AHSGE Remediation
Standards I-III
STANDARD I: OBJECTIVE 1. Identify and
evaluate America’s exploration,
development,
and divergence.
I-1
Question:
What European movement resulted in
exposure to Middle Eastern and Asian
goods (after a failed attempt to take
away the Holy Lands from Muslims?
Crusades(AHSGE): Holy Wars between
European Christians and Middle East
Muslims to regain the Holy Lands.
Crusade map
This exposed Europe to Eastern foods,
spices, and clothing.
SOME MAIN CAUSES
•PROTECTION OF PILGRIMS
•HOLY LAND RELIEF…
•TO INCREASE POWER/WEALTH…
•TO INCREASE LAND HOLDINGS…
•RELIGIOUS RIGHTEOUSNESS…
•POWER OF PAPACY…
RESULTS OF
4 CHRISTIAN
STATES
ESTABLISHED
ST
1
CRUSADE
SARACENS
MASSACRED
IN
JERUSALEM
VICTORY FOR CHRISTENDOM
JERUSALEM TAKEN…
ALL ENDED IN FAILURE
Question:
What European movement resulted in
new art, technology, and a return to
classical thought?
Renaissance (AHSGE): “rebirth;” Spread of
intellectual ideas and literature.
The Renaissance sailor first took to the seas to
supply Europeans with the many Asian spices
they demanded. Peppercorns, nutmeg, mace,
and cinnamon all came from lands to the east.
Also from the East came precious gems and
fine silk, a fabric especially sought after for
women's clothing. These trading voyages were
often paid for by investors.
When?
Some scholars say the 12th century
“Early” 1417-1494
“High” 1495-1527
“Late” 1527-1600
Florence, first.
Italian states: Milan,
Naples, and Rome.
Spread to Northern
Europe: Netherlands
and Flanders
What European movement resulted in
the rise of the protestant religion?
Reformation (AHSGE): The Reformation officially began in
1517, with Martin Luther pinning 95 Thesis on the Wittenburg
Cathedral's church door. It
started as attempts to reform the
Catholic Church from within. The critique, however, soon
developed its own momentum, and led to the founding of
many of new religious denominations.
Causes of the Reformation
Immediate Causes
• Merchant wealth challenged the church’s view of
usury.
• German and English nobility disliked Italian
domination of the Church.
• The Church’s great political power and wealth
caused conflict.
• Church corruption and the sale of the indulgences
were widespread and caused conflict.
The Reformers
Martin Luther
• Believed in salvation by faith alone
• Posted the 95 theses
• Led the movement that gave birth to the Protestant
Church
John Calvin
• Believed in predestination
• Expanded Protestant movement
King Henry VIII
• Dismissed authority of the popes in Rome
• Divorced, broke with the Catholic Church
• Formed the Church of England
What term is used to describe the
exchange of goods between Europe and the
Americas after Columbus's discovery?
Columbian Exchange (AHSGE): Exchange
of goods between Europe and the
Americas, including agricultural products
and diseases.
Latin America to Europe
pumpkins
beans (lima, kidney, string,)
potatoes
maize
tobacco
chocolate
guinea pigs
turkeys
rubber
peanuts
avocados
pineapples
tomatoes
chiggers
measles
Europe to Latin America
wheat
melons
onions
grapes (wine)
sugarcane
apples
lettuce
bananas
dandelions, daisies
horses
pigs
cattle
sheep
goats
Destabilization of the Native American Societies
(AHSGE): Native American cultures were
seriously impacted by disease (killing millions)
and conflicts with Europeans, especially the
Conquistadors.
Northeast American Indians: because
of political and linguistics differences,
they were never able to successfully
organize or unite against the Europeans.
What were the Spanish explorers called who
searched for "God, gold, and glory"?
Conquistadors (AHSGE) European explorers
who explored the New World for the following
reasons (God, Gold, Glory):
A. Sea route to the Far East for trade goods
B. Quest
forsome
new
landsfollow the next few slides:
Their
purpose and
examples
C. Desire for wealth (gold and silver)
D. Spread of Christianity
II. Explorers
A. Christopher Columbus, an Italian
employed by Spain
1. Believed the world was a sphere, but
was wrong with distances
2. Planned to reach the East Indies
(hence, "Indians") by sailing west
3. Made four voyages to America
a. 1492 landed on San Salvador
b. Other include 1493, 1497, 1502
c. Died convinced that he had found
new passage to East Indies SEE notes
B. Hernando de Soto discovered the Mississippi
river (1 5 3 9)
C. Amerigo Vespucci
1. Sailed down coast of Brazil and new
world (1499)
2. Helped give America its name
D. Vasco de Balboa--discovered Pacific
Ocean (1513)
E. Ponce de Leon --- explored Florida
peninsula (1 513)
F. Ferdinand Magellan-first to sail around the
world (1519-1522)
G. Hernando Cortez--conquered Mexico (1521)
H. John Cabot --- first to claim North America
for British (1497)
I. Francis Drake---explored west coast of
Americas (1577-1580)
J. Henry Hudson-Hudson river (1609)
What was the name of the first
American settlement in 1565 by
Europeans?
St. Augustine (AHSGE): Founded in 1565,
St. Augustine is the oldest continuously
occupied settlement of European origin in
the United States.
Forty-two years before the English colonized Jamestown
and fifty-five years before the Pilgrims landed at
Plymouth Rock, the Spanish established at St. Augustine
this nation's first enduring settlement.
What was the first successful English
settlement in the New World (1607)?
Jamestown (AHSGE): 1st successful
permanent British colony in North
seal
of
the
America
Virginia
Company
A. London Company granted a charter
by King James, after peace treaty
with Spain
B. Jamestown barely
survives
1. John Smith
organizes work gangs
2. J.S. establishes
rules of sanitation
3. J.S. imposes
military discipline.
See notes
What was the legislature of the Virginia
colony called (the first representative
government in the New World)?
House of Burgesses (AHSGE) First
representative government group in the
American colonies.
Famous delegates include Patrick Henry, Thomas
Jefferson, and George Washington. The House
met for the first time at Jamestown. It was July
30, 1619.
What was the main reason for the American
colonies protestation against British rule?
Taxation (AHSGE): the issue of “taxation
without representation” led to colonial
separation from England.
Representation vs. Virtual Representation—
a. the argument centered over the question
of whether Parliament’s decisions
reflected colonial interests
b. Many American colonists felt that
Parliament could regulate trade but could
not tax colonists
What war put the English into debt
and forced them to tax and closely
monitor the troops in Boston?
French and Indian War (AHSGE): Would
end “salutary neglect” of the British colonies
and lead to demand by Britain for the
colonists to pay taxes to support the military
costs (see slide “taxation” below).
French & Indian War
A. Reasons: Long term tensions between
French and British; previous wars see notes
B. William Pitt: promised the colonies that
if they provided the men, Parliament
would provide the funding; extremely
popular with the colonies
C. Iroquis: their attempts to play the French
and the British against each other would
no longer work at the end of the war;
they would lose land and influence
Treaty of Paris 1763—Ended the War
1. Britain gained Florida (from Spain for
Cuba) and Canada and became
supreme in eastern North America
2. Spain gained Louisiana territory and
New Orleans
Results of the war
1. France lost her Empire in North America
2. Colonies learned to fight a common foe
3. Proclamation of 1763 which set a
boundary along the crest of the
Appalachians for which the English
could not cross
4. End of salutary neglect which the
colonies had previously used to acquire
needed products from other countries.
Lack of Free Trade (AHSGE): Factor that would
lead to the colonies separating from England;
Britain would try to maintain the policy of
mercantilism by controlling colonial trade through
the Navigation Acts.
What occurred in 1770 that resulted in
5 colonists being shot and killed by
British troops in Boston?
Boston Massacre
(AHSGE): British
soldiers shoot into
a crowd of
colonists because
of tensions
between the two
groups; help lead
to the American
Revolution.
Paul Revere color
print
In 1773 Bostonians protested the Tea Act by
staging what famous event?
What act of colonial protestation resulted in
the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts being passed
by the British parliament?
Boston Tea Party (AHSGE): Colonist dumped
tea in response to the tea act. Parliament
respond by passing the punitive Intolerable
Acts.
Coercive or Intolerable Acts—designed to
punish Boston and Massachusetts
A. Mass. Govt. Act: Restructured the
Massachusetts government, restricted
town meetings
B. Boston Port Act: Closed Boston Harbor
until damages paid and order restored
C. Administration of Justice Act: Permitted
officials who killed Americans to be put
on trial in England
IV. Tea Act
A. Lowered price of tea by eliminating all
import duties for tea into England and
letting the company sell directly to
consumers
B. Discontent because it was still a tax on tea
and custom duties collected on it would
be used to pay the salaries of royal
governors
C. Boston Tea Party (read notes)
The first skirmishes of the Revolutionary
War occurred in what two towns?
