Periodic Table of Elements
MEET THE
ELEMENTS
Pages 124-167
Ch.4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4 and 5.1
Dmitri Mendeleev
• He recognized patterns in
the element’s approximate
atomic masses and their
ability to bond with other
elements.
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Periodic Table
• Based on atomic masses
and their ability to bond with
other elements, Mendeleev
constructed the first periodic
Table.
The Atom
• Nucleus: The core of the atom
that contains two different
subatomic particles.
The Atom cont…
• Protons: Have a positive charge.
• The number of protons equals the
number of electrons.
The Atom cont…
• Neutrons: Have no
Charge.
The Atom cont…
• Electrons Negative
charge.
• .
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Atomic Numbers, Symbols and
• Atomic
Mass
number is
the smaller
number and
the number
of protons
in the
nucleus.
47
Ag
Element
Symbol
Element
Name
Silver
107.868
Atomic mass is all the protons
and neutrons added together.
How to calculate # of neutrons
• Atomic mass - Atomic number = # of neutrons
This element is
Nitrogen. Its
mass is 14. So
atomic # of 7,
minus atomic
Count the number mass of 14,
of protons. What equals 7
neutrons.
element is it?
How to Calculate Number of
Electrons
• The number of electrons equal the
number of protons.
7
electrons
7
protons
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Please select a Team.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Team 1
Team 2
Team 3
Team 4
Team 5
Team 6
Team 7
Team 8
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0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
How many neutrons does Mn
(Manganese) have?
30
1.
2.
3.
4.
25
55
7
30
0%
0%
0%
2
3
0%
0
1
4
How many Neutrons does K
(Potassium) have?
1.
2.
3.
4.
19
20
39
11
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0 of 30
1
0%
0%
2
3
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4
10
30
How many Protons does Hg
Have?
1. 80
2. 200
3. 120
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0%
0%
0
1
2
3
30
How many Electrons does Hg
Have?
1. 80
2. 200
3. 120
0%
0%
0%
0
1
2
3
Team Scores
2
Team 4
2
1.75
1.5
1.5
Team 7
Team 2
Team 6
Team 8
1.4
1.25
0.5
Team 1
Team 3
Team 5
Isotopes
• When atoms of the same
element have a different
number of neutrons
Valence Electrons
• The electrons on
the outermost ring
or energy level
that can be
shared or
transferred with
other atoms to
make compounds.
Valence Electrons and
Bonding (ch. 5.1 pgs. 176-182)
The number of valence electrons
in an atom of an element
determines many properties of
that element, including the ways
in which the atom can bond with
other atoms.
When an atom has a different # of
neutrons it’s called a…
1.
2.
3.
4.
Ion
Isotope
Proton
Element
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2
3
0%
0 of 30
1
4
30
What subatomic particle influences
an elements ability to bond?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Protons
Neutrons
Valence Electrons
Nucleus
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0%
0%
2
3
0%
0
1
4
Take out a piece of
paper, stand up
and stretch
WARM-UP
• What electrons influence an element’s
ability to bond with other elements to
make compounds?
• What information does the periodic table
tell us?
• What is an Isotope?
• Calculate the number of neutrons in the
following elements: Gold (Au), Mercury
(Hg), Potassium (K) and Cobalt (Co).
Groups –Families
Periods- elements in a
elements period are not alike,
in a
but gradually change as
group
you move from left to
have veryright.
similar characteristics
i.e. bonding, reactivity,
valence electrons
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METALS
•Almost 75% of
all elements are
classified as
metals.
Properties of Metals
• Conductors: Metals are
good at conducting
electricity.
• Malleable: Ability to
bend or pound into
shapes.
Properties of
Metals
•Ductile: Pull or
stretch into wire.
•Many are shiny,
hard and magnetic.
Please select a Team.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Team 1
Team 2
Team 3
Team 4
Team 5
Team 6
Team 7
Team 8
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0%
0%
0%
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
What are the horizontal rows called
on the periodic table?
1. Periods
2. Groups/families
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of
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2
What is a characteristic of metals?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Gas
Stable
Good conductor
Brittle
30
0
0%
0
1
0%
2
0%
3
0%
4
Metals are malleable, which
means…
1. Pound or mold
into shape
2. Brittle
3. Stretch into wire
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of
30
0%
1
0%
2
0%
3
What do all elements in a
group/family have in common?
1. Same # of Valence
electrons
2. Same # of protons
3. Same # of
rings/shells/energy
levels
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of
30
0%
1
0%
2
0%
3
What do all elements in a PERIOD
have in common?
