made it illegal for a company to own
stock in another company without permission from
the state legislature.
MERGER: The combining of two companies to
make a larger company (AHSGE)
What were the captains of industry referred
to during the late 1800s?
Robber Barons: (AHSGE)A term for business leaders
who the American people did not trust.
Because of the change in industries, people began to
describe the industrial leaders as either:
Robber Barons OR
Captains of Industry:(AHSGE;)Another name for
business leaders who provided money for growth and
also funded many philanthropic activities (as
compared to “robber barons”
List two important captains of industry
during this time period.
Andrew Carnegie and J.D. Rockefeller
Andrew Carnegie:. founded a steel company
in Pittsburgh (AHSGE)
•He opened a steel company in 1875 and quickly
adapted his steel mills
to use the Bessemer process.
In 1898, although Carnegie Steel’s output had risen
threefold over the previous few years, the number of
workers needed to produce the steel had decreased by
400. The use of electricity to drive automatic machinery
was largely responsible for the decline in the workforce.
•http://www.americaslibrary.gov/cgi-bin/page.cgi/aa
•Carnegie Library of Congress
•http://www.americaslibrary.gov/cgi-bin/page.cgi/aa
Andrew
“The first
man gets
the oyster,
the
second
man gets
the shell.”
see notes
What idea was promoted by Andrew
Carnegie that stated the wealthy should give
back riches to the community?
“Gospel of Wealth:” (AHSGE) Carnegie's
belief that the wealthy should give back some
of their wealth for the betterment of humankind
•Before he started giving his money away, he was worth, in today’s
dollars, $110 billion and the second richest man in history.
Remember Bill Gates is worth $60 Billion and the 5th (behind John
Jacob Astor) richest man in history
•FOR EXAMPLE:
return to slide 414
John D. Rockefeller: formed
the Standard Oil Company
(AHSGE) using horizontal
consolidation and trusts as a
single unit. When he retired he
was worth, in today’s dollars,
$200 billion
He was the richest man in
history.
See notes
•The company almost immediately began using a variety
of cutthroat techniques to acquire or destroy competitors
and thereby "consolidate" the industry. They included:
•(1) Temporarily undercutting the prices of competitors
until they either went out of business or sold out to
Standard Oil.
•(2) Buying up the components needed to make oil
barrels in order to prevent competitors from getting their
oil to customers.
•(3) Using its large and growing volume of oil shipments
to negotiate an alliance with the railroads that gave it
secret rebates and thereby reduced its effective shipping
costs to a level far below the rates charged to its
competitors.
•(4) Secretly buying up competitors and then having
officials from those companies spy on and give advance
warning of deals being planned by other competitors.
•(5) Secretly buying up or creating new oil-related
companies, such as pipeline and engineering firms,
that appeared be independent operators but which
gave Standard Oil hidden rebates.
•(6) Dispatching thugs who used threats and physical
violence to break up the operations of competitors
who could not otherwise be persuaded
So the federal government breaks it up or “trustbusting.”
•Standard Oil of Ohio - or Sohio now part of BP
•Standard Oil of Indiana - or Stanolind, renamed Amoco (American Oil Co.) - now
part of BP
•Standard Oil of New York - or Socony and merged with Vacuum - renamed Mobil,
now part of ExxonMobil
•Standard Oil of New Jersey - or Esso (S.O. or Eastern States Standard Oil) renamed Exxon, now part of ExxonMobil. Standard Trust companies Carter Oil,
Imperial Oil (Canada), and Standard of Louisiana were kept as part of S.O. of New
Jersey after the breakup.
•Standard Oil of California - or Socal - renamed Chevron
•Standard's Atlantic and the independent company Richfield merged to form
Atlantic Richfield or Arco, now part of BP. Atlantic operations were spun off and
bought by Sunoco.