Lexington and Concord (April
1775)(AHSGE): First skirmishes between
colonial forces and the British occurred in
these two towns. The colonists had been warned
the night before by Paul Revere.
See notes
The "shot heard 'round the world
II-1 Recognize and comprehend the impact of the
influences of intellectual and religious thought on
political systems (6 questions).
II-1
Question:
What famous English document (signed in
1215 by King John I) was the beginning
point for representative government and
protection of individual rights?
Magna Carta: (AHSGE) document later used by
the colonists as a basis for the future U.S.
government.
Such as . . .
Signed by King John in 1215
Was signed at Runnymede
It had been forced on him by the Barons
Promised freedoms to all people
Protected the rights of ordinary people
It prevented the King from doing as he pleased
Question:
Who was the English philosopher who
greatly influenced Jefferson as he
wrote the Declaration of
Independence?
John Locke (AHSGE): He
influenced the early colonists
and the U.S. Constitution with
his ideas of natural rights (life,
liberty, and property).
"The natural liberty of man is to be
free from any superior power on
earth, and not to be under the will
or legislative authority of man, but
only have the law of nature for his
rule."
John Locke believed there were laws of
natural rights to make the human world run
smoothly. Life, liberty, and property are the
three rights Locke declared. These inalienable
rights became basic beliefs in the “American
mind.” They became part of our Declaration of
Independence. Locke also believed in the
beginning there was no government at all and
the people made a social contract. They
formed governments to protect their natural
rights. If the government abused these rights
instead of protecting them, then the
>>>
people had the right to rebel and form a new
government. This is also stated in the
Declaration of Independence. Locke did not
believe that God had chosen a group or
family of people to rule countries. Instead, he
argued that governments should only
operate with the consent of the people they
are governing. In this way, Locke supported
democracy as a form of government. Locke
wrote, “. . .we have reason to conclude that all
peaceful beginnings of government have
been laid in the consent of the people." Locke
also believed that government power should
be divided equally into three branches of
government so that politicians will not face
the "temptation... to grasp at [absolute]
power.“ Many of Locke’s principals are part
of the American government.
Question:
Jefferson used this idea (for the Dec. of
Ind.), which allows for a people to
overthrow its rulers if their natural
rights are no longer being protected.
Rousseau: (AHSGE) Social Contract theory (an
implicit agreement within a state regarding the rights
and responsibilities of the state and its citizens).
Rousseau claimed that the state of nature eventually degenerates into a
brutish condition without law or morality, at which point the human
race must adopt institutions of law or perish. In the degenerate phase
of the state of nature, man is prone to be in frequent competition with
his fellow men while at the same time becoming increasingly
dependent on them. This double pressure threatens both his survival
and his freedom. According to Rousseau, by joining together through
the social contract and abandoning their claims of natural right,
individuals can both preserve themselves and remain free. This is
because submission to the authority of the general will of the people as
a whole guarantees individuals against being subordinated to the wills
of others and also ensures that they obey themselves because they are,
collectively, the authors of the law.
Montesquieu (AHSGE):
Known for his idea of
separation of powers.
Madison borrowed the concept of separation of
powers from Montesquieu, a French political
philosopher.
Powers of Government
Montequieu identified three types of political power:
Legislative power = the power to make laws
Executive power = the power to enforce laws
Judicial power = the power to interpret laws
What religious movement occurred in the
1730s and 1740s in the colonies?
Great Awakening (AHSGE): religious
revival that swept across this country
in the 1730s and 1740s.
•Awakening is an old word that means essentially
the same thing that “revival” does today
•A refreshening of spiritual fervor and
devotion
•An outreach to the unconverted
Loss of Spiritual Devotion
•Population boom of the Americas and abundant
natural resources generated a production explosion
•Colonists entered a period of unknown prosperity—
became mobile
•Half way Covenant allowed non-church goers to
retain their membership without voting rights—views
dimly by leaders.
National Movements
•George Whitefield
•English evangelist who preached with the Wesleys—
founders of Methodism
•Preached in the open air—out of need
•Spoke to an average of 8000 people daily for a sold
month in 1740
•Estimates are that he spoke directly to 80% of the
entire colonial population
Division and Discord
•GA divided people into the “old” believers and
church members and the “new” converts who joined
after the revivals
•In New England, they were known as “old lights”
and “new lights”
•Old lights considered it all “much ado about
nothing” and the new lights often became extreme
Aftermath of the GA
•Sharp increase in church membership—especially
among the previously unchurched
•Increases were not sustained and the effect of the GA
on church membership leveled off within five years
•Churches reached out to the “weaker” members of
society (slaved and NAs)
New Organizations
•Great Awakening spurred the creation of new divinity
schools—were shut out of Harvard and Yale
•Princeton, Brown and Dartmouth were all a result of the GA
•(AHSGE)New denominations were established,
particularly Methodist and Baptist
What addition was made to the Constitution
giving further protection for individual
rights?
Bill of Rights: (AHSGE) Came after the Constitution
was ratified; First 10 amendments guaranteed
personal liberties
Bill of Rights quiz
What was the first meeting called when 12
colonies sent delegates to Philadelphia to
discuss British tyranny (and take action)?
1st Continental Congress (AHSGE)- Met in 1774
in response to the Intolerable Acts
A.
Members-Samuel
Adams,
John
Adams
Patrick Henry said: "I am not a
(Mass.),
John Jaybut
(NY),
Henry,
Virginian,
anPatrick
American."
George Washington (VA.)
B. Resolved that no colony over obedience
to the Intolerable Acts
C. Suffolk Resolve endorsed1. No obedience to Coercive Acts
2. Provisional govt. until charter
restored
What document was sent to King George III
as a final attempt at peace by the colonists in
1775?
Olive Branch Petition: The 2nd Continental Congress
made one last attempt with King George III to find a
peaceful end to the revolution.
On July 5, 1775, Congress drafted the Olive Branch Petition. It
outlined their issues and asked the British government to respond and
deal with them. King George III of England refused to accept the
petition. He believed the Americans to be in rebellion, and believed he
could quickly end it with his military force.
Copy of Olive Branch Petition
What group sent the Olive Branch Petition
and wrote the Declaration of
Independence?
2nd Continental Congress: (AHSGE) to meet again
in May 1775 if King George does not repeal
Intolerable Acts; Issues (AHSGE)This Congress
would send the Olive Branch petition and write the
Declaration of Independence.This Congress would
run the war until the Article of Confederation.
When King George III heard of the
colonists' demands, he answered:
"The die is now cast. The colonies
must either submit or triumph."
What two political parties emerged after the
debate over ratification of the Constitution?
Political parties/Federalists (AHGSE): Those in
favor of ratifying the Constitution; later a political
party that favored a strong central government.
Usually associated with Alexander Hamilton (see next slide)
Political parties/Anti- Federalists (AHGSE): Those
not in favor of ratifying the Constitution, a;t least not
without a Bill of Rights. Later called DemocraticRepublicans, a political party that favor strong states’
rights.
What document was sent to the British
informing them of colonial independence?
Declaration of Independence (AHSGE)(July 4, 1776)
colonists declared independence from Great
Britain.
A. Declaration ignores Parliament
B. Criticized the king
C. Jefferson argued that English had violated its contract
with the colonies.
D. Appealed to the sympathies of the American colonists
E. Criticized the Quebec Act of 1774
What was the first set of laws
governing the U.S.?
Articles of Confederation: “firm league of
friendship;” 1st government
Weakness of the A. of C. (AHSGE):
A. No executive branch
B. Judiciary left to the states
C. Weak legislative
1. Each state had one vote regardless of
population
2. Important bills require 2/3 vote
3. Amendments require unanimous vote
Growing domestic problem for Confederation
A. Economic problems of 1780s
1. Money request from states isn’t working
2. Debt increasing; credit decreasing
3. States arguing over borders, duties on goods,
and different currencies
B. Shays’ Rebellion causes
1.
Economic recession
2. Farm foreclosures
3.
Huge tax increases
Strengths of the Articles of Confederation (AHSGE)
A. Clearly outlined the general powers to be
exercised by the central government
B. Kept alive the idea of a union and held
the state together (intermediary to Const.)
C. Landmark Land Laws—Greatest
achievement
1. Land Ordinance of 1785—methodical
method of selling land for govt. debt
2.Northwest Ordinance of 1787—established the
basic unit of settlement in the territory north
of the Ohio; no slavery allowed
What ordinance was passed in 1785 that
divided territory in the old northwest into
townships?
Land Ordinance of 1785 (AHSGE) law passed by
Congress that allowed for sales of land in the
Northwest Territory and set up standards for land
sale that became precedents.
What ordinance passed in 1787 disallowed
slavery in the old northwest?
