AHSGE Quick Facts
Wars: French and Indian War
 AKA:
Seven Years War
 Who: British and Colonists vs.
French and Natives
 When: 1754-1763
 Ended: Treaty of Paris 1763
 Result: British won but heavy debt
caused by the war forced the British
to tax the colonist heavily.
Wars: Revolutionary War
Who: British vs. American Colonies
 When: 1775-1781
 Major Generals: George Washington
(Americas)
 Ended: Treaty of Paris 1783
 Result: Won by colonist, gave America its
independence.
 Key Battles: Lexington and Concord(1st battle);
Bunker Hill (won by British but Brits suffered
huge losses); Saratoga (turning point);
Yorktown (final battle)
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War of 1812
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Who: U.S. vs. British
When: 1812-1814
U. S. President during war: James Madison
Major General: Andrew Jackson (U.S.)
Ended by: Treaty of Ghent
Result: No one won the war, even though it was a
moral victory for the United States and started
strong feelings of nationalism.
Horseshoe Bend (ended creek war, Jackson
defeated Tecumseh) ; Fort McHenry (Star
Spangled Banner, Francis Scott Key); New Orleans
(occurred after the war)
Mexican War
Who: U.S. vs. Mexico
 When: 1846-1848
 James K. Polk was U.S. President during war
 Major Generals: Zachary Taylor (U.S.); Santa
Anna (Mexico)
 Ended: Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo
 Result: U.S. gained California and new
Mexico, which completed the country’s goal of
Manifest Destiny.
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Civil War
Who: U.S. of America (North or Union) vs. Confederate
States of America (South or confederacy)
 When: 1861-1865
 U.S. President during war: Abe Lincoln
 Confederate President during war: Jefferson Davis
 Major Generals: US- Grant and Sherman; CSA- Lee and
“Stonewall” Jackson
 Ended: Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox court house
 Results: Slavery ended and union preserved
 Key Battles: Sumter (started the war); First Bull Run
(Mannassas won by CSA); Shiloh (20,000 killed w/no
winner); Antietam )bloodiest battle of the war); Vicksburg
(south lost control of the Mississippi); Gettysburg (turning
point); Mobile Bay; Sherman’s March (included the burning
of Atlanta)
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Spanish American War
Who: US vs. Spain in the Caribbean and the
Phillipines
 When: 1898
 US President during war: William McKinley
 Major soldiers: Theodore Roosevelt and his
rough riders
 Ended: Treaty w/ Spain in 1898
 Results: US gained Phillipines, Puerto Rico
and Guam and became a world power.
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World War I
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AKA: The Great War
Who: Allies (Russia, France, Serbia, Great Britain,
United States) vs. Central Powers (Germany,
Austria-Hungary)
When: 1914-1918
U.S. President During War: Woodrow Wilson
Ended: Treaty of Versailles
Events: AH archduke Franz Ferdinand killed by
Serbian Gavrilo Princip; Lusitania sunk; Zimmerman
note written
Results: Europe was restructured, Germany was
restructured but would rebuild under Adolf Hitler,
and the League of Nations was put into place, even
though the U.S. wasn’t a part of it.
World War II (Slide #1)
Who: Allies (Great Britain, France, USSR, US)
vs. Axis Powers ( Germany, Italy, Japan)
 When 1939-1945
 US Presidents during war: FDR and Truman
 Major Generals and leaders: European allied
commander Eisenhower; Pacific Commander:
Macarthur; GB Prime Minister: Churchill;
USSR leader: Stalin; Italian leader: Mussolini;
German leader Hitler; Japanese leader: Tojo
 Ended: V-E day: Allied victory in Europe May
8, 1945; V-J Day Allied victory in Japan Aug.
14, 1945
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WWII Continued (Slide #2)
Major Battles: D-Day: allied liberation of
France in Normandy; Atomic bomb used
at Hiroshima and Nagasaki on Aug. 6th
and 9th, 1945 by U.S. on Japan; Dec. 7
1941 Japan invades Pearl Harbor
 Results: Introduced weapons of mass
destruction; Split Germany; introduced
United Nations
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AHSGE Standard I
Crusades: European movement that resulted in
exposure to Middle Eastern and Asian goods
after a failed attempt to take away the Holy
Lands from the Muslims.
