Growth of a New
Nation
Mrs. Tucker
US History
Victor Valley High School
Main Points
•
Nullification/John Calhoun
•
Grange
•
Transcontinental Railroad
•
Dawes Act
•
Bleeding Kansas
•
Kansas-Nebraska Act
•
Missouri Compromise
•
Interstate Commerce Act
•
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
•
Manifest Destiny
•
Gold in California – 49ers
•
Morman Movement
•
Us Espansion
•
Pap Singleton
•
Mexican American War/Gadsden Purchase
•
William Jennings Bryan – increasing silver
•
Andrew Jackson
•
Populist?
•
Republic of Texas – Alamo
•
Second Great Awakening
•
Buffalo Soldiers
•
Indian Removal/Reservations
•
Indian Removal Act
The Growth of a Young
Nation
• Jeffersonian Era
• Jeffersonian
Republicans
• People should control
government
• Small Government
• Eliminating internal
taxes
• Reducing influence of
Bank of US
Marbury vs. Madison
• John Marshall – Supreme
Court
• John Adams tried to
influence future judicial
decisions by filling
federal judgeships with
Federalists
• Signed documents
authorizing appointment
weren’t delivered;
• Jefferson argued that
these appointments
were invalid – ordered
Madison, his Secretary
of State not to deliver
them
• Federalist Chief Justice
John Marshall declared
that part of Congress’s
Judiciary Act of 1789 –
that would foce Madison
to hand over papers was
unconstitutional.
• Established principle of
Judicial Review
Marbury vs. Madison
Jefferson
• Louisiana Purchase
• In 1803 Napoleon
Boneparte abandoned
his ideas of an
American empire and
sold the Louisiana
Territory to the US for
$15 million.
• This purchase more
than doubled the size
of the United States
James Madison - War of
1812
• Causes of the War
• Impressment (Drafting)
American soldiers to the
British Navy;
• British officials in Canada
were supplying arms to
Native Americans in battle
against American settlers;
• War Hawks – young
congressmen from South
and West demanded war;
• Americans – lack of funding
and popular support – few
volunteers and unprepared
for war;
• Britain preoccupied with
fighting Napoleon in Europe
– However burned capital
Washington, DC in 1814;
• Impressive American
Victory at New Orleans –
Andrew Jackson – hero;
• Peace treaty was already
signed BEFORE the battle
James and Dolly Madison
Consequences of the
War
• End of the Federalist
Party who opposed
the war;
• Encouraged growth of
American industries to
manufacture products
not available from
Britain because of the
war;
• Confirmed stat of the
US as a free and
independent nation;
Nationalism Shapes
Foreign Policy
• James Monroe –
elected 1816
• Secretary of State,
John Quincy Adams –
established foreign
policy based on
• Nationalism – belief
that national interests
should be placed ahead
of regional concerns
such as slavery in the
south or tariffs in the
Northeast;
James Monroe and John Quincy Adams
James Monroe and John Quincy Adams
• Territory and Boundaries
• EXPANSION – high on
John Quincy Adams
priority;
• Convention of 1818 –
fixed US border at 49th
parallel from Michigan
west to Rocky
Mountains;
• Compromise with Britain
to jointly occupy Oregon
Territory for 10 years;
• Convinced Don Luis de
Onis – Spanish minister to
US to transfer Florida to
the US;
• Adams-Onis Treaty – 1819
established a western
boundary for US along
Sabine River from Gulf of
Mexico to Arkansas River
and North to 42nd parallel
and West to the Pacific
Ocean;
Monroe Doctrine
• When Napoleon was
defeated in 1815, Portugal
and Spain wanted to
reclaim their former
colonies in Latin America;
• Russia, who had been in
Alaska since 1784 were
establishing trading posts
in California and claimed
Alaska’s southern
boundary was 51st parallel
– just North of Vancouver
Island;
• With European nations
trying to claim areas the
US wanted, in 1823, in his
message to Congress,
Monroe warned all
European power not to
interfere with affairs in
the Western Hemisphere.
Monroe Doctrine
Monroe Doctrine
• They should not
attempt to create new
colonies or try to
overthrow the newly
independent republics
in the hemisphere. The
United States would
consider such action
“dangerous to our
peace and safety.”