Northwest Ordinance (AHSGE): The Ordinance
provided the means by which new states would be
created out of the western lands and then admitted
into the Union. Aside from providing for orderly
westerly settlement, it made clear that the new states
would be equal to the old. One of the few positive
achievements under the Articles of Confederation.
What famous convention was held to replace
the Articles of Confederation with a more
centralized government?
Constitutional Convention of 1787 (AHSGE):
Met to revise the Article of Confederation but
would lead to Constitution.
A. Assumptions about government:
1.Legislatures should have two houses
(common/nobility)
2. Voters could think and act independently
only if they owned property
3. Elected representatives should exercise
independent judgment in leading people
rather than simply carrying out popular
"GEORGE WASHINGTON ADDRESSING THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION"
will.
Oil, by Junius
Stearns, c 1856. Virginia Museum of Fine Arts.
4. For American Whigs, “democracy” implied
either mob rule or concentration of power
in the hands of the uneducated multitude.
see notes
Independence Hall
George Washington -- Virginia
James Madison -- Virginia
Benjamin Franklin – Penn.
Alexander Hamilton -- New York
James Wilson—Penn.
Elbridge Gerry--Mass.
George Mason—Va.
Gouverneur Morris—Penn.
Robert Morris--Penn.
Edmund Randolph--Va.
Roger Sherman—Conn.
Thomas Jefferson, in describing the 55 men sent to attend the
Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, called the convention "an
assembly of demigods." Indeed, the world had never seen such a
collection of minds before in one location. Though they may not all
have been equally qualified to attend the convention, in general the
delegates were a snapshot of the 18th century upper crust. Statistics
prove this; All were white men, mostly protestant with one or two
Catholics and Quakers. Professionally, lawyers composed over a half
of the group (34 out of the 55 delegates), while another quarter were
planters owning 1,000 acres or more. Political life was also common
to the delegates; all had held public office of some variety. Eight had
been judges, three were governors of their respective states (four were
former governors), 42 had served in Congress, and a handful were
speakers of their state legislatures. These men had the history to back
up their reputations as well: Eight had signed the Declaration of
Independence, 30 had served in the Continental Army, 15 had survived
true combat situations, and four had been on Washington's staff.
F. Influences
1. Rome’s Democratic Republic
2. English
a. English Heritage & Law
b. Magna Carta (1215)
c. Petition of Right (1628)
d. Habeus Corpus Act (1678)
e. English Bill of Rights (1689)
See notes
State v. national power (AHSGE): With the apparent
failure of the Articles of Confederation (see previous
slides; in which states have more power than the
central government), there began a movement and
debate over putting more power in the hands of the
central government
What was the solution to the problem
of representation at the convention
called?
Great Compromise. What was the Great Compromise?
The problem:
The founding fathers argued about how many representatives
each state should be allowed. The larger states favored the
Virginia Plan. According to the Virginia Plan, each state would
have a different number of representatives based on the
state's population. The smaller states favored the New Jersey
Plan. According to the New Jersey Plan, the number of
representatives would be the same for each state.
The Solution:
A delegate from Connecticut, Roger Sherman, proposed a twohouse legislature, consisting of a Senate and a House of
Representatives. The Senate would have an equal number of
representatives from each state. This would satisfy the states with
smaller populations. The House of Representatives would include
one representative for each 30,000 individuals in a state. This
pleased states with larger populations.
This two-house legislature plan worked for
all states and became known as the Great
Compromise (AHSGE).
Great Compromise quiz
What was the solution to the problem of
how to count slaves for representation
purposes?
3/5 Compromise (AHSGE): 3/5 of all slaves
would be counted for congressional
representation
Also:
• Individuals could not prevent the return of
runaway slaves to another state.
• Congress could ban the importation of
slaves after 1808.
Northern States--The economy was more diverse than that of the South
and generally relied on free labor. In a free labor system the employer
hires a worker and they agree how much the worker will be paid. In the
North people worked as farmers, fishermen, merchants, bankers,
manufacturers, ship-building, shipping trade, and laborers. The northern
states were in direct competition with Great Britain for manufacturing
and trade with other countries. The delegates from the northern states
were generally for protective tariffs and against the importation of slaves.
Southern States--The economy was almost completely agricultural.
People who owned plantations (large farms) in these states depended on
slave labor. Slaves were considered property and could be bought or
sold. They were not considered citizens and did not have the rights of
citizens. The southern states produced agricultural products (cotton,
tobacco, indigo). They sold some of these products to the northern
states, but their primary market was Great Britain and other European
nations. Because Great Britain was such an important trading partner the
southern states bought more of their manufactured items from Britain
than from their northern neighbor-states.The delegates from the southern
What papers were written by Jay, Hamilton,
and Madison encouraging the passage of the
Constitution?
Federalist papers (AHSGE) A
series of essays designed to
convince the public to support
passage of the U.S. Constitution.
The Federalist Papers were written and published during the
years 1787 and 1788 in several New York State newspapers to
persuade New York voters to ratify the proposed constitution.
In total, the Federalist Papers consist of 85 essays outlining how
this new government would operate and why this type of
government was the best choice for the United States of
America. All of the essays were signed "PUBLIUS" and the
actual authors of some are under dispute, but the general
consensus is that Alexander Hamilton wrote 52, James Madison
wrote 28, and John Jay contributed the remaining five.
Who developed the economic plan for the
U.S. during the 1790's?
Alexander Hamilton (see slides below under
“Economic Differences”
II. Hamilton v. Jefferson
Jefferson v. Hamilton (AHGSE): The Federalists,
led by Alexander Hamilton, represented the urban
mercantile interests of the seaports. the
Antifederalists, led by Thomas Jefferson, spoke for
the rural and southern interests. The debate between
the two concerned the power of the central
government versus that of the states, with the
Federalists favoring the former and the
Antifederalists advocating states' rights.
Economic Differences (AHSGE) Hamilton favored
having a national debt, taking over states’ debts, and
having a national bank; Jefferson favored no debt,
strong state power, and state banks.
Who warned Americans about competing
political parties in his farewell address?
George Washington’s Farewell Address (AHSGE):
Washington tells why he will not run for a third
term, warns against a too-powerful military, warns
against foreign entanglements, and warns against
the party system.
Who served as chief justice of the
Supreme Court for 34 years and helped
shape a powerful national government?
John Marshall (AHSGE): One of the most influential
Supreme Court Chief Justices in U.S. History. (See
next few slides.)
What famous Supreme Court ruling
established judicial review?
Marbury v. Madison: (AHSGE) establishment
of the U.S. Supreme Court right to determine
the constitutionality of congressional
enactments; judicial review
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
"It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial
department to say what the law is. Those who apply the rule to
particular cases, must of necessity expound and interpret that
rule. If two laws conflict with each other, the courts must decide
on the operation of each."
— Chief Justice John Marshall
Standard II, Objective 2.
Identify and comprehend the
provisions of essential
documents of the United States
government.
II-2
What document was sent to the British
informing them of colonial independence?
Declaration of Independence (AHSGE)(July 4, 1776)
colonists declared independence from Great
Britain.
A. Declaration ignores Parliament
B. Criticized the king
C. Jefferson argued that English had violated its contract
with the colonies.
D. Appealed to the sympathies of the American colonists
E. Criticized the Quebec Act of 1774
Philosophical background of the
Declaration of Independence (AHSGE): Thomas
Jefferson used the ideas of natural rights (see slide on John
Locke)to justify declaring independence from England.
“that they (“all men”) are endowed by their Creator with
certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life,
Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.”—D. of I.
Concept of equality in the Declaration
of Independence (AHSGE):
“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all
men are created equal,”—D. of I.
Social Contract theory and the Declaration of
Independence (AHSGE): D. of I. essentially
states the government is expected and required to
protect “natural rights” of citizens. If not, then the
people have a right to break away. (See “Social
Contract Theory”)
“When in the Course of human events, it becomes
necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands
which have connected them with another, and to assume
among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal
station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God
entitle them, ….” D. of I.
Constitution (AHSGE): Basic framework of
our government that replaced the articles of
Confederation; includes philosophical
background of the ideas of Locke, Rousseau,
and Montesquieu; and concepts such as
equality, checks and balances and federalism.
We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more
perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility,
provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare,
and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity,
do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of
America.
The opening paragraph of the Constitution
("We the people...") is called what?
Preamble: (AHSGE) Explains the purpose of the
Constitution preamble song
The Constitution calls for a three-branch
government creating a separation of what?
Separation of powers (AHSGE): Both the federal
(central) and state governments are divided into
three branches: Executive (carries out the law;
President/Governor), Legislative (Makes the laws;
Congress/state legislatures), and Judicial (judges the
laws; Supreme Court/lower courts).
The Constitution allows for power to be
shared between the national government and
the states. What kind of system is this?