1. Same # of Valence
electrons
2. Same # of protons
3. Same # of
rings/shells/energy
levels
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of
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1
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2
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Participant Scores
5
Participant 11
5
Participant 1
5
5
5
5
Participant 8
Participant 13
Participant 10
Participant 18
5
5
5
5
Participant 2
Participant 25
Participant 17
Participant 26
5
5
5
Participant 21
Participant 5
Participant 23
4
4
4
Participant 14
Participant 4
Participant 19
5
5
Participant 28
Participant 16
4
4
Participant 27
Participant 24
Team Scores
5
Team 7
4.75
4.5
4.5
4.25
Team 6
Team 3
Team 5
Team 1
4
3.25
2.6
Team 4
Team 2
Team 8
Alloys
•Metals can easily
combine into
different mixtures
of elements.
Examples of alloys
• Steel: Fe+C+Cr+V
• Bronze: Sn+Cu
• Brass: Cu+Zn
• White Gold: Ag+Au+Zn+Cu
• Yellow gold: Au+Cu+Ni+Zn
ALKALI METALS-Group 1
•So reactive that they
are never found
isolated in nature,
only combined with
other elements.
ALKALI METALS-Group 1
Characteristics Properties:
• Soft
• Shiny
• One valance: electron makes them
very reactive.
Write down the following:
Reactivity of Hydrogen demo
• Purpose: To isolate and observe the
reactivity of an alkali element: H
(hydrogen).
• Materials: 250mL flask, mossy zinc,
hydrochloric acid, balloon, string,
funnel, meter stick, and matches.
• Place enough zinc into the flask to cover the
bottom.
• Place the funnel on the mouth of the flask.
• Pour enough HCL into the flask to cover the
zinc (about 2cm high)
• Quickly, but carefully remove the funnel and
place the balloon over the mouth of the flask.
• Let the gas fill the balloon.
• Tie the string around the balloon and remove
the balloon from the flask.
• Tie the balloon to a safe place.
• Attach a match to the end of a meter stick and
light the balloon with the lit match.
30
The Hydrogen reacted so violently
because it has…
1. 3 protons
2. 1 neutron
3. 2 valence
electrons
4. 1 valence electron
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0%
0%
2
3
0%
0
1
4
What family is Hydrogen in?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Alkali
Alkaline Earth
Transition
Halogens
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0%
0%
2
3
0%
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1
4
The reaction was:
Zn + HCl  ZnCl + H2
What is the correctly balanced equation?
30
1.
2.
3.
4.
Zn + H2Cl  ZnCl + H2
2Zn + 2HCl  2ZnCl + H2
Zn + HCl  ZnCl + H2
2Zn + 3HCl  2ZnCl + H2
0%
0%
0%
2
3
0%
0
1
4
The reaction was:
H2 + O2  H2O
What is the correctly balanced equation?
30
1. H2 + O2  H2O
2. H2 + O2  H2O2
3. 2H2 + O2  2H2O
0%
0%
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1
2
3
Alkaline Earth Metals
• Group 2 metals.
• Very reactive, not as
reactive as alkali metals due
to having one more valence
electron.
• Ca: important for bones.
TRANSITION METALS
• All are good conductors of
electricity.
• Fairly stable.
• Fe : Iron is important for
carrying oxygen in your
blood.
Lanthinides and Actinides
• AKA Rare Earth Elements.
• Placed at the bottom of the
table for convenience.
• They are in Periods 6 and 7.
Metalloids
Have some properties of both
metals and nonmetals.
They are located on the
zigzag line between the
metals and the nonmetals.
Physical Properties:
•Can be good at conducting electricity, therefore
some are used as computer chips such as Si
and Ge.
•Non metals lack properties of
metals.
•They are on the right side of the
periodic table.
Fe
Non-metals
O
Fe2O3 = Iron Oxide = Rust
•Non metals usually react with metals to make
compounds.
•In general, metals give up electrons to nonmetals.
Properties of Metals cont…
• Reactivity: Ability to react
and combine with other
elements. Some are more
reactive than others.
Sodium (Na) and potassium
(K) are some of the most
reactive metals.
Please select a Team.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Team 1
Team 2
Team 3
Team 4
Team 5
Team 6
Team 7
Team 8
12%
1
12%
2
12%
12%
12%
12%
3
4
5
6
12%
12%
7
8
What group of elements do the
metals commonly bond with?
1. Non-metals
2. Rare earth
3. Alkali
0
of
30
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1
0%
2
0%
3
What are the group 17 elements
called?
30
1.
2.
3.
4.
