
White Protestants

Middle class and native born.

College Educated Professionals

Social workers

Scholars

Politicians

Preachers

Teachers

Writers

 Populists---rural
 Progressives---cities
 Populists were poor and uneducated
 Progressives were middle-class and educated.
 Populists were too radical
 Progressives stayed political mainstream.
 Populists failed
 Progressives succeeded

Jane
Addams
Social Reformers
SOCIAL GOSPEL
Pioneer in the field of social work who founded the settlement house movement through the establishment of Hull House in
Chicago, Illinois.
Margaret
Sanger
Educated urban poor about the benefits of family planning through birth control . She founded the organization that became Planned
Parenthood .

America's Cities American cities at the end of the 19th century
(A) were becoming less congested
(B) resisted any attempt to improve transportation issues
(C) were free of the corruption of political machines and boss politics
(D) witnessed the emergence of social reformers and movements intending to improve urban life for residents
(E) trailed their European counterparts in electricity usage New York City's Bowery, 1896
Answer:
(D) witnessed the emergence of social reformers and movements intending to improve urban life for residents
Explanation: The many problems of late 19th century urban life (traffic congestion, sanitation, overcrowding, political corruption of city bosses) inspired a variety of secular and religious individuals and organizations to provide aid and comfort to urban residents. Jane Addams founded Hull House in Chicago, a settlement house supporting the poor and immigrant population. Churches and religious organizations, including the YMCA, offered programs, meals, and housing to city residents.

Which American educational reformer associated with the progressive education movement wrote the following?
"The actual interests of the child must be discovered if the significance and worth of his life is to be taken into account and full development achieved. Each subject must fulfill present needs of growing children . . . The business of education is not, for the presumable usefulness of his future, to rob the child of the intrinsic joy of childhood involved in living each single day ."
A) Horace Mann B) Henry Adams
C) Charles Eliot D) John Dewey
E) Jane Addams
Educational Reform
Answer: D) John Dewey
Explanation: John Dewey influenced American education by insisting that school was not only as a place to gain content knowledge, but also a place to learn how to live. The purpose of education should not revolve around the acquisition of a pre-determined set of skills, but the ability to use those skills for the greater good. He insisted that every lesson should be focused directly on the child.

•Muckrakers were journalists and photographers who exposed the abuses of wealth and power.
•They felt it was their job to write and expose corruption in industry, cities and government.

Which of the following is not an example of the muckraking
Muckrakers journalism that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?
(A) Theodore Dreiser wrote
Sister Carrie, a depiction of the evils of urban life
(B) Nellie Bly went undercover in a mental hospital, depicting a cruel and unjust system
(C) Lincoln Steffens exposed city machines in The Shame of the Cities
(D) Jacob Riis described the life of the urban poor in How the Other Half Lives
(E) Ida Tarbell exposed
Standard Oil Trust abuses
Answer:
(A) Theodore Dreiser's Sister Carrie, a depiction of the evils of urban life
Explanation: Muckrakers were investigative journalists who sought to promote reform by exposing wrongs in a number of areas of American life.
Theodore Roosevelt wrote of the importance of muckrakers in 1906:
"There are, in the body politic, economic and social, many and grave evils, and there is urgent necessity for the sternest war upon them. There should be relentless exposure of and attack upon every evil man whether politician or business man, every evil practice, whether in politics, in business, or in social life. I hail as a benefactor every writer or speaker, every man who, on the platform, or in book, magazine, or newspaper, with merciless severity makes such attack, provided always that he in his turn remembers that the attack is of use only if it is absolutely truthful." Sister Carrie was a fictional account of a rural
Wisconsin girl who becomes exposed to the harsh realities of the city.

Muck raker
Thomas
Nast
Political
Cartoons
Political corruption by
NYC's political machine,
Tammany Hall, led by Boss Tweed.
Tweed was convicted of embezzlement and died in prison.
Jacob
Riis
John
Spargo
How the Other
Half Lives
(1890)
The Bitter Cry of the Children
Living conditions of the urban poor; focused on tenements.
Child labor in the factories and education for children.
NYC passed building codes to promote safety and health.
Ending child labor and increased enrollment in schooling.
Upton
Sinclair
The Jungle
(1906)
Investigated dangerous working conditions and unsanitary procedures in the meat-packing industry.
In 1906 the Meat
Inspection Act and
Pure Food and Drug
Act were passed

Muck raker
Work
Frank
Norris
The Octopus
(1901)
Subject
This fictional book exposed monopolistic railroad practices in
California.
Results
In Northern
Securities v.
U.S.
(1904), the holding company controlling railroads in the
Northwest was broken up.
Ida
Tarbell
"History of
Standard Oil
Company" in
McClure's
Magazine
(1904)
Exposed the ruthless tactics of the Standard Oil
Company through a series of articles published in
McClure's
Magazine .
In Standard Oil v. U.S. (1911), the company was declared a monopoly and broken up.