Federal system (AHSGE): In
which power is shared by three
levels in the U.S.: Federal
(Central), state, and local
(including city and county govts.)
Some powers are shared and some
are exclusive to each level (like
protecting the border).
What is the clause called which gives
Congress broad powers?
Elastic Clause (AHSGE): Gives the federal
government powers not specifically mentioned
in the Constitution.
Elastic Clause - Article I, Section VIII of the Constitution states that
Congress shall have the power "to make all laws which shall be
necessary and proper for carrying into execution...powers vested by this
Constitution in the government of the United States."
What addition was made to the Constitution
giving further protection for individual
rights?
Bill of Rights: (AHSGE) Came after the Constitution
was ratified; First 10 amendments guaranteed
personal liberties
Bill of Rights quiz
What amendment abolished slavery?
13th Amendment (AHSGE): Abolished slavery.
Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a
punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted,
shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their
jurisdiction.
Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by
appropriate legislation.
What amendment guarantees
protection of the laws for all citizens?
14th Amendment (June 1866) (AHSGE):Gave
citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in
the U.S.
1. Passed by Congress and required southern
2. Johnson opposed it because it denied
states the right to manage their own affairs
Weakened by the Slaughterhouse cases of
1873
a. Federal government obliged to protect
only basic rights of NATIONAL
citizenship
b. Federal government did not have to protect
such rights against state violations
SEE NOTES
What amendment gave the vote to African
American males?
Fifteenth Amendment (AHSGE): Right of Citizens
to Vote
Section. 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be
denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of
race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
Section. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by
appropriate legislation.
However, African Americans would be kept from voting using
the Grandfather Clauses
•The White Primary
•Literacy Tests
•Racial Gerrymandering
19th Amendment: Gave women the right to vote
(AHSGE)
What were the laws called passed by
southern states attempting to control
freedmen and keeping them in a subservient
position?
Black codes (AHSGE): state laws (varied state to
state) to control freed black and restrict their legal
and civil rights.
In South Carolina persons of color contracting for service were to be
known as "servants," and those with whom they contracted, as
"masters." On farms the hours of labor would be from sunrise to sunset
daily, except on Sunday. The negroes were to get out of bed at dawn.
Time lost would be deducted from their wages, as would be the cost of
food, nursing, etc., during absence from sickness. Absentees on Sunday
must return to the plantation by sunset. House servants were to be at
call at all hours of the day and night on all days of the week. They must
be "especially civil and polite to their masters, their masters' families
and guests," and they in return would receive "gentle and kind
treatment." Corporal and other punishment was to be administered only
upon order of the district judge or other civil magistrate. A vagrant law
of some severity was enacted to keep the negroes from roaming the
roads and living the lives of beggars and thieves."
What were the laws called passed in southern
states after Reconstruction that stripped
African Americans of basic rights like
voting?
Jim Crow laws (AHSGE): enforced segregation
examples of Jim Crow laws
Relate Separation of Powers, Federal
System, and the Bill of Rights to
colonial experiences (AHSGE): When
writing the Constitution, our Founding
Fathers remembered their past
experiences. Separation of Powers idea came from their
concern about too much power in the hands of one person
(such as the king) or group (such as parliament). The writers
of the Constitution were also influenced by the writings of
Montesquieu. The Federal System also came about from fear
of too much central power, but this fear was tempered by the
ineffectiveness of the Articles of Confederation. Finally, the
Bill of Rights (added almost immediately after ratification of
the Constitution) came from their fear of a too powerful
government and the writers’ past experiences of liberty
denied by Great Britain while a colony.
STANDARD III, OBJECTIVE 1.
Identify and evaluate the
impact of the American
Revolution.
III-1
Causes of the Revolutionary War
Lack of Free Trade (AHSGE): Factor that would
lead to the colonies separating from England;
Britain would try to maintain the policy of
mercantilism by controlling colonial trade through
the Navigation Acts.
In 1773 Bostonians protested the Tea Act by
staging what famous event?
What act of colonial protestation resulted in
the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts being passed
by the British parliament?
One of the Causes of the Revolutionary War
Boston Tea Party (AHSGE): Colonist dumped
tea in response to the tea act. Parliament
respond by passing the punitive Intolerable
Acts.
Coercive or Intolerable Acts—designed to
punish Boston and Massachusetts
A. Mass. Govt. Act: Restructured the
Massachusetts government, restricted
town meetings
B. Boston Port Act: Closed Boston Harbor
until damages paid and order restored
C. Administration of Justice Act: Permitted
officials who killed Americans to be put
on trial in England
IV. Tea Act
A. Lowered price of tea by eliminating all
import duties for tea into England and
letting the company sell directly to
consumers
B. Discontent because it was still a tax on tea
and custom duties collected on it would
be used to pay the salaries of royal
governors
C. Boston Tea Party (read notes)
What group sent the Olive Branch Petition
and wrote the Declaration of
Independence?
2nd Continental Congress: (AHSGE) to meet again
in May 1775 if King George does not repeal
Intolerable Acts; Issues (AHSGE)This Congress
would send the Olive Branch petition and write the
Declaration of Independence.This Congress would
run the war until the Article of Confederation.
When King George III heard of the
colonists' demands, he answered:
"The die is now cast. The colonies
must either submit or triumph."
What occurred in 1770 that resulted in
5 colonists being shot and killed by
British troops in Boston?
Boston Massacre
(AHSGE): British
soldiers shoot into
a crowd of
colonists because
of tensions
between the two
groups; help lead
to the American
Revolution.
Paul Revere color
print
What American colonist gave the famous speech
stating, "give me liberty or give me death?"
Patrick Henry (AHSGE) went to the
Virginia Convention in Richmond, he
made a speech. It was from this
speech that his famous quote comes:
"I know not what course others may
take, but as for me, give me liberty
or give me death!"
March 23, 1775 at St. John's Church in
Richmond.
Course of the American Revolution
Who served as the commander of the
Continental Army during the Revolutionary
War?
George Washington: (AHSGE) military and
statesman whose leadership as Commander of the
Continental Army made it possible for the young
Republic to survive; later President.
Who was the leader of the Sons of Liberty?
Samuel Adams (AHSGE):political leader in the
American Revolution, writer, founder of the Sons
of Liberty, and signer of the Declaration of
Independence.
He drafted a protest against the Stamp Act in 1765 and was one
of the organizers of the non-importation agreement (1767) against
Great Britain to force repeal of the Townshend Acts. He drew up
the Circular Letter to the other colonies, denouncing the acts as
taxation without representation. More important, he used his able
pen in colonial newspapers and pamphlets to stir up sentiment
against the British. His polemics helped to bring about the Boston
Massacre. With the help of such men as John Hancock he
organized the revolutionary Sons of Liberty and helped to foment
revolt through the Committees of Correspondence. He was the
moving spirit in the Boston Tea Party. Gen. Gage issued (1775) a
warrant for the arrest of Adams and Hancock, but they escaped
Who made the famous ride warning
colonists that the "Redcoats were coming"?
Paul Revere (AHSGE): was sent for by Dr.
Joseph Warren and instructed to ride to
Lexington, Massachusetts, to warn
Samuel Adams and John Hancock that
British troops were marching to arrest
them
Boston’s Old North Church
Paul Revere's ride flash program
Virtual Paul Revere's Ride
Regulars
Listen my children and you shall hear
Of the midnight ride of Paul Revere,
On the eighteenth of April, in Seventy-five;
Hardly a man is now alive
Who remembers that famous day and year.
Where were Washington's troops encamped
during the harsh winter of 1777-1778?
Valley Forge (AHSGE): six month encampment of
the Continental Army under the command of
General George Washington, a few miles from
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Though no battle
was fought here from December 19, 1777 to
June 19, 1778, a struggle against the elements
and low morale was overcome on this sacred
ground.
"Naked and starving as they are we cannot enough admire
the incomparable patience and fidelity of the soldiery." General George Washington at Valley Forge, February 16, 1778
Bloody footprints in the snow left by bootless men. Near
naked soldiers wrapped in thin blankets huddled around a
smoky fire of green wood. The plaintive chant from the
starving: "We want meat! We want meat!"
These are the indelible images of suffering and endurance
associated with Valley Forge in the winter of 1777-78.
"An army of skeletons appeared before our eyes naked,
starved, sick and discouraged," wrote New York's
Gouverneur Morris of the Continental Congress.
The Marquis de Lafayette wrote: "The unfortunate soldiers
were in want of everything; they had neither coats nor hats,
nor shirts, nor shoes. Their feet and their legs froze until
they were black, and it was often necessary to amputate
them."A bitter George Washington — whose first concern
was always his soldiers — would accuse the Congress of
"little feeling for the naked and distressed soldiers. I feel
superabundantly for them, and from my soul pity those
miseries, which it is neither in my power to relieve or
Three months of shortage and hardship were followed by
three months of relative abundance that led to wonderful
changes in the morale and fighting capabilities of the
Continental Army.