• These principles beame
known as the Monroe
Doctrine.
• Foundation for future
American policy and
important step for the
new nation;
List an event from each of the following
Presidents and its Significance
• Thomas Jefferson
• Read pages 110 117
• Event
• Significance
• Answer Questions:
• James Madison
• Event
• Significance
• James Monroe
• Event
• Significance
• John Quincy Adams
• Event
• Significance
• 1 – Vocabulary
• 2 – Taking Notes – left;
• 3 - Evaluating Leadership
• 4 - Evaluate War of 1812
• 5 – Drawing Conclusion;
Age of Jackson
Regional Economies
Create Differences
• Northeast –
industrializes
• Industrial Revolution –
takes off in Great
Britain
• Manufacturing
• Mechanized textile –
mills;
• Cotton Gin –
production from 1
pound to 50 pounds;
• South – Agricultural
• Cotton Gin increases
cotton production
• Expansion of slavery
• Between 1790 – 1820
enslaved population
increased from less
than 700,000 to over
1.5 million;
National and
Sectionalism
• Henry Clay’s American
System
• North, South, and West
developed differently
• President Madison
introduced plan toward
economic independence
from Britain;
• In 1815 he presented his
plan to Congress –
• Establishing a protective
tariff;
• Rechartering the
national bank;
• Sponsoring the
development of
transportation systems
and other internal
improvements in order
to make travel
throughout the nation
easier;
• Madison and Clay
supported tariffs on
imports to protect U.S.
Industry from British
competition;
• Supported by
Northeasterners;
• Not supported by people
in South and West – did
not depend on
manufacturing – opposed
taxing European imports;
• Henry Clay and John C.
Calhoun from Kentucky,
convinced congressmen
from their region to
approve the Tariff of
1816.
• 1816 – Congress voted to
charter the Second Bank
of the United States for
20-year period and to
create a unified currency;
Missouri Compromise
• In 1818 Missouri
requested admission to
the Union;
• Main was admitted as a
free state and Missouri
was admitted as a slave
state;
• Northerners and
Southerners disagreed
whether Missouri should
be admitted as a free or
slave state;
• The rest of the Louisiana
Territory split into two
parts;
• In 1820-1821 a series of
agreements known as
Missouri Compromised
was passed through
Congress by Clay.
• Dividing line set at 36°30°
north latitude – South of
the line – slavery was
legal, North of the line –
Slavery was banned,
except in Missouri;
Election of Andrew
Jackson - 1828
• Andrew Jackson embraced the
spirit of expanding territory;
• Lost bid for presidency in 1824 to
John Quincy Adams – Jackson
and supporters claimed Adams
had corrupt bargain with Henry
Clay who he appointed Secretary
of State – tore apart DemocraticRepublican party;
• Clay and his faction – called
National Republic Party;
• Jackson’s party – Jacksonians –
Democratic Party;
• During John Quincy Adams’
presidency – most states eased
property requirements for voting
– enlarging voting population;
• More voters were “common
people”
• Over 3 times the number who
voted in 1824 voted in 1828;
• The support of new voting bloc
gave Jackson victory in 1828
election;
Jacksonian Democracy
• Spoils System
• Jackson sought to give
common people a chance to
participate in government;
• New administration hired
their own supporters to
replace supporters of the
previous administration.
• Using the spoils system,
Jackson gave away huge
numbers of jobs to friends
and political allies;
Indian Removal Act
• In 1830 Congress – with
support of Jackson, passed
the Indian Removal Act.
• Government provided funds
to negotiate treaties that
forced Native Americans to
move West;
• Many tribes signed removal
treaties;
• Cherokee Nation refused
and fought the government
in courts;
• 1832, Worcester v. Georgia,
supreme court ruling that
the State of George could
not regulate the Cherokee
Nation by law or invade
Cherokee lands.
• Jackson refused to abide by
the Supreme Court decision.
• Said that John Marshall –
Supreme Court Justice –
should enforce it.
Trail of Tears
• U.S. troops rounded up the
Cherokee people and drove
them into camps.