Urban Issues
Which of the following was not a problem of American cities in the last decades of the 19th century?
(A) corrupt city governments
(B) declining tax base as residents moved to rural areas
(C) lack of health support systems for the urban poor
(D) sewage system breakdowns
(E) overcrowded housing
Answer :
(B) declining tax base as residents moved to rural areas
Explanation: The urban centers of the U.S. grew at a rapid pace at the end of the 19th century as America moved from being a rural to an urban nation.
Problems, including corruption, overcrowding, the lack of adequate sewage systems, and the lack of adequate medical care for the urban poor, plagued the cities.

City Reforms
City
Commissioner
Plan
Cities hired experts in different fields to run a single aspect of city government. For example, the sanitation commissioner would be in charge of garbage and sewage removal.
*This could be an elected position
City Manager
Plan
A professional city manager is hired to run each department of the city and report directly to the city council.

Recall
Allows voters to petition to have an elected representative removed from office.
Initiative
Referendum
Secret Ballot
Direct Primary
Allows voters to petition state legislatures in order to consider a bill desired by citizens.
Allows voters to decide if a bill or proposed amendment should be passed.
Privacy at the ballot box ensures that citizens can cast votes without party bosses knowing how they voted.
Ensures that voters select candidates to run for office, rather than party bosses.


Given out only at the polls

Vote in secret

Printed at public expense

Lists names of all candidates and their parties

• Robert M. La Follette –
Wisconsin Idea
– Direct Primary
– Curbed Excess Lobbying
– Commissions in Public
Interest
– Backed Labor reform
Robert M. La Follette

Progressive Era Federal Legislation
National
Reclamation Act
(1902)
Roosevelt
Encouraged conservation by allowing the building of dams and irrigations systems using money from the sale of public lands.
Elkins Act
(1903)
Roosevelt
Pure Food and
Drug Act
(1906/1911)
Roosevelt
Outlawed the use of rebates by railroad officials or shippers.
Required that companies accurately label the ingredients contained in processed food items.
Meat Inspection
Act
(1906)
Roosevelt
In direct response to Upton
Sinclair's The Jungle , this law required that meat processing plants be inspected to ensure the use of good meat and health-minded procedures.

Progressive Era Federal Legislation
Hepburn Act
(1906)
Roosevelt
Strengthened the Interstate
Commerce Commission, allowing it to set maximum railroad rates.
Federal Reserve
Act
(1913)
Wilson
Clayton Antitrust
Act
(1914)
Wilson
Federal Trade Act
(1914)
Wilson
Created 12 district Federal Reserve Banks, each able to issue new currency and loan member banks funds at the prime interest rate, as established by the Federal Reserve
Board.
Strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act by outlawing the creation of a monopoly through any means, and stated that unions were not subject to antitrust legislation.
Established the Federal Trade Commission, charged with investigating unfair business practices including monopolistic activity and inaccurate product labeling.

Wilson’s New Freedom
Underwood
Tariff
1913
Wilson
Keating-
Owen
Act
1916
Wilson
Substantially reduced import fees and enacted a graduated income tax (under the approval of the recent 16 th Amendment
Enacted by U.S. Congress which sought to address the perceived evils of child labor by prohibiting the sale in interstate commerce of goods manufactured by children. Signed into law by President Wilson. Act declared unconstitutional by the US Supreme Court

“Graduated”

– Trust Busting
– Sherman Anti-trust
Act of 1890
– “1902, line against the misconduct not against the wealth”
– “Don’t with to destroy corp. Wish to serve the public good”

Square Deal
•TR believed in the
“capitalistic system” but believed that the system must be regulated by US
Govt.
•TR was for the betterment of the “ common man ” as opposed to benefit the elite.
•TR believed the U.S. Government was running the country and not the rich and corrupt industrialists….
•U.S. Government involvement with “regulatory agencies” ….
Similar to “checks and balances”

Roosevelt Corollary The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
(A) was used to settle the Russo-Japanese
War and earned Theodore Roosevelt the Nobel
Peace Prize
(B) was passed by both houses of
Congress
(C) in effect reversed the Monroe Doctrine
(D) asserted that the U.S. had the right to intervene militarily in Latin America to preserve order
(E) warned Europe that the U.S. desired a sphere of influence in China
President Theodore
Roosevelt in a 1906 political cartoon
Answer:
(D) asserted that the U.S. had the right to intervene militarily in Latin
America to preserve order
Explanation: The Roosevelt Corollary, presented in a speech to Congress in
1904, extended the Monroe Doctrine by asserting that if economic order was needed to be maintained in a Latin American nation, the U.S. would intervene.