France would enter the war on the side of the new nation.
Valuable foreign volunteers and fresh replacements would
trickle into camp.
Most important, it was at Valley Forge that a vigorous,
systematic training regime transformed ragged amateur
troops into a confident 18th century military organization
capable of beating the Red Coats in the open field of battle.
Who served at Valley Forge? Benedict Arnold, Nathanael
Greene, Alexander Hamilton, Lafayette, James Monroe, Baron
Von Steuben, Martha Washington, "Mad" Anthony Wayne, and
others.
What battle was the turning point in the
Revolutionary War (resulting in France
becoming our ally)?
Battle of Saratoga (AHSGE): American victory and
turning point of the war, Oct 17, 1777. This victory
convinced the French to recognize the U.S. and go to
war with Britain.
1. General Burgoyne surrenders
5,800 troops to General Gates
2. French military and financial
assistance would contribute the most
to an American victory.
SEE NOTES
What was the last major battle of the
Revolutionary War (Cornwallis surrendered
to Washington)?
Battle of Yorktown: American victory and last major
battle of the American Revolution (1781)(AHSGE).
1. General Nathaniel Greene forced
Cornwallis to retreat to Yorktown
2. Forced the British government to start
peace negotiations
SEE NOTES
French soldiers join Americans at the British base at
Yorktown in October 1781.
--Consequences of the American Revolution
What was the treaty called which gave the
U.S. its independence from Great Britain?
Treaty of Paris (1783)(AHSGE): Ended the
American Revolution, and included Britain’s
recognition of independence (AHSGE) of the U.S.
Territorial acquisition (AHSGE): Generous
boundaries from the Mississippi to Great Lakes to
Spanish Florida
See notes
Benjamin West;shows the American negotiators of the Peace of
Paris; incomplete because British chose not to sit for their half
Unfinished business (from the American
Revolution) (AHSGE): relations between the U.S
and Great Britain would remain poor in part due to
British continual military occupation of U.S. lands,
disputes over fishing territories, assorted embargos
(click for slide), impressment, and other issues
Would lead to the War of 1812 (click for slides).
The U.S. fought the British again in what
war?
War of 1812 (AHSGE): War between the U.S. and
Great Britain from June 1812 to the spring of
1815
.
What law was passed by Jefferson that
disallowed trade with other nations
(including Britain) and led to the War of
1812?
embargo act (AHSGE) In 1807, Congress passed
this in retaliation, prohibiting U.S. vessels from
trading with European nations, and later the NonIntercourse Acts, aimed solely at France and Britain. The
embargo and non-intercourse act proved ineffective and in 1810
the United States reopened trade with France and Great Britain
provided they ceased their blockades against neutral trading.
Great Britain continued to stop American merchant ships to search
for Royal Navy deserters, to impress American seamen on the
high seas into the Royal Navy, and to enforce its blockade of
neutral commerce.
Causes
A. Impressments—principal issue
which the U.S. wanted to settle
B. American belief in a British
conspiracy (Tecumseh)
C. American belief that British
policies were damaging the U.S.
economy
What term was used to describe
the British navy forcing Americans
into service?
Impressment (AHSGE): one cause of the War of
1812; British ships would stop U.S. ships and seize
U.S. sailors, claiming them as escaped British
sailors.
STANDARD III, OBJECTIVE 2.
Identify and evaluate the Era
of Expansion.
Note: Use map on territorial
expansion.
III-2
--Territorial expansion
Treaty of Paris (1783)(AHSGE): Ended the
American Revolution, and included Britain’s
recognition of independence (AHSGE) of the U.S.
Territorial acquisition (AHSGE): Generous
boundaries from the Mississippi to Great Lakes to
Spanish Florida
See notes
Benjamin West;shows the American negotiators of the Peace of
Paris; incomplete because British chose not to sit for their half
Treaty of Paris, 1783 (Remember, “Note: Use
map on territorial expansion.”)
What ordinance was passed in 1785 that
divided territory in the old northwest into
townships?
Land Ordinance of 1785 (AHSGE) law passed by
Congress that allowed for sales of land in the
Northwest Territory and set up standards for land
sale that became precedents.
Original Northwest/Land Ordinance territory
(Remember, “Note: Use map on
territorial expansion.”)
What ordinance passed in 1787 disallowed
slavery in the old northwest?
Northwest Ordinance (AHSGE): The Ordinance
provided the means by which new states would be
created out of the western lands and then admitted
into the Union. Aside from providing for orderly
westerly settlement, it made clear that the new states
would be equal to the old. One of the few positive
achievements under the Articles of Confederation.
What action allowed Jefferson to double the
size of the U.S. in 1803?
Louisiana Purchase (AHSGE): In 1803 the United
States negotiated the purchase of the Louisiana
Territory from France for $15 million. The sale
included over 600 million acres at a cost of less than 3
cents an acre in what today is the better part of 13
states between the Mississippi River and the Rocky
Mountains.
Louisiana Purchase notes
Who did Jefferson hire to explore the west?
Lewis and Clark Expedition (AHSGE): an expedition
sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore the northwestern
territories of the United States; led by Meriwether
Lewis and William Clark; traveled from St. Louis to
the mouth of the Columbia River from 1803 to 1806
The post-War of 1812 years were called
what (because of prosperity, one political
party, etc.)?
AN ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS (AHSGE):
A period of history where there was only one
political party, Democrat-Republican. The Federalist
party faded away after the War of 1812.
Growth of nationalism (tariff protection) (AHSGE):
To protect American business, the Tariff of 1816
raised the prices of British imports to encourage
Americans to buy local goods.
Era of Good Feeling: national mood of the United States from 1815 to
1825, as first described by the Boston Columbian Centinel on July 12,
1817. Although the “era” generally is considered coextensive with
President James Monroe's two terms (1817–25), it really began in 1815,
when for the first time American citizens could afford to pay less
attention to European political and military affairs. The predominant
attitude was what in the 20th century became known as isolationism.
The good feelings, perhaps better termed complacency, were stimulated
by two events of 1816, during the presidency of James Madison: the
enactment of the first U.S. protective tariff and the establishment of the
second National Bank. With the decline of the Federalists the United
States was, in practice if not in theory, a one-party state on the national
level; heading the Democratic-Republicans, Monroe secured all but one
electoral vote in 1820. Sectionalism was in comparative abeyance,
replaced by a rather unassertive nationalism. But by 1820 a longer era
of conflict might have been foretold; varying sectional interests,
particularly regarding slavery and political personality conflicts,
developed during Monroe's second term
Economic nationalism during the
“Era of Good Feeling” (AHSGE): (1817–
1824) Economic policies based on a national
perspective, including a National Bank, protective
tariff, and approved further construction on the
National (Cumberland) Road.
Internal improvements during the “Era of Good
Feeling”(AHSGE): Included national roads and
canals; however, many states and individuals did not
feel it was the federal govts. role to fund these
improvements. Some examples are listed on the next
page.
Return to slide 235
VI. Transportation systems—necessary if
products are going to move from the West
to the rest of the world
A. National Road--primarily to promote
trade and communication with the Old
Northwest
B. Steamboats
C. Canals
D. Railroads
Henry Clay’s American System (AHSGE): A plan to
strengthen and unify the nation; a new form of
federalism
•Support for a high tariff to protect American industries and generate
revenue for the federal government
•Maintenance of high public land prices to generate federal revenue
•Preservation of the Bank of the United States to stabilize the currency
and rein in risky state and local banks
•Development of a system of internal improvements (such as roads and
canals) which would knit the nation together and be financed by the
tariff and land sales revenues.
In Clay’s view, the South (which opposed high tariffs) should support
this because of the ready market for cotton in northern mills. This last
argument was the weak link. The South was never really on board with
the American System and had access to plenty of markets for its cotton
exports.
What year did Alabama become a state?
Alabama statehood: (AHSGE) Alabama
became the 22nd state on December 14, 1819.
•Alabama Capitals:
1817-1819. . . . . . . . . St. Stephens—territorial capital
1819. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Huntsville
1820-1825. . . . . . . . . Cahaba
1826-1846. . . . . . . . . Tuscaloosa
1847-present. . . . . . . .Montgomery
Camellia
S
T
A F
T L
E O
W
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State Seal
ALABAMA STATEHOOD: How did it happen?
•Alabama became a part of the Mississippi Territory in 1798 and more
settlers began to enter the area that would become Alabama after Indian
cessions in north Alabama and the opening of the federal road in south
Alabama in the early 1800s. Migration increased after the end of the
Creek War in 1814.
•The Alabama Territory was created in 1817 and Alabama's population
increased sufficiently that U.S. President Monroe signed the enabling act
for statehood on March 2, 1819.
