The Research Paper
Works Cited
Parenthetical Citations
& The Harvard Outline
Works Cited
• MLA format
(see correct citation guide handout)
• Center “Works Cited” at top of page
• List Sources in Alphabetical Order
• Indent source information
Works Cited
“Egypt.” Encyclopedia Britannica Online. March
1997. Encyclopedia Britannica. 30 September
2011. <http://www.search.eb.com/>.
Gorman, Elizabeth. Prairie Women. New Haven:
Yale University Press, 1986.
“Great Gatsby Study Guide.” studyguide.org. 5
January 2002. 30 September 2011.
<http://www.studyguide.org/gatsby_study_guide
.html>.
Parenthetical Citations
• In text citations that appear in your essay
• Used whenever a quote, fact, OR idea appears
in your essay that was not YOUR original
thought
• Should be a direct reference to what is listed
in your Works Cited Page
Citation Examples: Book Author
Works Cited:
Gorman, Elizabeth. Prairie Women. New
Haven: Yale University Press, 1986.
Parenthetical Citation:
(Gorman, 34)
Citation Examples:
Encyclopedia (Internet)
Works Cited
“Egypt.” Encyclopedia Britannica Online. March
1997. Encyclopedia Britannica. 30 September
2011. <http://www.search.eb.com/>.
Parenthetical Citation
(“Egypt”)
Citation Examples: Website
Works Cited
“Great Gatsby Study Guide.” studyguide.org. 5
January 2002. 30 September 2011.
<http://www.studyguide.org/gatsby_study_gu
ide.html>.
Parenthetical Citation
(“Great Gatsby...”)
Using Parenthetical Citations in Your Essay
Direct Quote:
As stated in the article, “four million people made
this great trek every year” (Gorman, 34).
Use of Idea:
In fact, it is known that four million people
crossed these plains every year (Gorman, 34).
Multiple Citations Per Paragraph
As stated in the article, “four million people made
this great trek every year” (Gorman, 34). In other
words, a vast number of people shared the same
experience as Ellie. Yet even with these
challenges, people of the plains were seen as
“tough, rough, and talented” (“Plains”). Some of
these talents even proved helpful beyond prairie
living.
Single Citation per Paragraph
(If all ideas / facts come from the same source)
Ellie experienced many changes in her life,
much like the four million other travelers who
crossed these plains. In fact, you can argue
that these peoples lives have never quite been
the same because of the experience. Much
impart due to the great migrations of 1828
(Gorman, 34).
The Harvard Outline
• Formal Research Paper Outline
• Forces you to have all aspects of the essay
prepared before writing
• Uses Parenthetical Citations in the Outline
• Shows gaps in research / support
How to Read a Harvard Outline
Three Main Sections
I. Introduction
II. Body
III. Conclusion
Introduction Format
I. Introduction
A. Background / Attention getting device
(examples: a pertinent quotation or statistic, a
relevant story or anecdote, etc.)
B. States the Issue
C. Thesis
D. Introduction of Arguments
1. 1st argument ( this will be II. A)
2. 2nd argument (this will be II. B)
3. 3rd argument (this will be II. C)
Introduction Example
I.
Intro Paragraph
A. Many religions practiced in the world
Christianity one of most popular (Gurr)
B. Would Christianity exist if Jesus had not been
crucified.
C. Christianity would exist.
D. It would exist because
1. Jesus Still Performed Miracles
2. Still had followers
3. Would still have died naturally, then rose again.
Format Body
II. Body of Presentation
A. First argument
1. Quote (or research evidence)
a. Explain (put the evidence in your own words)
b. Analysis (what does the evidence mean, how does it
support your argument)
2. Quote (or research evidence)
a. Explain (put the evidence in your own words)
b. Analysis (what does the evidence mean, how does it
support your argument)
3. Connect back to your thesis / transition to a new paragraph
Body Paragraph Example
II. Body Paragraph
A. Jesus still performed miracles
1. “Fill the water jars with water.” So they filled them up to the
very top. 8 Then he told them, “Now draw some out and
take it to the head steward,” and they did. 9 When had
been turned to wine, not knowing where it came from”
(New Oxford…).
a. Quote describes the wedding of Canna and
wine changing
b. First time he proved divine / miracle . Proof he was
holy…death not needed
2. Quote #2
a. Explain in your own words
b. Analyze why the quote is important to your argument
3. Clearly death not the only reason for the survival of Christianity. As well as
these miracles, followers also would have continued the faith