•Standard Oil of Kentucky - or Kyso was acquired by Standard Oil of California currently Chevron
•Continental Oil Company - or Conoco now part of ConocoPhillips
•The Ohio Oil Company - more commonly referred to as "The Ohio", and marketed
gasoline under the Marathon name. Company is now known as Marathon Oil
Company, and was often a rival with in-state Standard spinoff Sohio
--Ideologies of business
What theory was used to promote competition in the
marketplace?
Social Darwinism (AHSGE): Charles Darwin had
argued that plant and animal life evolved over the
years by the process of natural selection. In this
process, those species that cannot adapt to the
environment in which they live gradually die out, while
those that adapt best thrive. Social Darwinists took this
theory of biology, intended to explain developments
over millions of years, and applied it to human society,
arguing that human society also evolved through
competition and natural selection. They argued that
society progressed and became better because only
the fittest people survived
Gospel of Wealth (AHSGE): see slide 406
What novelist wrote many fictional stories
promoting the "rags to riches" theme?
Horatio Alger (AHSGE): wrote “rags-to-riches”
novels
Urbanization in the late 1800s: (AHSGE)
(Note: photos, political cartoons,
and graphs may be used)
City services had a difficult time keeping up
with the tremendous population growth. Cities
in the late 1800s and early 1900s often lacked
central planning. There were few sewer
systems or clean water. Many roads were not
yet paved. There were few building codes in
place to protect the people living in them, and
fire and police services were limited. Cities
were rife with political corruption and disease.
These problems would lead to calls for reform
by Progressives.
Farm to factories: (AHSGE) millions of Americans
left farms that were unprofitable or farm machines
had replaced them as workers; they then moved
to cities and worked in factories.
Child labor (AHSGE): was used in factories because
of their small size and cheap wages; parents often
allowed children to work long work days for the extra
income. SEE NOTES
Child Labor: (AHSGE) had been abolished in
many states during the progressive age with the
help of labor reformers
Children’s Bureau (AHSGE): investigated and
publicized problems with child labor
John Spargo’s The Bitter Cry of the Children “Work in the coal breakers
is exceedingly hard and dangerous. Crouched over the chutes, the boys sit
hour after hour, picking out the pieces of slate and other refuse from the
coal as it rushes past to the washers. From the cramped position they have
to assume, most of them become more or less deformed and bent-backed
like old men…. for ten hours at a stretch, for sixty cents a day.
Immigrant labor: (AHSGE) with their large
numbers, helped make sure there was not
shortage of labor in the U.S., forcing many
workers to take it or leave it.
Immigration restrictions (AHSGE) In the late
1800s, as the number of immigrant continued to
increase, there were more calls for immigrant
restrictions, including the Chinese Exclusion Act
and the Gentlemen’s Agreement (with Japan).
Labor unions (AHSGE): often opposed
immigration, arguing that most immigrants would
work for low wages
What types of labor problems did early
unions try and correct?
Unsafe working conditions, low wages,
shorter working hours (AHSGE)
Labor unions: (AHSGE) because of growing
discontent among workers, many workers
chose for change by coming together and
negotiating as one group.
Labor strikes: (AHSGE) the main weapon
unions would use to get their demands.
What was the movement called which
promoted change in government, business,
and social welfare?
Progressivism: (AHSGE) the collective social and
political reform ideas in the late 1800s and early
1900s including protecting workers, welfare
programs.
Progressives: (AHSGE) focused on government
reform, business regulations, and social reforms;
had a strong faith in science and expertise
--Characteristics
--Social
Role of women (AHSGE): With the growing
demand for equality and the right to vote, plus
the changing role of women due to the industrial
revolution and growing middle class, society
began to reexamine the role of women in U.S.
society.
What did Theodore Roosevelt call
journalists who were intent on exposing
corruption at the turn of the century?
Muckraker: (AHSGE) writers who exposed
corruption and scandal. Their focus was on large
corporations, government, and social problems.
Examples include the following people and
issues:
Jacob Riis, How The Other Half Lives
photographs and stories about the wretched conditions in the city slums.
