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Tocqueville had 5 values he found important to
America’s success as a constitutional republic
Egalitarianism refers to equality in society.
• Europe had been built around distinct hereditary classes which separated the nobles from the middle class and the poor.
• In America everyone was socially equal, except slaves and Native Americans.
• The availability of land and the ability of anyone owning it in America was unheard of in Europe.
King
Nobles
Middle Class
Poor
Europe’s Social
Classes King
America’s Social
Classes

Tocqueville had 5 values he found important to
America’s success as a constitutional republic
• Populism refers to the participation of the common people in government .
• Tocqueville found that in American society everyone had the same right to take part in their government.
• Liberty refers to the protection from a tyrannical (all powerful) government .
• Tocqueville found Americans devoted to
‘rule of law’ and the ‘federal system’ preventing an over-powerful government.

Tocqueville had 5 values he found important to
America’s success as a constitutional republic
• Individualism refers to the ability of the people to decide what type of groups or organizations they wished to be part of .
• Individuals were free to rise as high in society as their work took them, or as low.
• Laissez-Faire refers to the ‘hands off’ approach by the government to our economy .
• Tocqueville felt that the individual was the best judge of their own interests, not the government.

All men, except for women, slaves,
Native Americans, or other minorities

I tell
you it was my idea
These rights cannot be taken without due process, meaning the government must follow certain steps before taking your life, liberty, or property.
The king had not been following these legal steps.

A common sod house built by settlers in the West
Why were the houses built out of sod?

Gold seekers called “49ers” traveled to California creating boomtowns & ghost towns along the way.

• The expansion of the railroads, the Homestead Act, and the discovery of gold, made lands once occupied by the native peoples more desirable.
• Oklahoma, once reserved for the Native Americans was sold to settlers, some got there
Sooner than others..

• Many in America wanted the Native
Americans to undergo
Americanization– adopting to the mainstream culture of America.
• The Dawes Act abolished the Native
American tribal unit.
• Each family was given 160 acres of land in hopes they would become farmers.
• Those who assimilated were given citizenship and right to vote.
• The Dawes Act attempted to destroy the Indian culture.

Populism – William Jennings Bryan
William Jennings Bryan, a gifted orator and Populist
Party stalwart, gives a speech to his supporters.

rd
In the election of 1896, William Jennings Bryan won more states but fewer electoral votes than the victorious McKinley.

The Legacy of Populism
 The Populist party would soon fade away, but it was somewhat successful in its efforts, even though a
Populist president was never elected.
 The Populist Party did leave its mark on American history with the idea of Third parties .
 Third parties provide an outlet for minorities to voice their grievances or to voice new ideas that the main stream
(Democrat & Republican) don’t usually support.
 Many Populist ideas were later adopted by the larger political parties, like a graduated income tax or direct election of senators.

• The use of electricity was another of the era’s most significant developments.
• Electricity was first used as a means of communication with the telegraph.
• The telegraph dramatically changed the speed at which we communicated over great distances and made the Pony Express obsolete.
• Alexander Graham Bell would later perfect the telephone in 1876, it hasn’t stopped ringing since then.
• Later communication improvements, like the IPhone would also make land line telephones obsolete.
• Communications have never been the same!

Technology Improves City Life
**Mass transit powered by electricity quickly developed in many urban areas

• An important result of industrialization was the rapid growth of cities.
• In 1865, only two cities had a population over 500,000 –
New York and Philadelphia.
• By 1900, this number increased to six cities as Americans were moving to more urban areas.
• There were several reason for this rapid urbanization.
From this….
To this….

Improved farm equipment; Increased immigration ; Migration of African-Americans:
Increased Immigration;
• Large numbers of immigrants were coming to America.
• These immigrants were mostly coming from Europe and most had very little money.
• They got off the ships and found jobs in the factories of the cities.
• This steady supply of labor helped the factories grow as well as increased the size of cities.

• This rapid urbanization of the cities led to many problems.
• Overcrowding and congestion caused a lack of housing, transportation, and clean water.
• It also brought about an increase in the spread of diseases and crime.
• Many families were forced to crowd into tenements – single room apartments that often lacked the basic necessities.

Simply not caring about the
American public,

having too much, influence on government,

• Carnegie started penniless, but he made his fortune in steel mills in the
Pittsburgh, PA area.
• He used vertical integration to undercut the competition.
• He bought his own iron ore fields, coal mines and ships so he could control all phases of steel production.
• He crushed attempts to form labor unions, paid low wages, and forced laborers to work 12 hour days.
• The labor strike on Carnegie’s
Homestead Steel Mill would be one of the eras most violent.