 Renaissance: European movement that resulted
in new art, technology, and a return to classical
thought.
 Reformation: Movement in Europe that resulted
in the rise of the protestant religion; Led by
Martin Luther and his 95 Theses.
 Columbian Exchange: Global transfer of food,
plants, animals, and disease after the
colonization of the Americas.
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AHSGE Standard I
Conquistadors: Spanish explorers that
sought God, Gold, and Glory.
 St. Augustine: 1st American settlement by
Europeans.
 Jamestown: 1st successful English
settlement in the new world; 1607
 House of Burgesses: Legislature of the
Virginia colony; 1st representative
government in the New World.
 Taxation: Main reason the American
colonies protested against British rule.
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AHSGE Standard I
French and Indian War: War that was
responsible for forcing the English to tax
the colonies, leading to the Revolutionary
war.
 Navigation Acts: Acts passed by George
III to monitor trade in and out of the
colonies.
 Boston Massacre: Attack that occurred in
Boston in 1770 resulting in 5 colonist
being shot and killed by British troops.
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AHSGE Standard I
Boston Tea Party: Protest by Bostonians in
1773 in reaction to the British passage of
the Tea Act; This act was staged by the
Sons of Liberty led by Samuel Adams.
 Lexington and Concord: 1st battle of the
American Revolution.
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AHSGE Standard II
Magna Carta: Famous English document signed
in 1215 by John I was the beginning point for
representative government and protection of
individual rights in England.
 Social Contract Theory: Thomas Hobbes theory
that was used by Jefferson while writing the
Declaration of Independence that allows a single
ruler to be in charge to maintain order.
 John Locke: English philosopher that influenced
Jeffferson when writing the Declaration of
Independence; felt people shouldn’t give up
natural rights for their freedom.
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AHSGE Standard II
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Montesquieu: French philosopher that came up
with separation of powers.
– Three Branch System
– Checks and Balances
Great Awakening: Religious movement of
increased activity that occurred in the colonies in
the 1730’s and 1740’s.
 First Continental Congress: Meeting in
Philadelphia called to discuss the unfair
treatment of the colonies by Great Britain;
Attended by 12 of the 13 colonies.
 Second Continental Congress: Meeting called by
the colonist in reaction to GB ignoring the 1st
CC; Sent the Olive Branch Petition; Wrote the
Declaration of Independence.
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AHSGE Standard II
Declaration of Independence: Document
written by Thomas Jefferson informing GB
of colonial independence.
 Articles of Confederation: The 1st body of
laws that governed the U.S.; Created a
loose confederacy.
 Constitutional Convention: Convention
held to replace the Articles of
Confederation and create a more
centralized government and a federal
system.
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AHSGE Standard II
Great Compromise: Agreement that the
U.S. would have two houses in Congress
 Three Fifths Compromise: Solution for
counting slaves for representation
purposes.
 Federalism: The idea of sharing power
between the national and the state
governments.
 Preamble: Opening paragraph of the
constitution.
 Elastic Clause: Idea that Congress has a
broad range of power with a great deal of
flexibility.
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AHSGE Standard II
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13th Amendment: Abolished Slavery
14th Amendment: Guarantees protection of the
law for all citizens.
15th Amendment: Gave the right to vote to
African American males.
19th Amendment: Gave women the right to vote.
Federalist Papers: Papers written by Jay,
Hamilton, and Madison encouraging the passage
of the Constitution.
Bill of Rights: 1st ten amendments of the
constitution that were written to protect your
individual rights.
Federalist: Supported the constitution as is.
Anti-Federalist or Democrat-Republicans:
Supported the constitution only if it contained a
Bill of Rights.
AHSGE Standard II
Alexander Hamilton: Developed an economic
plan for the U.S. during the 1790’s.
 George Washington: Led 1st colonial army; 1st
president of U.S.; Warned Americans about
competing political parties in his farewell
address.
 John Marshall: Served as Chief Justice of the
Supreme Court for 34 years (longest term ever)
and helped shape our national government;
Declared that Supreme Court has the power of
judicial review.
 Marbury vs. Madison: Supreme court case that
established Judicial Review.
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Standard III
Boston Tea Party: Reaction of colonial group the
sons of liberty led by Samuel Adams to the Tea
Act; This bill resulted in the Coercive
(Intolerable) Acts passed by the British
Parliament.
