Unit 12.1 Notes (Ch. 28 & 29)
The 60s
(Indicators USHC 7.5, 7.6, 8.1 & 8.2)
U.S. History & The Constitution
Today’s Lesson Standard / Indicator
Standard USHC-7: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the
impact of World War II on the United States & the nation’s subsequent role in
the world.
USHC-7.5: Analyze the impact of the Cold War on national security &
individual freedom, including the containment policy & the role of military
alliances, the effects of the “Red Scare” & McCarthyism, the conflicts in Korea
& the Middle East, the Iron Curtain & the Berlin Wall, the Cuban missile crisis,
& the nuclear arms race.
28.1: Kennedy and the Cold War
- 1959: Fidel Castro overthrew the
American-backed dictator in Cuba
& soon accepted Soviet aid.
- 1961: CIA trained Cuban exiles
invaded Cuba at the Bay of Pigs;
hoped to initiate a popular uprising
against Castro.
- The plan failed; US prestige
suffered.
28.1: Kennedy and the Cold War
- 1961: Soviets started building a wall to separate East & West Berlin & keep
East Berliners from fleeing to the west.
- The Berlin Wall became a symbol of the Cold War.
28.1: Kennedy and the Cold War
- Fall 1963: U-2 spy planes photographed missiles sites being built in Cuba.
- Pres. Kennedy placed a naval blockade around Cuba to prevent the Soviets
from arming the sites.
- After 13 days of tension = agreement ended the Cuban Missile Crisis &
averted nuclear confrontation.
28.1: Kennedy and the Cold War
28.2: The New Frontier
- John F. Kennedy: Democratic presidential nomination acceptance (1960),
announced his vision for American progress (“New Frontier”).
- Called on Americans to be “new pioneers” & “explore” the uncharted areas
of science & space,… unconquered pockets of ignorance & prejudice,
unanswered questions of poverty & surplus.”
- Pres. Kennedy expressed a New Frontier,
but wasn’t able to get legislation passed to
put it into action.
- Due to the Southern Democrats in
Congress & to his own lack of political
experience.
- Kennedy introduced the civil rights bill that
Johnson was able to push through Congress.
28.2: The New Frontier
- JFK pledged to land a man on the moon (1961), which finally came about during
the Nixon administration (1969).
Apollo 11
July 20, 1969
28.2: The New Frontier
- Kennedy was more successful in foreign policy.
- He started the Peace Corps = addressed the problems of 3rd world countries
& win the hearts of citizens there.
28.2: The New Frontier
- Despite the Bay of Pigs fiasco & building of the Berlin Wall, JFK was able to
prevent disaster during the Cuban Missile Crisis.
- Was seen as a successful Cold Warrior.
-Cuban Missile crisis prompted JFK to call for a treaty banning atmospheric
nuclear tests.
- Kennedy increased U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, but was not fully
committed when he was assassinated (Nov 1963).
28.3: The Great Society
- Lyndon B. Johnson became president following Kennedy’s assassination.
- He used his political expertise with the Democratic Congress & Kennedy’s
memory to push civil rights legislation such as the:
- Civil Rights Act of 1964:
- Voting Rights Act of 1965:
- Fair Housing Act of 1968:
- Affirmative action plan in awarding
government contracts:
28.3: The Great Society
- Johnson’s vision of a “Great Society” led to the establishment of:
- Medicare & Medicaid
- The War on Poverty
- Education legislation including Head Start & the National Endowment
for the Arts & Humanities.
- Some of the programs had limited success, but they established important
services & extended government commitment to social welfare that had
started with the New Deal.
28.3: The Great Society
- Johnson had less success in foreign policy.
- LBJ tried to prevent losing Vietnam to communism by extending military
commitments based on the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
- He attempted to fund both
“guns & butter”.
- Led to inflation & the inability to
fully fund domestic initiatives.
- Johnson lost the confidence
of the American public & left
office under the shadow of
Vietnam.