• Beginning in the fall of 1838,
Cherokees were sent in
groups of about 1,000 on an
800 mile journey – mostly
on foot. More than a
quarter of their people died
on this Trail of Tears.
Trail of Tears
“The Cherokees are nearly all
prisoners. They had been
dragged from their houses
and encamped at the forts
and military places, all over
the nation. In Georgia
especially, multitudes were
allowed no time to take
anything with them except
the clothes they had on.
Well-furnished houses were
left as prey to plunderers.”
--Baptist Missionary
Magazine, June 16,
1838
Plains Indian Culture
• Family Life
• Small extended
family groups;
• The horse –
• Brought by Spanish
– changed lifestyle
of plains Indian;
• Guns – brought by
French – changed
warfare;
• Settlers push west
• Differences on “owning”
land;
• Lures of silver and gold;
• Massacre at Sand Creek –
1864 – Cheyenne – in US
Reserve, peaceful – US troops
killed 200 warriors and 500
women and children in
November;
• Sitting Bull; Treaty of Fort
Laramie – Sioux agreed to live
on Reservation;
Government and
Indian Clashes
• Custer’s Last Stand –
June 1876, Little Big Horn
– Sioux and Cheyenne
killed all men of Seventh
Cavalry;
• Forced to surrender in
1861 to avoid his people’s
starvation;
• Dawes Act – 1887 –
“Americanize” Native
Americans;
• Broke up the reservations
and gave some of
reservation land to
individual Native
Americans;
• Destruction ofBuffalo to
over killing by trappers
and tourists for sport;
Battle of Wounded Knee
• Wounded Knee –
December 28, 1890 –
Seventh Calvary
rounded up about 350
starving and freezing
Sioux , took them to
camp at Wounded
Knee Creek in South
Dakota – shot and
killed 300 in minutes;
Nullification Crisis
• Congress increases Tariff of
1816 in 1824 and 1828.
• Jackson’s vice president,
John C. Calhoun of South
Carolina called it – a Tariff of
Abominations – blamed it
on economic problems in
the South;
• South’s economy depended
on cotton exports;
• The high tariff on
manufactured goods
reduced British exports to
the US and because of this,
Britain bought less cotton;
• The decline of British goods,
the South was forced to
buy more expensive
Northern manufactured
goods;
• South felt the North was
getting rich at expense of
South
Nullification Crisis
• To try to free South
Carolinians from the tariff –
Calhoun’s developed a
theory of Nullification.
• Theory held that the U.S.
Constitution based on
compact among sovereign
states. If the Constitution
had been established by 13
sovereign states, than
states must still be
sovereign and each would
have the right to determine
whether acts of Congress
were constitutional.
• If a state found an act
unconstitutional, than the
state could declare the
offending law NULLIFIED,
or inoperative within its
borders.
Nullification
• Senate debated the tariff
question and the underlying
states’ rights issue.
• Bloody confrontation seemed
likely until Henry Clay’s
compromise.
• In 1832 Congress raised tariffs
again – South Carolinians
declared tariffs of 1828 and 1832
“null, void, and no law.”
• In 1833, Clay proposed tariff bill
that would gradually lower
duties over a ten-year period. It
included passage of the Force
Bill.
• They threatened to secede or
withdraw from union if custom
officials tried to collect duties;
• Jackson urged Congress to pass
Force Bill to allow federal
government to use military if
state authorities resisted paying
proper duties.
• Tensions between states’ rights
and federal authority subsided –
temporarily.
Jackson’s Bank War
• Federal Power – Nullification --Decreased federal power –
Second Bank of US
• Bank of the US became just
another bank.
• Jackson believed National Bank
of agent of the wealthy – agents
didn’t care about common
people;
• Jackson won bank war, by his
tactics and policies angered
many. Many accused him of
acting more like a king than
president.
• In 1832 Jackson won reelection;
• His opponents formed a new
political party – The Whig Party.
• After election of 1832, he tried to
kill bank by withdrawing all
government deposits from the
bank’s branches and placing
them in state banks called “pet
banks” because of their loyalty
to Democratic Party.