 Olive Branch Petition: Document sent by the
colonist to George II of GB as a final attempt at
peace by the colonist in 1775.
 Patrick Henry: Revolutionary that gave the
famous speech “give me liberty or give me
death.”
 Paul Revere: Made the famous ride warning the
colonist that the Redcoats were coming.
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Standard III
Saratoga: Turning point of the
Revolutionary War; Resulted in France
becoming an ally.
 Valley Forge: Place where Washington’s
troops camped during the harsh winter of
1777-1778 during the Revolutionary War.
 Yorktown: Last major battle of the
Revolutionary War; Cornwallis surrendered
to Washington.
 Treaty of Paris 1783: Treaty that ended
the Revolutionary War; U.S. gained its
independence because of this treaty.
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Standard III
War of 1812: U.S. defeated Great Britain
in a final attempt to regain U.S. territory.
 Embargo Act: Law passed by Jefferson
that disallowed U.S. to trade with other
nations; led to War of 1812.
 Impressment: Act of the British Navy
forcing Americans into service.
 Land Ordinance of 1785: Divided old
Northwest Territory into townships.
 Northwest Ordinance of 1787: disallowed
slavery in the old northwest.
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Standard III
Louisiana Purchase: Land bought by the U.S.
from France for 15 mil. In 1803; Jefferson
responsible for purchase; doubled the size of
the U.S.
 Lewis and Clark: Explorers hired by Jefferson to
explore the western U.S.
 Era of Good Feelings: Prosperous times post
War of 1812; one political party.
 Alabama: Became a U.S. state in the year
1819.
 Missouri Compromise: Congressional
agreement that allowed Missouri to become a
slave state and Maine to become a free state.
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Standard III
Monroe Doctrine: American foreign policy
that was passed in 1823 and forbade
European colonization in the Americas.
 Indian Removal Act: The law that forced
the five native southeast tribes to
evacuate to the west to live on
reservations; Occurred during Jackson’s
tenure.
 Trail of Tears: Event instated by the U.S.
gov’t that forced the Cherokee Indians to
march at gunpoint from Ga. To Ok.
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Standard III
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Four major trails used by the settlers in
western U.S.
– Santa Fe: Commercial and Military route
– Oregon: Migratory Route
– Mormon: Western Trail used by Mormon
Church
– California: Migratory route to gold mines
Texas Independence: Gained from Mexico
in 1836 and later joined the U.S.
 Manifest Destiny: Idea that the United
States should extend from the Atlantic to
the Pacific.
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Standard III
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Mexican War: 1846-1848 U.S. vs. Mexico; U.S.
acquired California and New Mexico territories.
Seneca Falls Convention: 1st major womens rights
convention held in the U.S.; Led by Elisabeth Cady
Stanton and Lucretia Mott
The Liberator: Abolitionist literature produced by
William Lloyd Garrison
The North Star: Abolitionist literature produced by
Frederick Douglass
Underground Railroad: System set up by abolitionist to
help slaves escape to freedom.
Harriet Tubman : Black woman who used the
underground railroad to liberate hundreds of slaves.
Standard III
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Dorothea Dix: Led prison reform movement in
the U.S.; fought for reform in the mental health
system.
Horace Mann: Led the educational reform
movement in the U.S. in the 1800’s.
Utopian Societies: Communities developed which
tried to make a perfect society.
Joseph Smith: founded the Mormon faith.
Brigham Young: Led the Mormons to Utah.
Ft. McHenry: War of 1812 battle that resulted in
the protection of Baltimore and the inspiration
for Francis Scott Key’s “Star Spangled Banner”
Standard III
Horseshoe Bend: War of 1812 battle
where Jackson defeated the Creek Indians
in Al.
 New Orleans: War of 1812 battle where
Jackson defeated the British after a truce
had been called.
 Gibbons v. Ogden: Supreme court case
(under Marshall) which insured that
national government controlled interstate
commerce.
 McCulloch v. Maryland: Supreme court
case (under Marshall) which insured that
the national bank was constitutional.
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Standard III
Andrew Jackson: President that established the
spoils system.
 Spoils System: Practice where a political party
gives government jobs to its voters as a reward
for working toward victory, and as an incentive
to keep working for the party—as opposed to a
system of awarding offices on the basis of some
measure of merit.