Daily “Bell Ringer” Warm Up
4th Nine Weeks
Bell Ringer #1 (8 & 9 Apr)
1.) When the Soviet Union attempted to install nuclear weapons in Cuba,
President Kennedy ordered
a.) a naval quarantine of that island.
b.) surgical air strikes on the missile sites.
c.) the invasion of Cuba at the Bay of Pigs.
d.) resumption of atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons.
CORRECT ANSWER: A
Ch. 29 – Civil Rights
(All Sections)
Today’s Lesson Standard / Indicator
Standard USHC-8: The student will demonstrate an understanding of social,
economic & political issues in contemporary America.
USHC-8.1: Analyze the African American Civil Rights Movement, including
initial strategies, landmark court cases & legislation, the roles of key civil
rights advocates & the media, & the influence of the Civil Rights Movement
on other groups seeking equality.
Impact of World War II (WWII) on Civil Rights
- Experiences of Af. Americans during World War II helped stimulate the
modern civil rights movement.
- Af. Americans demanded more equitable treatment in war industries. As a
result, Pres. Roosevelt established the Fair Employment Practices
Commission (FEPC).
- At war’s end, Af. Americans lost jobs to returning white soldiers.
Impact of World War II (WWII) on Civil Rights
- Af. Americans served in segregated
units & experienced Jim Crow as they
trained on military bases in the South.
- Some returning Af. American veterans
were lynched.
- This motivated Pres. Truman to
establish a civil rights commission, to
support an anti-lynching law &
desegregate the military by executive
order (1948).
- Cold War required a strong united
military force.
Impact of World War II (WWII) on Civil Rights
- The containment policy required that the U.S. gain the support of emerging
nations in Asia & Africa.
- Strategies used by Af. Americans such as W.E.B. DuBois & Ralph Bunche
on the international stage created by the Cold War forced the military to live
up to its constitutional promises.
- Jim Crow was counterproductive for the U.S.
Failed promises of the Reconstruction Era
- 13th Amendment
- 14th Amendment
- 15th Amendment
- Jim Crow Laws: State & local laws in the U.S enacted between 1876 & 1965.
- Mandated de jure racial segregation in all public facilities, with a
supposedly "separate but equal" status for black Americans
- How did each of these four promises of the Reconstruction Era fail to help in
the Civil Rights movement?
Two types of Segregation
- De jure: racial segregation required by law (i.e. Plessy v. Ferguson).
- De facto: as a matter of fact (i.e. neighborhoods housing patterns).
- Do you understand why these failed promises fueled the Civil Rights
movement of the post-WWII period & the 1960’s?
Strategies Used During the Civil Rights Movement
NON-VIOLENCE
- The main strategy used was _________________________.
Strategies Used During the Civil Rights Movement Cont.
Orangeburg Sit-In/Boycott of the “Kress 5&10”
Protester outside the Kress 5&10
Kress 5&10 store removed stools to prevent
students from integrating the lunch counter
with a sit-in, 1960. Orangeburg, SC.
Sites were specifically selected to show the nation & the world the face of racism.
Strategies Used During the Civil Rights Movement Cont.
- Montgomery Bus Boycott (pg. 910):
- Political & social protest campaign: started in 1955 in Montgomery, AL =
intended to oppose the city's racial segregation policies on its public transit
(bus) system.
- Significant involved Civil Rights leaders included Martin Luther King, Jr.
- Began Dec 1, 1955; Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to surrender her
seat to a white person.
- Boycott caused a crippling financial deficit for Montgomery’s public transit
system because the city's black population were the bulk of the system's
ridership.
- Dec 20, 1956: federal ruling took effect, & led to a U.S. Supreme Court
decision that declared the Alabama & Montgomery laws requiring
segregated buses to be unconstitutional.
Strategies Used During the Civil Rights Movement Cont.
-Sit-ins (pg. 912):
- Form of direct action; involved person(s) nonviolently occupying an area for
a protest, often to promote political, social, or economic change.
- Freedom Rides (& Riders) (pg. 916):
- Challenge the status quo by riding various forms of public transportation in
the South to challenge local segregationist laws or customs.