•125,000 acres in reserve
•National Reclamation Act 1902
•25 water projects
•Founding of the National Park
System

•National Reclamation
Act gave birth to the
Newlands Irrigation
Project.
•Free land to
Homesteaders who wanted to farm
Lahontan Valley.
•Dairy farming, hay, beef and sugar beets
•Lake Lahontan and dam built in operation by 1914

Goodness gracious, I must have been dozing
•Federal Children’s
Bureau
•Creation of a Dept. of
Labor
•8 hr. workday
•Mann-Elkins Act
•Aligns with
Conservative
Republicans and splits with Roosevelt’s
Progressives.
•Dollar Diplomacy

•TR forms his own party called the Progressive “ Bull
Moose Party”……..

New Freedom
Goal:
• Favored an active role in economic and social affairs.
• Favored small businesses and the free functioning and unregulated and unmonopolized markets.
• Tackle the “triple wall of privilege ”: the tariff, the banks, and the trusts.
1. Similar to Roosevelt’s
New Nationalism.
New Nationalism
Goal:
• Continuation of his Square
Deal which were reforms to help the common man.
• Favored a more active govt role in economic and social affairs.
1. Good trusts vs. bad trusts
2. Direct election of senators
3. Tariff reduction
4. Presidential primaries
5. Regulation of monopolies
6. End child labor
7. Initiative and referendum
8. Women’s suffrage

Eugene V. Debs Emil Seigel for President for Vice-President

The issue is Socialism versus
Capitalism. I am for
Socialism because I am for humanity.

Year
1888
1890
1892
1894
1896
1898
1900
1902
1904
1906
1908
1910
1912
Growth of the Socialist Vote
Socialist
Party
96,931
223,494
408,230
331,043
424,488
607,674
Socialist
Labor Party
2,068
13,704
21,512
30,020
36,275
82,204
33,405
53,763
33,546
20,265
14,021
34,115
Total
2,068
13,704
21,512
30,020
36,274
82,204
130,336
277,257
441,776
351,308
438,509
641,789
901,873

Government ownership of railroads and utilities.
Guaranteed income tax.
No tariffs.
8-hour work day.
Better housing.
Government inspection of factories.
Women’s suffrage.

The Election of 1912
The conscience of the people, in a time of grave national problems, has called into being a new party, born of the nation’s sense of justice. We ... here dedicate ourselves to the fulfillment of the duty laid upon us by our fathers to maintain the government of the people, by the people and for the people whose foundations they laid.
We hold with Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln that the people are the masters of their
Constitution, to fulfill its purposes and to safeguard it from those who, by perversion of its intent, would convert it into an instrument of injustice. In accordance with the needs of each generation the people must use their sovereign powers to establish and maintain equal opportunity and industrial justice, to secure which this Government was founded and without which no republic can endure.
The above statements came from which party platform during the presidential race in
1912?
(A) Republican Party/William H. Taft
(B) Democratic Party/Woodrow Wilson
(C) Prohibition Party/Eugene W. Chafin
(D) Socialist Party/Eugene Debs
(E) Progressive or "Bull Moose" Party/Theodore Roosevelt
Answer: (E) Progressive or "Bull Moose" Party/Theodore Roosevelt
Explanation: Disappointed in the policies of his handpicked successor, William
H. Taft, Theodore Roosevelt launched a new Progressive Party. Finishing second in popular votes, Roosevelt's presence in the race helped Democrat Woodrow
Wilson win the election.

Wilson’s Slogan
• New Freedom : restore the free competition and equal opportunity but not through big government….
• Tackle the “ triple wall of privilege ”: the tariff, the banks, and the trusts.
• Wilson passes quite a bit of legislation which was similar to Roosevelt’s New Nationalism ….
• Federal Trade Commission
• 16th Amendment
Progressive
Movement ends in 1917 with US entrance into
WWI
• Underwood Tariff Bill
• Federal Reserve Act
Wilson’s time is devoted to the
WWI instead of the Progressive
Reforms.
• Clayton Anti-Trust Act
• Keating-Owen Act