Jackson’s Legacy
• Jackson announced he
would not run for third
term in 1836;
• Democrats chose VicePresident Martin Van
Buren;
• Whig Party opposed him
with three regional
candidates;
• Van Buren won with
Jackson’s support;
•
Panic of 1837
•
Van Buren inherited consequences of
bank war – Many Pet banks that
accepted federal deposits were
wildcat banks that printed bank
notes wildly in excess of the gold and
silver on deposit;
•
Wildcat banks were doomed to fail
when people tried to redeem their
currency for gold or silver;
•
By May, 1837, many banks stopped
accepting paper currency – panic of
1837 – banks closed and collapse of
credit system cost many their
savings, bankrupted hundreds of
businesses and put more than a third
of people out of work;
Harrison and Tyler
• In 1840 Van Buren ran for
reelection against Whig Party
candidate, William Henry
Harrison, “Tippecanoe”
(nickname in a battle against
Native Americans in 1811).
• Whigs blamed Van Buren for
weak economy, and as an
aristocrat;
•
Portrayed Harrison – old war
hero – man of the people;
• Harrison won but died a month
later. His VP, John Tyler became
president;
• Tyler – strong-minded Virginian,
former Democrat – opposed
many parts of Whig program –
halted hopes for significant Whig
reforms;
• Whigs and Democrats would
dominate national politics until
1850s.
• Style of politics changed with
political speech as form of
entertainment and involving
more Americans in political
process;
• The West is playing an increasing
role in national politics;
Assessment – on a sheet
of paper, please turn in
• In what ways do you
think the Missouri
Compromise and
nullification crisis of 1832
might be considered
important milestones in
American history? Think
about
• The expansion of slavery
into the West
• Calhoun’s nullification
theory
• Jackson’s reaction to
South Carolina’s action
• What factors set the
state for the Indian
Removal Act of 1830 and
the Trail of Tears? Think
about:
• U.S. expansion to the
west
• Removal treaties
• Jackson’s response to
Worcester v. Georgia
Manifest Destiny –
Define Terms
• Manifest Destiny –said by
John O’Sullivan Belief US
was ordained to expand to
Pacific Ocean and into
Mexican and Native
American territory;
Obvious and Inevitable;
• Santa Fe Trail – Oldest and
busiest trail, 780 miles from
Independence Missouri to
Santa Fe in Mexican
province of New Mexico;
• Oregon Trail - from
Independence, Brigam
Young;Missouri to Oregon
City, Oregon;
• Mormon Migration –
Religious community that
plays important role in
development of West –
Joseph Smith in upstate New
York, 1827, moves to Ohio
than Ilinois and to Salt Lake
City Utah with Brigham
Young;
• John Calhoun believed that
the theory of Nullification
did NOT apply did not apply
to the Mormon’s for
freedom of religion
Vocabulary
• Texas Revolution –
Differences between
cultural issues intensified
between Anglos and
Mexican government –
English vs. Spanish;
Protestant vs. Catholic,
Southernerns with slaves –
Mexico abolished slavery in
1829; President Antonio
Lopez de Santa Anna
imprisioned Austin for
inciting revolution;
suspended power in Texas
and other Mexican states –
rebellions broke out
including Texas Reolution;
1835;
• The Alamo – Lt. Colonel
William Travis moved men into
the Alamo, a Spanish mission
and fort in San Antonio, Santa
Anna’s troops attacked on
March 2, 1836 for 13 days killing
all 187 defenders;
• Stephan F. Austin – American
settler in Texas, established
colony between Brazos and
Colorado Rivers; 300 land
grants issued; more than
20,000 Americans in Texas by
1830;
Vocabulary
• Sam Houston – Commander
that defeated Santa Ana six
weeks after Alamo,
• “Remember the Alamo”
killed 630 soldiers in 18
minutes – captured Santa
Anna
• signed treaty of Velasco –
granted independence to
Texas – September 1936 –
• president of new Republic
of Texas;
• James K. Polk –
• Elected 1844 –
campaigned on
Westward Expansion
• Slaveholder – favored of
annexation of Texas;
• War with Mexico (wanted
Texas and California)
Vocabulary
• Republic of California –