•Alabama's constitutional convention met in Huntsville in July 1819 and
produced the state's first constitution, a liberal document for its time that
included universal white manhood suffrage and direct election of the
governor by the people.
What congressional agreement allowed
Missouri to become a slave state and Maine
to become a free state?
Missouri Compromise (AHSGE) In 1820 and
1821, a series of congressional agreements that
temporarily resolved the sectional conflict.
•The first of these agreements involved the
balance between slave states and free states.
•Maine wanted to be admitted as free.
•The Missouri Compromise was viewed as a
Southern Victory. It also reinforced the
principle set down by the Northwest
Ordinance of 1787 test which stated
Congress had the right to prohibit slavery in
some territories.
What famous speech outlined American
foreign policy in 1823?
Monroe Doctrine (AHSGE):1823, proclaimed
the United States' opinion that European powers
should no longer colonize America or interfere
with the affairs of sovereign nations located in
America
A. Background
1. The Americans wanted to expand
the U.S. to Texas and take Mexico.
2. The Spanish
a. They were not really worried
about American encroachment
b. They were worried about a
revolution against Spanish rule
in South America.
3. Holy Alliance
a. Spanish sought support of European
monarchs
b. Britain refused to join
c. George Canning, Britain's Foreign
Minister, proposed that they issue a
joint statement opposing any European
interference in South America and that
neither would annex any part of Spain's
old empire in the New World.
d. The Holy Alliance aimed to squash
revolutions everywhere in the name of
Christians’ principles. SEE NOTES
Monroe's Doctrine Four Key Principles:
a. Unless American interests were
involved, the United States' policy
was to abstain from European Wars.
b. The "American Continents" were not
"subjects" for future colonization
by any European power.
c. Any attempt at European colonization
in the New World would be construed
by the United States as an unfriendly act.
d. It stressed that Europe and the Western
Hemisphere had different political systems.
--Westward Expansion
What law forced the five civilized tribes of
the southeast to evacuate?
Indian Removal Act: It gave the president power
to negotiate removal treaties with Indian tribes
living east of the Mississippi. Under these
treaties, the Indians were to give up their lands
east of the Mississippi in exchange for lands to
the west. Those wishing to remain in the east
would become citizens of their home state. This
act affected not only the southeastern nations,
but many others further north. The removal was
supposed to be voluntary and peaceful, but the
southeastern nations resisted, and Jackson
forced them to leave.
Cherokees—one of the 5 Civilized Tribes
1. Published newspapers Cherokee home
2. Engaged in agriculture SEE NOTES
3. Resisted removal
a. Cherokee Nation v. Georgia—Marshall
said that Cherokees were neither a state
nor a foreign nation and therefore could
not bring a suit against the government
b. Worchester v. Georgia---Marshall said
that Native Americans had a right to their
land because of prolonged occupancy
and were entitled to federal protection.
What event resulted in the Cherokees
marching at gunpoint from GA to OK
(1838)?
•When the Supreme Court ruled for
Indians, Jackson said “John Marshall has made
his decision; now let him enforce it.”
Trail of Tears (AHSGE): forced relocation of
Indian tribes to the West.
•An estimated 4000 Cherokees died on the trail
•Other tribes were forced to leave as well
Manifest destiny (AHSGE): phrase coined in the
1840s that referred of the movement of U.S. settlers
westward.
List four major trails used by settlers in the
western part of the U.S.:
Pre-Civil War expansion west of
the Mississippi includes:
Santa Fe, Oregon, Mormon, and
California trails; Gold Rush
Oregon trail (AHSGE): Between 1841 and 1869,
route used by settlers to new lands of the western
United States.
Santa Fe Trail (AHSGE): New Mexico to St.
Louis for silver
Mormon trail (AHSGE): From 1846 to 1869, more than 70,000
Mormons traveled along an integral part of the road west, the
Mormon Pioneer Trail. The trail started in Nauvoo, Illinois,
traveled across Iowa, connected with the Great Platte River Road
at the Missouri River, and ended near the Great Salt Lake in Utah
California trail: (AHSGE) established a passable wagon road
over the two main obstacles: the Great Salt Lake Desert in
Utah, and the Sierra Nevada mountains in California. The
result was a journey of 2,000 miles in a single summer and
fall, by oxen or horses at 15 miles a day, which meant a
voyage of about five months.
California Gold Rush (AHSGE): 1849 discovery of
gold at Sutter’s Mill would lead to rapid population
growth in California and increased movement from
the eastern United States to the western United
States.
weird facts
sutter's mill and gold
Texas Independence (AHSGE):was fought from
October 2, 1835 to April 21, 1836 between American
settlers in Texas and the Mexican government.
The conclusion of the war resulted in the creation of
the Republic of Texas.
The Republic was never recognized by the government of
Mexico, and during its brief existence, it teetered between
collapse and invasion from Mexico. Texas was annexed by
the United States of America in 1845, and it was not until the
Mexican-American War that the "Texan Question" was
resolved.
Why did the U.S. fight Mexico (Mexican
War) in 1846-1848?
Mexican War: (AHSGE)War with Mexico over the
issue of Texas, California and New Mexico. It
resulted in Mexico ceded Texas, New Mexico, and
California.
Mexican War
A. Origins
1. Failure of Mexico to pay $2 million\
in debts to American citizens
2. Bitter memories of the Alamo
3. Texas issue of whether it should be
part of Mexico, the US, or
independent
B. Polk's desired Mexico of California as well
as New Mexico by extending the Rio
Grande as the border of Texas
C. Negotiations/provocations
1. U.S. annexed Texas
2. Mexico agrees to meet with U.S.
negotiators
3. Because of possible revolt, Mexico
would not meet U.S. diplomats
4. Polk orders Taylor's troops to north
bank of the Rio Grande to provoke
5. Mexicans respond by attacking U.S. troops
6. Polk declares war without Congresses
approval, but Congress subsequently
back him to avoid looking unpatriotic.
D. Mexican success--they fought bravely and
stubbornly, but unsuccessfully
E. U.S. success causes
1. Santa Anna had a series of military
miscalculations
2. U.S. had superior weapons and supplies
3. American government able to organize
massive military movements
F. Campaigns
1. Zachary Taylor--Monterey in Northern
Mexico
2. Col Stephen Kearny--Santa Fe, New
Mexico
3. Commodore John D. Sloat/John C.
Fremont--conquer California ports and
Sonoma; Fremont declares the "Bear Flag
Republic
4. Winfield Scott/Robert E. Lee/Ulysses
Grant--Veracruz, Mexico
G. Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
1. U.S. agreed to pay American citizens'
claims against Mexico
2. Paid Mexico $15 million
3. Mexico ceded Texas with the Rio
Grande border, New Mexico, and
California
Manifest destiny (AHSGE): phrase coined in the
1840s that referred of the movement of U.S. settlers
westward.
STANDARD III, OBJECTIVE 3.
Identify and evaluate the impact
of American social and political
reform and the emergence of a
distinct American culture.
III, 3
Women and Women’s rights
What famous meeting in 1848 called
for women to demand greater equality and
opportunity in the U.S.?
Seneca Falls (AHSGE): Meeting in 1848 calling for
women’s right to vote and other major rights for
women.
The convention at Seneca Falls, New York, in July 1848, was organized
by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, whose concern for
women's rights was aroused when Mott, as a woman, was denied a seat at
an international antislavery meeting in London. The Seneca Falls meeting
attracted 240 sympathizers, including forty men, among them the famed
former slave and abolitionist leader, Frederick Douglass. The delegates
adopted a statement, deliberately modeled on the Declaration of Independence, as well as a series of resolutions calling for women's suffrage
and the reform of marital and property laws that kept women in an
inferior status. It would serve for the next seventy years as the goal for
which the suffrage movement strove. Women did not receive the right to
vote until the adoption of the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution
in 1920.
THE SENECA FALLS DECLARATION (1848)
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
1. Declaration of Sentiments
When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one por
We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are cre
He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elect
He has compelled her to submit to laws, in the formation of which she h
He has withheld from her rights which are given to the most ignorant a
Having deprived her of this first right of a citizen, the elective franchise
He has made her, if married, in the eye of the law, civilly dead. He has t
He has made her, morally. an irresponsible being. as she can commit m
In the covenant of marriage, she is compelled to promise obedience to h
He has so framed the laws of divorce, as to what shall be the proper cau
After depriving her of all rights as a married woman, if single, and the
He has monopolized nearly all the profitable employments, and from th
He has denied her the facilities for obtaining a thorough education, all
He allows her in Church, as well as State, but a subordinate position, cl
He has created a false public sentiment by giving to the world a differen
Who hosted this convention, Seneca
Falls?
Elizabeth Cady Stanton: (AHSGE)
Helped set up the Seneca Falls
Convention in 1848, the first women’s
right convention in U.S. history.