Lincoln Steffens’ The Shame of the Cities
(1904) “The machine controls the whole
process of voting, and practices fraud at
every stage. The assessor's list is the voting
list, and the assessor is the machine's
man. . . . The assessor pads the list with the
names of dead dogs, children, and
non-existent persons.
Lincoln
Steffens
What journalist wrote an expose on
Standard Oil?
IDA TARBELL (AHSGE): revealed the abuses
committed by the Standard Oil trust.
“ Every great campaign against rival interests
which the Standard Oil Company has carried
on has been … to build up and sustain a
monopoly in the oil industry.” History of
the Standard Oil Company 1904
What novel was highly
acclaimed for exposing
problems in the meatpacking
industry?
The Jungle by Upton Sinclair (AHSGE):
described his observations of Chicago
slaughterhouses; led to the Meat Inspection Act
“There were the men in the picklerooms for
instance… scarce a one to these that had not
some spot of horror on his person. Let a man so
much as scrape his finger pushing a truck in the
pickerooms and he might have a sore that would
put him out of the world; all the joints in his
fingers might be eaten by the acid, one by one.
Of the butchers and floorsmen, the beef-boners
and trimmers, and all those who used knives, you
could scarcely find a person who had the use of
his thumb; time and time again the base of it had
been slashed, till it was a mere lump of flesh
against which the man pressed the knife to hold
it. The hands of these men would be crisscrossed
with cuts, until you could no longer pretend to count
them or to trace them. They would have no nails, they had worn them off pulling hides; their knuckles
were swollen so that their fingers spread out like a
fan.”
There was never the least attention paid to what
was cut up for sausage; there would come all the
way back from Europe old sausage that had been
rejected, and that was moldy and white – it would
be dosed with borax and glycerine, and dumped
into the hoppers, and made over again for home
consumption.
There would be meat that had tumbled out on
the floor, in the dirt and sawdust, where the
workers had tramped and spit uncounted billions
of consumption germs. There would be meat
stored in great piles in rooms; and the water from
leaky roofs would drip over it, and thousands of
rats would race about on it. It was too dark in
these storage places to see well, but a man could
run his hand over these piles of meat and sweep
off handfuls of the dried dung of rats. These rats
were nuisances, and the packers would put
poisoned bread out for them; they would die, and
then rats, bread, and meat would go into the
hoppers together. This is no fairy story and no
joke; the meat would be shoveled into carts, and
the man who did the shoveling would not trouble
to lift out a rat even when he saw one – there
were things that went into the sausage in
comparison with which a poisoned rat was a
tidbit.
Under the system of rigid economy which the
packers enforced, there were some jobs that it
only paid to do once in a long time, and among
these was the cleaning out of the waste barrels.
Every spring they did it; and in the barrels would
be dirt and rust and old nails and stale water –
and cartload after cartload of it would be taken
up and dumped into the hoppers with fresh meat,
and sent out to the public's breakfast. Some of it
they would make into "smoked" sausage but as
the smoking took time, and was therefore
expensive, they would call upon their chemistry
department, and preserve it with borax and color
it with gelatine to make it brown. All of their
sausage came out of the same bowl, but when
they came to wrap it they would stamp some of
it "special," and for this they would charge two
cents more a pound.
Public education: (AHSGE) the demand for skilled
(educated) workers led to a greater demand on
building schools and colleges in the late 1800s.
Horace Mann: (AHSGE) sometimes called the
father of American public school education
•Campaigned for Education in Mass.
•Established Schools For Teacher Training.
•Established School District Libraries
•Won Financial Backing for Public Education.
•Extended His Influence Beyond Massachusetts.
BOOKER T. WASHINGTON: founder of Tuskegee
Institute (AHSGE) argued African Americans should focus
on economic equality
through vocational work,
rather than political
equality.