- Violent reactions to the freedom rides bolstered credibility of the American
Civil Rights Movement & called national attention to the violent disregard for
the law that was used to enforce segregation in the southern U.S.
- Riders were arrested for trespassing,
unlawful assembly, & violating state &
local Jim Crow laws, along with other
alleged offenses.
Strategies Used During the Civil Rights Movement Cont.
Birmingham Campaign (pg. 918):
- Strategic movement; organized by the Southern Christian Leadership
Conference (SCLC) = brought attention to the unequal treatment black
Americans endured in Birmingham, AL.
- Spring 1963 Campaign: publicized confrontations between black youth &
white civic authorities; eventually pressured the city government to change its
discrimination laws.
- Led by MLK Jr., used nonviolent
direct action tactics to defy laws
they considered unfair.
Strategies Used During the Civil Rights Movement Cont.
March on Washington (pg. 920):
- March on Washington for Jobs & Freedom: large political rally that took
place in Washington, D.C. on August 28, 1963.
- MLK, Jr. delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech = advocating racial
harmony at the Lincoln Memorial during the march.
- Est. number of participants varied from
200,000 - 300,000.
- Est. 80% of marchers were Af. American
& the rest were white & other ethnic groups.
- Widely credited as helping to pass the
Civil Rights Act (1964) & the National
Voting Rights Act (1965).
Strategies Used During the Civil Rights Movement Cont.
Freedom Summer (pg. 921):
- aka: Mississippi Summer Project: campaign launched in June 1964 to
register as many Af. American voters as possible in Mississippi = up to that
time had almost totally excluded black voters.
Selma March (pg. 922):
- Selma to Montgomery marches - 3 marches in 1965; marked the political &
emotional peak of the movement.
- A culmination of the voting rights movement in Selma, Alabama; brought
many prominent Civil Rights leaders (including MLK)
- 1st march took place March 7, 1965: “Bloody Sunday” = 600 marchers were
attacked by state & local police.
- 2nd march: March 9. Only the 3rd march, began March 21st - lasted 5 days,
made it to Montgomery, 54 miles (87 km) away.
- The media’s role, especially television, helped link the Civil Rights Movement
to the popular culture of the post WWII era.
Daily “Bell Ringer” Warm Up
4th Nine Weeks
Bell Ringer #2 (10 & 11 Apr)
2.) Dr. Martin Luther King’s philosophy regarding the civil rights movement
can best be described as
a.) merely political because he advocated no action other than to encourage
blacks to vote for pro-civil rights advocates.
b.) a militant movement that called for Af. Americans to resist unjust laws by
any & all means.
c.) secular & innovative because he rejected religion & ignored attempts by
past leaders to bring about social justice.
d.) civil disobedience meant to win public support of the cause of civil rights.
CORRECT ANSWER: D
Today’s Lesson Standard / Indicator
Standard USHC-8: The student will demonstrate an understanding of social,
economic & political issues in contemporary America.
USHC-8.1: Analyze the African American Civil Rights Movement, including
initial strategies, landmark court cases & legislation, the roles of key civil
rights advocates & the media, & the influence of the Civil Rights Movement
on other groups seeking equality.
USHC-8.2: Compare the social and economic policies of presidents Lyndon
Johnson & Richard Nixon, including support for civil rights legislation,
programs for the elderly & the poor, environmental protection, & the impact of
these policies on politics.
Different Approaches to Civil Rights Leadership
- South – philosophy of peaceful, nonviolent protest (on the protesters behalf).
Freedom march by
Claflin & South Carolina State College students (1956)
Protester outside the Kress 5&10
Different Approches to Civil Rights Leadership
A sit-in at the Woolworth's department store
in Columbia, SC, in March of 1960.
Two protesters picket outside the
Richland Mall on Aug. 28, 1962.
Different Approaches to Civil Rights Leadership
- North (urban areas) – televised reports of an urban riots & the radical speech
of the black power movement alienated the general public & undermined
support for further government action to help African Americans.