1815-1902
SUSAN B. ANTHONY (AHSGE):
Crusader for prohibition, anti-slavery
and women’s rights.
See http://www.pbs.org/stantonanthony/
What black abolitionist from Maryland
produced The North Star?
Frederick Douglass: (AHSGE) Black abolitionist,
lecturer, and writer who produced the North Star and
The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass (1881)
One of the foremost leaders of the
abolitionist movement. A brilliant speaker,
Douglass became recognized as one of
America's first great black speakers. He
won world fame when his autobiography
was publicized in 1845. Two years later he
began publishing an antislavery paper
called the North Star. Douglass served as an
adviser to President Abraham Lincoln
during the Civil War and fought for the
adoption of constitutional amendments that
guaranteed voting rights and other civil
liberties for blacks.
Sojourner Truth (AHSGE): Escaped slave,
abolitionist speaker, lecturer.
Sojourner Truth (c. 1797–1883) was
the self-given name, from 1843, of an
American abolitionist born into slavery
from Hurley, New York. (Her original
name was Isabella Baumfree, but
some sources list her name as Isabella
Van Wagener.)
http://www.sojournertruth.org/
What white abolitionist from Massachusetts
produced The Liberator?
William Lloyd Garrison (AHSGE): white
abolitionist and editor of the anti-slavery
newspaper, the Liberator
Garrison soon gained a reputation for being
the most radical of abolitionists. Still, his
approach to emancipation stressed
nonviolence and passive resistance. After
the end of the Civil War in 1865, Garrison
published his last issue of the Liberator.
After thirty five years and 1,820 issues,
Garrison did not fail to publish a single
issue.
Harriet Beecher Stowe (AHSGE): author of Uncle
Tom's
Cabin which provoked a more aggressive anti-slavery
position in those who were uncertain about slavery
When President
Lincoln went to
meet her he said,
”So you're the little
lady that started
this big war.”
The story follows the fortunes of a slave, the dutiful Uncle Tom,
who is sold by his owner in Kentucky to pay off debts to Augustine
St Clair in New Orleans. In the idealistic St Clair's household,
young daughter Eva becomes fond of Tom and life is relatively
happy. However, following the deaths of both the decent St Clair
and the kindly Eva, Tom is sold again but now to Simon Legree.
Legree is a cotton plantation owner and treats Tom terribly,
leading to his demise just before rescue belatedly arrives in the
form of his original owner's son. There is also a parallel tale of
another slave, Eliza, who escapes to freedom in extraordinary
circumstances to lighten the tone somewhat. The contrast
between the attitudes in the different states is intriguing on its own
and the only real downsides to be found are Beecher Stowe's
tendency to overstate the case (the survivors become African
missionaries) such that 'Uncle Tom' has become a term of abuse
for a black man siding with the oppressor.
What was the purpose of the
Underground Railroad?
What black woman used the
Underground Railroad to help liberate
hundreds of slaves?
Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad
(AHSGE): led runaway slaves through a secret
network of safe houses where runaway slaves could
stay on their journey north to freedom.
Harriet Tubman was a runaway slave from Maryland who
became known as the "Moses of her people." Over the course
of 10 years, and at great personal risk, she led hundreds of
slaves to freedom along the Underground Railroad, a secret
network of safe houses where runaway slaves could stay on
their journey north to freedom. She later became
a leader in the abolitionist movement, and during
the Civil War she was a spy for the federal forces
in South Carolina as well as a nurse.
What woman led reform in insane
asylums/prisons in the U.S.?
Dorothea Dix (AHSGE): Leader in the effort to
improve conditions in insane asylums.
It wasn't a good idea to be insane in New Jersey 150 years ago. The state had no mental
hospitals. People who went mad were just locked up in poor houses and jails, or farmed out to
who ever would care for them cheapest. But in 1844 the Yankee reformer Dorothea Dix came to
New Jersey to agitate for the construction of a modern state asylum. To prove her point, she
traveled around the state to document the horrible conditions facing the mentally ill. She found
people living in filth, chained up, and beaten. At the Morris County Poor House she found that
the violently insane were kept in the cellar, where, said Dix, one would not want to keep a dog.
In Essex County, men, women, children, sane, and insane were thrown together in the jail. In
Shrewsbury, an inmate had wandered off into the woods and no body much cared about it.At the
Salem County Poor House, the keeper told the story how one madman jumped at him: I knew I
must master him now or never: I ...caught a stick of wood...and laid upon him until he cried for
quarters: I beat him long enough to make him know I was his master, and now he is too much
afraid of a thrashing to attack me;
but you had better stand off ma'am, for he won't fear you.Dix sent her report to the State
Legislature where it touched off a hot debate. Some lawmakers thought an asylum would be too
expensive; it would be cheaper, they said to transport Dorothea Dix across the state line. One
assemblyman said the proposed asylum was too extravagant an an Egyptian Coliseum.But in
the end, Dix won, and the New Jersey State Lunatic Asylum was built in Ewing Township.It
still stands there, a monument to what one courageous woman could do
During the reform period of the 1830s
and 1840s much of the public calling for
abstinence of alcohol consumption
was called what?
Temperance: (AHSGE) movement to eliminate or
moderate alcohol consumption.
A. Women—leading advocates
B. Religion—also advocated, such as the
American Temperance Union (1826)
C. Manufacturers—against drinking
because
it interfered with the orderly and steady
habits required by the new factory system
D. Results—
The
Moral Thermometer
from
1. Movement moves from
focusing
on
Benjamin Rush's An Inquiry into
individual behavior to getting laws
the Effects of Spirituous Liquors
passed to control behavior
on the Human Body and the Mind.
2. By 1840s, consumption
is halfThomas
of
Boston:
and Andrews, 179
1820s
The Opposer of
Temperance.
You uphold the rum-traders madly
Hand-colored
woodcut.
When you cannot hold up yourself
Philadelphia, circa
You swallow their poison, and gladly
1855.
You aid them in robbing yourself.
"The Drunkards"
from Emblems of
Mortality.
Charleston:
Babcock & Co.,
1846.
See notes
What were the communities called which
tried to make a "perfect society"?
Utopian communities (AHSGE):Communities
trying to create a perfect society; if social
arrangements could be perfected, the ills of
society could be eliminated
Common features
1. Founders were intellectuals
2. Designed as alternatives to market
economy
3. Designed as models
4. No claims of “visions of God”
The U.S. fought the British again in what
war?
War of 1812 (AHSGE): War between the U.S. and
Great Britain from June 1812 to the spring of
1815
.
What law was passed by Jefferson that
disallowed trade with other nations
(including Britain) and led to the War of
1812?
embargo act (AHSGE) In 1807, Congress passed
this in retaliation, prohibiting U.S. vessels from
trading with European nations, and later the NonIntercourse Acts, aimed solely at France and Britain. The
embargo and non-intercourse act proved ineffective and in 1810
the United States reopened trade with France and Great Britain
provided they ceased their blockades against neutral trading.
Great Britain continued to stop American merchant ships to search
for Royal Navy deserters, to impress American seamen on the
high seas into the Royal Navy, and to enforce its blockade of
neutral commerce.
Causes
A. Impressments—principal issue
which the U.S. wanted to settle
B. American belief in a British
conspiracy (Tecumseh)
C. American belief that British
policies were damaging the U.S.
economy
What term was used to describe
the British navy forcing Americans
into service?
Impressment (AHSGE): one cause of the War of
1812; British ships would stop U.S. ships and seize
U.S. sailors, claiming them as escaped British
sailors.
II. Notable battles (you are responsible
for reading about these battles)
A. Put-In-Bay
C. New Orleans
B. Burning of Washington
III.Treaty of Ghent—ended the War of
1812
A. Restoration of the status quo
B. No territorial gains or loss for
the U.S.
C. Referral of boundary issue to a
joint commission
What War of 1812 battle did Jackson
defeat the Creek Indians in AL?
Battle of Horseshoe Bend (AHSGE) destroyed the strength
of the Creek Nation. General Jackson forced the Creeks to
sign the Treaty of Fort Jackson, ceding some forty thousand
square miles of land to the United States.
The War of 1812 took place while Alabama was part of the Mississippi Territory.
Alabama was involved primarily because of a civil war between the Creek Indians.
Causes:
•The Federal Road divided the traditional Upper Creeks from more assimilated
Lower Creeks.
•Creek ownership of traditional lands was endangered as land-hungry whites moved
across it or settled illegally on it.
•The British sent Tecumseh, a Shawnee chief, from the Great Lakes to unite all
Indians against white Americans and form an alliance with England and Spain.
•England and Spain incited the Creeks against American settlers and supplied Creeks
with guns and ammunition.
Battles raged on the frontier between Creek "Red Sticks" and American militia led by
General Andrew Jackson
Consequences:
•Foreign influence among Indians was destroyed.