 Nullification Crisis: South Carolina’s attempt to
void the Tariff of 1832.
 Transcendentalism: Group of new ideas in
literature, religion, culture, and philosophy that
emerged in New England in the early to middle
19th century; Whitman, Emerson, and Thoreau
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Standard IV
Compromise of 1850: Congressional solution
that made California a free state and gave
popular sovereignty to the New Mexico and Utah
territories.
 Popular Sovereignty: Belief that the laws of a
state should be determined by the citizens of
that state.
 Fugitive Slave Law: Part of Compromise of 1850
that mandated the return of escaped slaves; this
provision angered the northerners.
 Kansas-Nebraska Act: Act supported by Stephen
Douglas that gave popular sovereignty to the
Kansas and Nebraska territories.
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Standard IV
Republican Party: Political party formed in the
1850’s that supported the anti-slavery platform;
also known as the party of Lincoln.
 Dred Scott Decision: Famous case that upheld
the right of slave owners as property holders
and disallowed slaves to file court cases.
 John Brown: Led an unsuccessful raid at
Harper’s Ferry arsenal in an attempt to end
slavery by any means.
 Abe Lincoln: 16th President; Won election of
1860; President during Civil War; Assassinated
by John Wilkes Booth; Responsible for
Emancipation Proclamation
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Standard IV
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South Carolina: 1st state to secede from the
union.
Winston County: Alabama county that never
seceded from the union.
Virginia: State that split over the decision to
secede and eventually became two states.
54th Massachusetts: Most famous black military
units to fight in the Civil War.
Homestead Act: Act passes to encourage
settlement in the west; passed during the Civil
War.
Morill Land Grant Act: Act passed during the Civil
War that granted large areas of land to the
states from the federal government.
Standard IV
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Emancipation Proclamation: Act passed by
Lincoln on Jan. 1, 1863 that granted freedom to
all slaves.
Writ of Habeas Corpus: A person’s right to know
for what they are being detained; this right was
suspended by Lincoln during the Civil War.
Bull Run: 1st major battle of the Civil War.
Antietam: Bloodiest single-day battle of the Civil
War.
Gettysburg: Major defeat of Lee and the South
in Pennsylvania. Bloodiest battle
Vicksburg: Major battle in Mississippi that
resulted in a complete blockade of the south by
the Union.
Standard IV
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General Tecumseh Sherman: Union General that
captured and burned Atlanta and continued southward
to Savannah destroying everything in his path.
Gettysburg Address: Speech by U.S. President
Abraham Lincoln and one of the most quoted
speeches in United States history. It was delivered at
the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery in
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
Appomattox Court House: Location of Lee’s
surrender to Grant thus ending the Civil War.
Reconstruction: Program initiated to return
southern states to the Union, rebuild the South’s
infrastructure, and protect the rights of the free
blacks.
Black Codes: Laws passed by southern states in an
attempt to undermine the Union.
Standard IV
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Carpetbaggers: Northerners who moved to the
south after the Civil War, voted Republican, and
were scorned by southerners.
Scalawags: Southerners who voted republican
after the Civil War and helped the northern
Reconstruction effort.
Ulysses Grant: President during reconstruction;
remembered as being very corrupt.
Jim Crow Laws: Laws passed in southern states
after reconstruction that stripped African
Americans of basic rights like voting.
Tenant Farming: Farming method after the Civil
War where farmers rented land to grow crops.
Sharecropping: Farming where farmers were
forced to share crops with landowners.
Standard V (Post-1877)
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Buffalo: Animal that was highly relied upon by
Plains Indians
Railroads: 19th Century technological
innovation led to the rapid settlement of the
western territories
Geronimo: Great Apache leader that
surrendered to the U.S. troops in 1886
Custer: U.S. Cavalry leader that was killed at
the Battle of Little Big Horn
Sitting Bull: Leader of the Sioux nation at the
Battle of Little Big Horn
Standard V
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Dawes Act: The act where the United States
government attempted to settle Indians on plots of
land to farm
Massacre at Wounded Knee: Event that resulted
in over 200 unarmed Sioux being massacred by U.S.