- There were positive outcomes. Black Panthers supported strong African
American communities & ethnic pride.
Different Approaches to Civil Rights Leadership
- Malcom X (Little) – studied the teachings of Elijah Muhammad, the Head of
the Nation of Islam (Black Muslims).
- Malcom X used Elijah M’s. views to teach that whites were the cause of the
black condition & that blacks should be separate from white society
Presidential Support of Civil Rights
- Harry Truman’s advocacy of civil rights in 1948 led to the emergence of the
Dixiecrats.
- Democrat support of civil rights legislation & Nixon’s Southern Strategy
turned a formerly solid Democratic south into a Republican stronghold.
Presidential Support of Civil Rights
- Non-violent direct action campaign of the Civil Rights Movement was successful
in getting presidential support & the support of the majority of the voting public
into the early 1960s.
- Pres. Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, & Nixon were advocates of the
Civil Rights Movement.
- The movement affected specific pieces of legislation that were passed & how
each president addressed discrimination.
Key Civil Rights Terms & Legislation
1. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS (1954)
2. Civil Rights Act of 1964
3. Voting Rights Act of 1965
4. Affirmative Action
5. Civil Rights Act of 1968 (Fair Housing Act of 1968)
6. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
7. Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
8. Thurgood Marshall
Impact of the Civil Rights Movement
1.) Women – worked to gain support of the government & the public to
obtain women’s rights.
- The Feminine Mystique:
- The Feminine Mystique, published 25 Feb 1963: written by Betty Friedan.
- Brought to light the lack of fulfillment in many women's lives, which was
generally kept hidden.
- According to The New York Times
obituary of Friedan in 2006, it
“ignited the contemporary women's
movement in 1963 & as a result
permanently transformed the social
fabric of the U.S. & countries around
the world” & “is widely regarded as
one of the most influential nonfiction
books of the 20th century”.
Impact of the Civil Rights Movement
- Civil Rights Act of 1964:
- This act gave the “equal protection of the laws” clause of the 14th
Amendment greater influence.
- Segregation in public facilities became illegal.
- schools, workplaces, & facilities that served the general
public ("public accommodations").
- Discrimination in business & labor unions became illegal.
-Roe v. Wade (1973):
- Landmark Supreme Court case
decided by the on the issue of abortion,
is one of the most controversial &
politically significant cases in U.S.
Supreme Court history.
- Ruling: Abortions legal for the first 3
months (1st trimester).
Federal Civil Rights Laws
The Civil Rights Act (1964)
- This act gave the “equal protection of the laws” clause of the 14th
Amendment greater influence.
- Segregation in public facilities became illegal.
- Discrimination in business & labor unions became illegal.
Voting Rights Act of 1965
- It gave the federal government the power to ensure that voting was
fair & free of discrimination.
- The act also abolished mandatory literacy tests & other efforts to
prevent blacks from voting.
- The Voting Rights Act had a tremendous effect in S.C. as federal
marshals monitored the registration of blacks in several counties.
- In 1958, there were 58,000 registered black voters in the state, & in
1970 there were 220,000.
Impact of the Civil Rights Movement
2.) Latinos & Native Americans – used similar goals, strategies, & government
responses to obtain their civil rights. However, their movements tended to be
more militant.
1969: Native Americans temporarily took
over Alcatraz, Island.
Impact of the Civil Rights Movement
3. Rights of the Accused: The Supreme Court ruled in land mark cases that
protected individuals from self incrimination & upheld the right of the accused
to an attorney.
a. Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): landmark case in Supreme Court history.
- The Supreme Court unanimously ruled that state courts are required under
the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution to provide counsel in criminal
cases for defendants who are unable to afford their own attorneys.
b. Miranda v. Arizona (1966): landmark 5-4 Supreme Court.
- The Court held that statements made in response to interrogation by a
defendant in police custody will be admissible at trial only if the prosecution
can show that the defendant was informed of the right to consult with an
attorney before & during questioning & of the right against self-incrimination
prior to questioning by police, & that the defendant not only understood
these rights, but voluntarily waived them.