"I have learned that success is to
be measured not so much by the
position that one has reached in
life as by the obstacles which he
has overcome while trying to
succeed.
Tuskegee Institute (AHSGE): In 1881, the
legislature approved the establishing of the Tuskegee
State Normal School to educate teachers. A young
Virginia educator, Booker T. Washington, who came
as principal to Tuskegee from Hampton Institute was
recruited. Washington opened the school on July 4,
1881. SEE NOTES
What African American man was famous for
his work as an agricultural scientist?
George Washington Carver (AHSGE):Headed
Tuskegee's Department of Agriculture, and it was here
that Carver conducted his research and experiments on
typical Southern plants, especially peanuts and sweet
potatoes
Who was the African American who
encouraged blacks to learn a trade and also
founded the Tuskegee Institute in 1881?
Booker T. Washington, an African American
educator, urged fellow African Americans to
concentrate on achieving economic goals rather
than legal or political ones (AHSGE). This idea was
also called
Atlanta Exposition/Compromise:
(AHSGE) African Americans
should pursue economic goals
before political goals
Who was the African-American who
encouraged blacks to seek social justice and
equality and was an early leader of the
NAACP?
W.E.B. DuBois (AHSGE): was particularly
concerned with protecting and exercising voting
rights for African Americans
Washington’s Atlanta
Compromise was
challenged by W.E.B. Du
Bois, the leader of African
American activists born after
the Civil
War. 
•Du Bois said that white Southerners continued to take
away the civil rights of African Americans, even though
they were making progress in education and vocational
training. 
•He believed that African Americans had
to demand their rights, especially voting rights, to gain
full equality.
What was the movement that DuBois lead?
Niagara Movement: (AHSGE) Rejected
Washington’s Atlanta Compromise and formed
the NAACP.
NAACP: a legal organization, would be
formed, in part, to convince Congress to
pass anti-lynching legislation (AHSGE)
NAACP: greatest political triumphs occurred in
1930 with the defeat of a racist judge nominated
for the Supreme Court (AHSGE).
• The National Association for the Advancement of
Colored People (NAACP) battled against
segregation and discrimination. 
• The NAACP’s efforts led to the passage of antilynching legislation in the House of Representatives,
but the Senate defeated the bill. SEE NOTES
What famous Supreme Court decision upheld
segregation in 1896?
Plessy v. Ferguson (AHSGE): Supreme Court
ruling which endorsed “separate but equal”
facilities for African Americans.
• This ruling established the legal basis for
discrimination in the South for over 50 years.
Homer Plessy: African American arrested
for riding in a “whites-only” railroad car
Therefore, across the country, especially the South
....
http://www.lawbuzz.com/tyranny/crow_laws/what_law.htm
http://www.lawbuzz.com/tyranny/crow_laws/what_law.htm
OTHER EXAMPLES . . . .
The schools for white children and the schools for negro children shall be
conducted separately. (Florida)
Books shall not be interchangeable between the white and colored schools,
but shall continue to be used by the race first using them. (North Carolina)
The officer in charge shall not bury, or allow to be buried, any colored
persons upon ground set apart or used for the burial of white persons.
(Georgia)
The white and colored militia shall be separately enrolled, and shall
never be compelled to serve in the same organization.(North Carolina)
The conductors or managers on all such railroad shall have power, and
are hereby required, to assign to each white or colored passenger his or
her respective car, coach or compartment. If the passenger fails to
disclose his race, the conductor and managers, acting in good faith,
shall be the sole judges of his race. (Virginia)
Alabama Constitution of 1901(AHSGE) which
was drawn up to continue to keep taxes low and
governmental services minimal. It guaranteed that
the propertied classes stayed in power the vote
was taken away from many poor whites and
African Americans.
•It was ratified in one of the most corrupt elections in
Alabama history.
•Today, having been amended more than 650 times
(as of1999), it is one of the longest constitutions in
the western world.
--Progressive Constitutional Amendments
What amendment to the Constitution
introduced an income tax?