•United States took Mobile from Spain, the only additional land
acquired in War of 1812.
•The Fort Jackson Treaty, acquiring Creek lands, began a series of
forced land-cession treaties by the United States with other southern
tribes until all were removed west.
General Andrew Jackson became a national hero for defeating the
Creeks, a victory that helped pave his way to become President of the
United States
What War of 1812 battle resulted in the
protection of Baltimore and Francis Scott
Key's inspiring "Star Spangled Banner"?
Fort McHenry: (AHSGE) Baltimore fort and
location of a battle that inspired Francis Scott
Keyes to write the “Star Spangled Banner.”
The British bombardment of Fort McHenry
began at 5:00 a.m. on the morning of
September 13th 1814, a young lawyer
named Francis Scott Key watched the
red glare of the British rockets, the bombs
bursting in air over the Fort and wrote a
poem about the "Star Spangled Banner"
that was still flying over the fort after a siege
of three days and nights.
What War of 1812 battle did Jackson defeat
the British after a truce was called?
Battle of New Orleans: (AHSGE) On January 8, 1815,
American forces, under General Jackson, decisively defeat the
British forces trying to capture New Orleans. The battle,
which takes place after the Treaty of Ghent has been signed, is
the most decisive American victory of the war.
Battle of New Orleans song
Next slide for lyrics
Well, in eighteen and fourteen we took a little trip
along with Colonel Jackson down the mighty Mississip.
We took a little bacon and we took a little beans,
And we caught the bloody British near the town of New Orleans.
We fired our guns and the British kept a'comin.
There wasn't nigh as many as there was a while ago.
We fired once more and they began to runnin'
down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico.
Well, I see'd Mars Jackson walkin down the street
talkin' to a pirate by the name of Jean Lafayette [pronounced La-feet]
He gave Jean a drink that he brung from Tennessee
and the pirate said he'd help us drive the British in the sea.
The French said Andrew, you'd better run,
for Packingham's a comin' with a bullet in his gun.
Old Hickory said he didn't give a dang,
We fired our guns and the British kept a'comin.
There wasn't nigh as many as there was a while ago.
We fired once more and they began to runnin'
down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico.
Well, we looked down the river and we see'd the British come,
and there must have been a hundred of 'em beatin' on the drum.
They stepped so high and they made their bugles ring
while we stood by our cotton bales and didn't say a thing.
Old Hickory said we could take 'em by surprise
if we didn't fire a musket til we looked 'em in the eyes.
We held our fire til we see'd their faces well,
then we opened up with squirrel guns and really gave a yell.
We fired our guns and the British kept a'comin.
There wasn't nigh as many as there was a while ago.
We fired once more and they began to runnin'
Well, we fired our cannon til the barrel melted down,
so we grabbed an alligator and we fought another round.
We filled his head with cannon balls and powdered his behind,
and when they tetched the powder off, the gator lost his mind.
We'll march back home but we'll never be content
till we make Old Hickory the people's President.
And every time we think about the bacon and the beans,
we'll think about the fun we had way down in New Orleans.
We fired our guns and the British kept a'comin,
But there wasn't nigh as many as there was a while ago.
We fired once more and they began to runnin'
down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico.
Well, they ran through the briars and they ran through the brambles
And they ran through the bushes where a rabbit couldn't go.
They ran so fast the hounds couldn't catch 'em
Consequences of the War (AHSGE): First major
war after the Revolution (Americans demonstrated
they could fight on even terms with major powers
and without turning into despotisms), produced
symbols of nationalism (“White House, Star
Spangled Banner”), and Andrew Jackson becomes a
national figure.
Growth of Nationalism (AHSGE): The War of
1812 sparked increased feelings of nationalism, in
part, due to the war with Britain, and, in part, due to
apparent weaknesses of our nation that needed to be
addressed at the national level: weak national
currency, poor transportation, and an infant economy
Example: tariff protection (AHSGE): The War of
1812 created protective tariffs to help protect domestic
industry from foreign competition, and the tax money
was used to help fund internal improvements.
See “- Economic nationalism during
the ‘Era of Good Feeling’ Economic
Issues”
John Marshall’s Supreme Court: Confident that
nobody would tell him not to, Marshall took clear and
firm steps to define the role and powers of both the
Supreme Court and the judiciary system. During his
time on the bench, Marshall succeeded in molding the
federal judicial system
SEE MARBURY V. MADISON
What famous Supreme Court ruling
established judicial review?
Marbury v. Madison: (AHSGE) establishment
of the U.S. Supreme Court right to determine
the constitutionality of congressional
enactments; judicial review
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
"It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial
department to say what the law is. Those who apply the rule to
particular cases, must of necessity expound and interpret that
rule. If two laws conflict with each other, the courts must decide
on the operation of each."
— Chief Justice John Marshall
Which Supreme Court case (under Marshall)
insured that the national government
controlled interstate commerce?
Gibbons v. Ogden (AHSGE): was a case in which the
Supreme Court of the United States held that the
power to regulate interstate navigation was reserved
to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the
Constitution.
Jacksonian Democracy
(AHSGE): Includes the
rise of the new Democratic
party, the increase in the
power of the presidency,
and the extension of voting
rights, and the spoils
system (or patronage
system).
Common Man Ideal (AHSGE): Jackson
represented this to the American people by
not presenting himself as an aristocrat (like
Adams) but rather as a frontiersman. He also
embraced democracy (“The majority is to
govern“) rather than being suspicious of it
the extension of voting rights (AHSGE):all
eligible white males, rather than just the
propertied class
What president gets credit for
establishing the spoils system?
Creation of the Spoil’s System (AHSGE): Starting
with Jackson, the removing officeholders of the
rival political party system and replacing them
with members of one's
own party. It was
argued that it would lead to increased public
participation in politics.
nullification crisis (AHSGE):The Nullification
Crisis was a sectional crisis during the presidency of
Andrew Jackson centered around the question of
whether a state can refuse to recognize or to enforce a
federal law passed by the United States Congress. It
was precipitated by the Tariff of 1828 (also called the
"Tariff of Abominations"). The issue incited a debate
over states’ rights that ultimately threatened violent
hostilities between South Carolina and the federal
government. When Jackson responded with the
threat of force and the rest of the South did not
support South Carolina, both sides came to a
compromise with the help of Henry Clay’s
Compromise Tariff or Tariff of 1833
Emergence of a distinct American culture
(AHSGE): In the early nineteenth century, a number
of American authors began to create literature
emphasizing native scenes and characters. During the
1830s and 1840s, the modern mass-circulation
newspaper emerged. Along with the modern
newspaper came magazines. From just 5 American
magazines in 1794, the number rose to nearly 100 in
1825 and 600 in 1850. By 1850, there were
magazines for almost every imaginable audience.
The next few slides are noted authors from this time period:
Noah Webster (AHSGE):In 1806 Webster published A
Compendious Dictionary of the English Language, the
first truly American dictionary. He believed in helping
create a distinctive American language with its own
idiom, pronunciation, and style.
Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) was a major
American poet, philosopher and center of the American
Transcendental movement. Emerson emphasized
individualism and rejected traditional authority. He
also believed that people should try to live a simple life
in harmony with nature and with others.
Henry David Thoreau (AHSGE):American writer,
poet, and transcendentalist, as recorded in his
masterwork, Walden (1854), and an advocate of civil
liberties, as evidenced in the essay “Civil
Disobedience” (1849).
Walt Whitman (AHSGE): American poet,
journalist and essayist, best known for LEAVES OF
GRASS (1855 and the poems 'I Sing the Body
Electric' and 'Song of Myself.'
Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) (AHSGE): American
poet, critic, short story writer, and author of such
macabre works as “The Fall of the House of Usher”
(1840);
Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864) (AHSGE):
American author wrote the Gothic Romance The
Scarlet Letter (1850)
Washington Irving, (1783-1859)(AHSGE) American
author, short story writer, essayist, poet, travel book
writer, biographer, and columnist, best known for the
short stories "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip
Van Winkle".
James Fenimore Cooper (AHSGE) (1789 - 1851),
American author, best known for his stories of frontier
life and pioneer adventure. His most popular work is
The Last of the Mohicans(1832)
Emily Dickinson (1830-1886) (AHSGE): ‘The Belle
of Amherst’, American poet, wrote hundreds of poems
including “Because I Could Not Stop for Death”,
“Heart, we will forget him!”, “I'm Nobody! Who are
You?”, and “Wild Nights! Wild Nights!”;
The information herein this slide show is from a collection of sources
including, but not limited to, Enduring Vision, third ed., Charles Boyer
(especially material from US HY I, tenth grade); America: Pathways to
the Present 2000 edition, Andrew Cayton; American Vision Volume 2,
2005 edition, Joyce Appleby. Particular web-sites used are listed in the
notes section. The questions are courtesy of Montevallo High School.