American Settlers in
Sonoma in June 1846
declared independence
from Mexico;
• Treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo – ends War with
Mexico – 1848;
• The US victory in the
Mexican War and the
Gadsden Purchase Gave the
United States California,
Arizona, Colorado, New
Mexico, Texas, Nevada,
• “Go West Young Man,”
Horace Greeley, editor of
New York Tribune before
Gold Rush
• California Gold Rush – 1849
“Forty-Niners” Gold found
in Sutter’s Mill – 1848 California became the most
valuable territory to US;
Statehood in 1850;
Population exceeds 100,000
-- People from the Eastern
US, Mexico, African
Americans and freed slaves,
Asia come to California;
The Great Exodus
• Benjamin “Pap”
Singleton led Southern
African Americans out
West;
• The drive for African
Americans to head west
was not just from
Singleton;
• Known as “The Great
Exodus”
• Klu Klux Klan and other
terrorist groups fueled
many African Americans’
desire to leave the South
and head West;
• Followers known as
“Exodusters”
• “Buffalo Soldiers” name
Native Americans gave
African Americans;
Market Revolution
• In first half of 19th
century – vast
economic changes in
US
• Market Revolution –
people increasingly
bought and sold goods
– Industrialization;
• Erie Canal – 1939 –
linked Great Lakes with
Northeast;
• US Markets expand –
• Free Enterprise
• Entrepreneurs
Inventions and
Innovations
• Communications – Samuel Morse
– telegraph – send messages in
code;
• Telephone, 1876 – Alexander
Graham Bell;
• Marconi Radio, 1895 – using
telegraphic code through air as
electro-magnetic waves –
“wireless” voice communication
– Radio
• Robert Fulton – 1807, Steamship
– water transportation vital for
shipping goods and river travel;
• Railroads – developed in
England in early 1800s – steampowered locomotives by 1850
over 9,000 miles of track laid in
US;
• Interstate Commerce Act –
purpose to regulate railroads;
• Transcontinental Railroad
linked two coasts of US;
Changing Workplaces
• Changed what peple
bought and sold;
• Changed ways Americans
worked;
• New machines allowed
unskilled workers that
were performed by
trained artisans;
• Factories;
• Production from home to
factory
• Split families
• Created new
communities
• Transformed employeremployee relationships;
• Lowell Textile Mills
• 1820s – entrepreneurs
built several large
textile mills in Lowell,
Massachusetts
• Lowell textile mills –
became booming
enterprises;
Lowell Textile Mills
• Lowell Entrepreneurs
sought Female
employees;
• Abundant source of
labor
• Paid lower wages;
• Offered better pay
than teaching, sewing
or domestic work;
• Long 12 hour
workdays;
• Poor working
conditions – dark, hot,
cramped;
• Employers had low
regard for employees;
Lowell Textile Mills
• Workers Seek Better
Conditions;
• 1834 – Lowell mills
announced a 15% wage cut,
800 women organized strike;
• Criticized by Lowell press and
clergy;
• Most strikers agreed to
return to work at reduced
wages;
• Mill owners fired strike
leader;
• In 1836 workers struck again
– employers won – strikers
returned to their jobs;
• Only 1 or 2% of workers in the
US were organized in the
1830s and 1840s;
• Lots of strikes for higher
wages, shorter hours, and
better working conditions;
• Immigrants from Europe
were desperate for jobs and
would work for lower wages
helped defeat these strikes;
Immigration Increases
• European Immigration
rose dramatically in US
between 1830 and
1860;
• Many immigrants (1845
– 1854 - - 3 million)
came from Ireland –
Potato Famine;
• Irish immigrants faced
prejudice
• Catholic
• Poor
• Allegations of Catholic
conspiracy to take
over country
• Cheap labor
National Trades’ Union
• Trade Unions
• Commonwealth v Hunt
– Massachusetts
Supreme Court
supported workers’
right to strike
Reforming American
Society
• Spiritual Awakening Inspires
Reforms
• Great Awakening
• Emphasized individual
responsibility for seeking
salvation;
• People need to improve
themselves and society;
• Attitudes linked to
Jacksonian Democracy –
importance and power in
common people;
• Second Great Awakening