16th Amendment (AHSGE): Allowed for income tax.
What amendment made the election of
senators by popular vote?
17th Amendment (AHSGE): Allowed for the direct
election, by the people, of the U.S. Senate.
19th Amendment: Gave women the right to vote
(AHSGE)
What amendment introduced prohibition as a
national law?
It was one of the Progressive Amendments!
Eighteenth Amendment: prohibited alcohol
(AHSGE) Many felt prohibition would reduce
unemployment, domestic violence, and poverty. 
• The Volstead Act purpose was to
enforce prohibition and made the
enforcement of Prohibition the
responsibility of the U.S. Treasury
Department. 
--Progressive leadership of Theodore
Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson
What president introduced important
conservation methods to preserve millions
of acres of western lands?
Theodore Roosevelt (AHSGE): warned William
Howard Taft to stay away from tariff reform because
it would split the Republican Party. Later, Theodore
Roosevelt tried to win the Republican nomination
from William Howard Taft in the 1912 election
because he believed that Taft had failed to live up to
progressive ideals.
Conservation movement: As Americans
realized that the countries resources were limited,
a movement began to conserve lands, animals,
and other natural resources (AHSGE)
• President Theodore Roosevelt urged
Americans to conserve natural
resources. 
• In 1902 Roosevelt supported the passage
of the Newlands Reclamation Act,
which authorized the use of federal funds
from public land sales to pay for irrigation
and land development projects. 
•Roosevelt appointed Gifford Pinchot to head the
United States Forest Service to carefully manage
the timber resources in the West.
• Pinchot and his department created regulations
controlling lumbering on federal lands. 
• Roosevelt’s actions during his presidency
caused Americans to increasingly look to the
federal government to solve the nation’s
economic and social problems. 
• The executive branch of government greatly
increased in power.
Labor reform (AHSGE): Although most labor
reforms focused on child labor, other reforms included
limiting women’s working hours and the establishment
the Departments of Labor and Commerce to the
Cabinet.
How did Taft's foreign diplomacy differ
from Roosevelt's?
Dollar Diplomacy
What three parties entered a candidate for
president in 1912?
Who won?
Election of 1912 (AHSGE): Split of the
Republican party between Taft and Roosevelt
leads to a Wilson (Democrat) victory.
Presidential Election Results:
1908
William H. Taft
7,676,320
William J. Bryan
6,412,294
1912
Woodrow Wilson 6,296,547
Theodore Roosevelt 4,118,571
William H. Taft
3,486,720
•1912 election
321
162
435
88
8
Woodrow Wilson (AHSGE): as governor of New
Jersey, he introduced many progressive reforms
which he would continue as President.
What act was passed during Wilson's
tenure that was intended to break up
monopolies?
CLAYTON ANTITRUST ACT (AHSGE):
strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act and favored
unions by exempting them from anti-trust laws.
It put a ban on tying agreements and price
discrimination
What commission was set up by Wilson to
monitor the practices of businesses?
Federal Trade Commission (AHSGE):
investigated companies and issued “cease and
desist” orders against companies involved in
unfair trade practices. 
How did Wilson change the banking system
in the United States in 1913?
Federal Reserve: government agency that
today helps regulate the economy (AHSGE)
Originally, it was designed to restore faith in the
banking by requiring banks to keep some of their
deposits in a reserve to protect customers’ money.
• There had not been a central bank since the 1830s,
when economic depressions had caused small
banks to close, wiping out customers’ savings. 
The information herein this slide show is from a collection of sources
including, but not limited to, Enduring Vision, third ed., Charles Boyer
(especially material from US HY I, tenth grade); America: Pathways to
the Present 2000 edition, Andrew Cayton; American Vision Volume 2,
2005 edition, Joyce Appleby, including American Vision PowerPoints.
Particular web-sites used are listed in the notes section. The questions
are courtesy of Montevallo High School.