Alkaline Earth
Rare Earth
Halogen
Transition Metals
0
0%
1
0%
2
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3
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4
30
Which elements are placed at the
bottom of the table for
convenience?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Alkaline Earth
Rare Earth
Halogens
Transition
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2
3
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30
What is the Group/Family name
of the elements in BLUE?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Alkali
Alkaline Earth
Transition
Metalloids
Halogen
Noble Gas
Rare Earth
14%
14%
14%
14%
3
4
14%
14%
14%
0
1
2
5
6
7
What is the Group/Family name
of the elements in RED?
30
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Alkali
Alkaline Earth
Transition
Metalloids
Halogen
Noble Gas
Rare Earth
14%
14%
14%
14%
3
4
14%
14%
14%
0
1
2
5
6
7
What is the Group/Family name
of the elements in GREEN?
30
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Alkali
Alkaline Earth
Transition
Metalloids
Halogen
Noble Gas
Rare Earth
14%
14%
14%
14%
3
4
14%
14%
14%
0
1
2
5
6
7
Participant Scores
0
Participant 1
0
0
0
0
Participant 2
Participant 3
Participant 4
Participant 5
Team Scores
0
Team 1
0
0
0
0
Team 2
Team 3
Team 4
Team 5
Write thisPredicting
Reactions
• Elements become more stable as they
gain more valence electrons.
• As a result, atoms will gain, lose or share
electrons to form compounds so that they
have 8 valence electrons or a full shell.
• This is called the Octet Rule. However
there are many exceptions, but this is an
easy way to predict common reactions.
Atoms are “happy” when they have either
only 2 valence electrons (He and H) or 8
electrons.
Families of Non-metals
• Carbon Family is
group 14 and is the
only non-metal in
that group and is
found in all living
things.
Carbon
needs 4e
Oxygen
needs 2e
2 O on 1
C
makes…
CO2
Families of Non-metals
Nitrogen Family is
group 15 and
Nitrogen makes up
78% of the earth’s
atmosphere.
Nitrogen
needs 3e
Hydrogen
can give
1e
3 H on 1
N
makes…
NH3
Families of Non-metals
Oxygen family is
group 16 and
oxygen makes up
approximately 20%
of the earth’s
atmosphere.
Oxygen
needs 2e
Magnesium
can give 2e
1 Mg on
1O
makes…
MgO
Write this Families of Nonmetals
• The Halogen family is
group 17. Each element
has 7 valence electrons,
therefore it commonly
takes one electron away
from group one metals to
make compounds.
Chlorine
needs 1e
Potassium
can give
1e
1 K on 1
Cl
makes…
KCl
Write this Families of Nonmetals
• The Noble Gases are
group 18. They have 8
valence electrons,
therefore they are very
stable and nonreactive.
Hydrogen
• Not a part of
group 1.
• Generally
found as H2
•It doesn’t fit into any other family
because it is so different from all other
elements.
30
Group 17 has 7 valence electrons
and are called the
1. Alkali metals
2. Alkaline Earth
Metals
3. Halogens
4. Noble Gases
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3
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30
Group 18 has 8 valence electrons
and are called
1. Alkali metals
2. Alkaline Earth
Metals
3. Halogens
4. Noble Gases
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30
What element would Na (Sodium)
bond with?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Br
K
W
Al
0%
0%
0%
2
3
0%
0
1
4
What element would Mg
(Magnesium) bond with?
30
1.
2.
3.
4.
Au
Na
Se
Kr
0%
0%
0%
2
3
0%
0
1
4
How many Hydrogen atoms would
bond to one N (Nitrogen)?
1.
2.
3.
4.
6
2
8
3
0%
1
0%
0%
2
3
0%
4
The Sun and Nuclear Fusion
• How does the sun produce energy?
• During nuclear fusion, two atomic nuclei
collide and fuse.
Chemical compositions of
Stars:
Each element absorbs
different wavelengths of
light and shows up as lines
on a spectrum.
Temperature: Stars
at different
temperatures
produce different
line spectra.
Star Spectrums
• Astronomers can use line spectrums to
identify the chemical elements in a star.
Each element produces a characteristic
pattern of spectral lines.
The Hertzsprung-Russell
Diagram
• Astronomers use H-R diagrams to
classify stars and to understand how
stars change over time.
The Earth’s Seasons
• Equinox: Two days of the year half
way between the solstice, the earth’s
axis is neither pointed away or
toward the sun. The daylight hours
are equal to the nighttime hours.
• Vernal Equinox: or Spring equinox is
on March 21st
• Autumnal Equinox: is September
23rd.