troops in 1890
Boomers: Western settlers who staked legal
claims to land in Oklahoma
Sooners: Western Settlers who staked illegal
claims to land in Oklahoma
Barbed Wire: Caused the decline in the open
range used by farmers on the Great Plains
Long drives: Cattle ranchers move their beef back
to eastern markets on these trails
Standard V-Jan. 27
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Farmer’s Alliance: Farmers organized themselves to
fight Big Business
Grange: The name given to the groups of farmers that
organized themselves politically during the late 1800s
Thomas Edison: Invented the light bulb and electric
generators
Alexander Graham Bell: Invented the telephone
Steel: The major industry in Alabama during the late
1800s
Robber barons: Captains of Industry referred to
during the late 1800s
Carnegie, Rockefeller, J.P. Morgan: 3 important
leaders of industry during the late 1800s
Standard V-Feb.1
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Social Darwinism: Theory used to promote
competition in the marketplace
Gospel of Wealth: Idea promoted by Andrew
Carnegie that stated the wealthy should give back riches
to the community
Horatio Alger: Novelist who wrote many fictional
stories promoting the “rags to riches” theme
Progressivism: Movement that promoted change in
government, business, and social welfare
Muckrakers: Journalists who were intent on exposing
corruption in the early 1900s
The Jungle: Novel that was highly acclaimed for
exposing problems in the meatpacking industry
Standard V-Feb. 3
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Ida Tarbell: Exposed the corruption of the Standard
Oil Company
W.E.B. DuBois: African-American who encouraged
blacks to seek social justice and equality; early leader of
the NAACP
Booker T. Washington: African-American who
encouraged blacks to learn a trade and also founded the
Tuskegee Institute in 1881
George Washington Carver: African-American who
was famous for his work as an agricultural scientist
Plessy v. Ferguson: Supreme Court decision that
upheld segregation in 1896
STUDY FOR 13 COLONIES QUIZ!!!!!!!!
Standard V-Feb. 4
16th Amendment: Income tax
 17th Amendment: Election of senators
by popular vote
 18th Amendment: Prohibition
 Theodore Roosevelt: President who
introduced conservation methods to
preserve millions of acres of western land
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Standard V-Feb. 8
Clayton Antitrust Act: Act that was passed
during Wilson’s tenure that was intended to
break up monopolies
 Federal Reserve System: Woodrow Wilson
changed the banking system in the U.S. in 1913
through this program
 Federal Trade Commission: Commission that
was set up by Wilson to monitor the practices of
businesses
 Woodrow Wilson: Won the presidency in
1912; he was a Democrat
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Standard VI – Feb.11
Imperialism: The conquest of larger nations
over smaller “uncivilized” nations to gain access
to their natural resources and markets (This
helps to achieve “EMPIRE”)
 Hawaii: Territory annexed by the U.S. in the
Pacific Ocean in 1898
 Spanish-American War: war that America
became involved with in 1898, in hopes of
achieving imperialism
 Yellow Journalism (Yellow press):
Sensationalistic journalism that served as a
major cause of the Spanish-American War
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Standard VI – Feb.17
Rough Riders: Group of volunteers led by
Teddy Roosevelt up San Juan Hill (Cuba) during
the Spanish-American War
 Philippines: Group of islands in the south
Pacific that the U.S. gained control over as a
result of the Spanish defeat in the war
 Panama Canal: Teddy Roosevelt led the
movement to build this canal in central America;
connected Atlantic to Pacific with a quicker route
 Roosevelt Corollary: Extension to the Monroe
Doctrine that was made by Roosevelt justifying
American intervention in South America
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Standard VI – Feb. 22
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Dollar Diplomacy: Taft’s foreign diplomacy; utilize a
nation’s wealth to negotiate with other countries
4 MAIN Causes of WWI:
– Militarism
– Alliances
– Imperialism
– Nationalism
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand: Immediate
cause of World War I
Why did U.S. enter WWI?:
– Sinking of the Lusitania
– Zimmerman Note (Telegram)
– Unrestricted submarine warfare (Germans)
Standard VI – Feb. 23
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Technological innovations of WWI:
tank, submarine, poison gas, trench warfare
(tank-British, submarine-Germans)
Treaty of Versailles: Treaty that ended
WWI
Central Powers: Germany, Austri-Hungary,
Ottoman Empire
Allied Powers: France, Britain, U.S.,
Russia, Italy (Italy would join Germany
during WWII)