• Widespread Christian
movement to awaken
religious sentiments that
lasted from 1790s – 1830s;
• Revival Meetings;
• Revived religious faith
through impassioned
preaching;
• Meetings for days;
• Bible Study; emotional
sermons;
• Strong impact on American
public;
• By 1850, 1-6 belonged to a
church;
Slavery and Abolition
• 1820s abolition
movement to free
African Americans for
slavery;
• William Lloyd Garrison
– most radical white
abolitionist,
Massachusetts;
• More than 100
antislavery societies
• Editor - The Liberator,
anti slavery paper 1828;
• Resettlement in African
movement – American
Colonization Society;
• Immediate
emancipation
Slavery and Abolition
• Frederick Douglass –
• Escaped bondage –
• Became eloquent and
outspoken critic of
slavery;
• Founded The North Star,
1847 ant slavery paper;
• Underground Railroad;
• Life Under Slavery;
• In 18th Century – most slaves
were male, recently arrived
from Caribbean or Africa;
• Spoke a language other
than English;
• By 1830, almost equal
number of male and female
slaes;
• Majority born in American
• Spoke English;
Slavery and Abolition
• Slavery – hard work and
oppression;
• Number of slaves owned varied
across South;
• House servants, skilled
tradesmen, agricultural;
• Some Masters allowed slaves to
purchase freedom;
• Nat Turner’s Rebellion
• Virginia slave, in August, 1831;
• Turner and over 30 followers
attacked four plantations and
killed about 60 whites;
• Turner captured and he and
many of his members were
executed;
• Rebellion terrified slaveholders
and tightened restrictions on all
African Americans to prevent
further insurrections;
• Proslavery advocates argued
slavery was benevolent and used
biblical passages to defend it;
Women and Reform
• Women in 19th century
had limited options;
• After marriage women
were wives and
mothers;
• Second Great
Awakening inspired
women to try to
change/reform
society;
• Women participated in
abolition;
• Women involved in
Temperance
movement;
• Prohibition of drinking
alcohol
• Dorothea Dix – fought
to improve treatment
for mentally disabled;
• Tried to reform harsh
and often inhumane
prison system;
Education for Women
and Women’s Rights
• There were few educational
opportunities for women;
• 1833 – Ohio, Oberlin College
had four women; Lucy
Stone – first women to
receive a Bachelor Degree;
• Elizabeth Blackwell, 1849
first woman to graduate
from medical college;
• Women’s Rights movement
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton and
Lucretia Mott – ardent
abolitionists;
• Discriminated by Male
abolitionists at World’s AntiSlavery Convention in 1840;
• Held a women’s rights
convention in 1848 – Seneca
Falls, New York;
• Called for right for women
to vote;
Women’s Rights
• Sojourner Truth –
former slave, women’s
rights convention in
1851, refuted
arguments that
because she was a
woman she was weak
and because she was
black she was not
feminine.
• “Look at me! Look at my arm!
I have ploughed, and planted,
and gathered into barns, and
no man could head men! And
ain’t I a woman? I could work
as much and eat as much as a
man—when I could get it – a
bear the lash as well! And ain’t
I a woman? I have borne
thirteen children, and seen
most all sold off to slavery,
and when I cried out with my
mother’s grief, none but Jesus
heard men! And ain’t I a
woman?”
-Narrative of Sojourner Truth
Populist Party
• Populist Party
• William
Jennings
Bryant – ran for
president;
• Committed to
silver coinage;
• Farmers
• Progressive Tax
• Grange
• Farmers’ Alliances
• Patrons of Husbandry –
farmers organization
popularly known as the
Grange.
• Provide a social outlet
• Educational forum for
isolated farm families
• By 1870 fought railroads;
• Taught members to
organize and set up
farmers’ cooperatives
and sponsor legislation
against railroad;
Kansas
• Kansas Nebraska
Act
• allowed people in
a territory to
decide if they
wanted slavery or
not and led to
Bleeding Kansas.
• Bleeding Kansas
• Took place
when people
who wanted
slavery killed
anti-slavery
people to get
more votes for
the state