• Rockefeller started out poor, but made his fortune in oil in Ohio.
• Kerosene, for lighting, made him millions, later the gasoline industry, would make him even richer.
• Rockefeller used horizontal integration and ruthless tactics to drive his competition out of business, then he would buy them out.
• His Standard Oil Co . became a trust , with him owning most of the shares.
• Later it would be a monopoly as he controlled 90% of all oil refined.

• Carnegie and Rockefeller both made millions at the expense of American pubic.
• They paid low wages and demanded long hours of work.
• As businessmen they didn’t believe in charity, their belief was;
‘help those who help themselves’
• Later, both would lead the rich in philanthropy , they gave away millions of their dollars to the public .
• They built libraries', museums, scholarships, and universities.
Here’s a dime

• At first, the government did little to regulate big business.
• Government and business leaders believed in laissez-faire
– the theory that government should not interfere in the operations of the free market .
• Government did have some involvement in business, such as patent laws, enforcing contracts, laws protecting property, and tariffs to help American manufacturers.
• Some of the anti-competitive practices of big business soon became so oblivious that reformers started calling for government intervention to remedy the problems.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)
• Federal law aimed at stopping monopolies and trusts from engaging in unfair practices.
• Attempted to prevent unfair competitive advantages.
• Act marked a significant change in the attitude of government about the abuses of big business.
• Standard Oil was the 1st monopoly the government attempted to stop.

• Pull Factors – things that make a person want to move to another country
– Religious freedoms
– Job opportunities in factories, Transcontinental Railroad, gold mines, etc.
– Stable, democratic governments
– Hook up with family members already here
– Availability of cheap or free land
• Push Factors – things that force people to leave their home country for another
– Wars in their homelands
– Famines (a severe lack of food)
– Lack of quality jobs
– Political unrest (bad leaders)
– Religious differences

Use the image to answer the question.
The horizon of money, jobs, food and housing represents which of the following:
A. Push Factors
B. Pull Factors
ANSWER
Letter B
They are Pull Factors, they give people a reason to come to USA

• Some adult immigrants did attend night schools to learn English, but they were mostly to busy working.
• It was the immigrant children that would become Americanized - learning to dress, speak, and act like other
Americans.
• These immigrant children would become assimilated – they became similar to other Americans.
• America became a “ m e l t i n g p o t ” in which immigrants were melted down and reshaped.

• As more immigrants came to the USA, more Americans began to hate on these new immigrants.
• These immigrant haters became known as Nativists, they thought they were here first and wanted the immigrants to go back where they came from.
• Nativists hated on immigrants because they felt immigrants:
– Increased the crime rate
– Brought diseases to this country
– Took jobs from real Americans
– Competed for limited resources
– Basically they were just different!

• The Chinese Exclusion Act banned anyone from immigrating from China to the USA.
• It also placed new restrictions of those
Chinese already living here by restricting their travel.
• Chinese children born in the USA were denied citizenship.

• These political machines were run by powerful politicians who did favors for people in return for bribes and votes.
• These political machines were corrupt and took advantage of immigrants, if you wanted a job, you had to pay the ‘boss’. But at the same time they also helped them get things they wanted or needed.
• One of the most famous political machines was
Tammany Hall in New York City, it was run by Boss
Tweed .

To give people more power, a direct voice in the government, and make it more responsive to the people.
Progressives passed several laws .
• Secret Ballot – to keep people from being intimidated or forced to vote a certain way.
• Initiative – voters could introduce bills themselves.
• Referendum – voters could force legislators to place a bill on the ballot to be voted on.
• Recall – elected officials could be removed from office by voters in a special election.
• Direct Election of Senators – 17 th Amendment Senators are elected by the people of a state.

• As the cities continued to expand the newspapers and magazines began to reach a larger audience.
• Investigative reporters, writers, and social scientists exposed the industrial and governmental corruption .
• These writers became known as
Muckrakers , because they raked up all the muck or the dirt of
American life.

Muckrakers and Their
Influences
• Government passed the
– “ Meat Inspection Act ” law that set standards of cleanliness and required federal inspection of meat plants.
– “ Pure Food & Drug Act ” law that required foods to be pure and accurately labeled.
Upton Sinclair
He exposed dangerous working conditions and unsanitary practices in meat packing industry in his book The Jungle .

Muckrakers and Their
Influences
Problem – the horrible living conditions of the poor in the cities.
Led to New York City passing building codes to promote safety and health.
Jacob Riis
He exposed the poverty, living conditions, and disease of the urban poor in his book “ How the Other Half Lives ” .

Muckrakers and Their
Influences
Problem – trusts and monopolies had an unfair advantage among businesses.
Government passed
Sherman Anti-Trust Act outlawing monopolies.
Ida Tarbell
Exposed Standard Oil’s ruthless business tactics of forcing others out of business and thereby creating a monopoly.

Jane Addams
Founded a settlement house called Hull
House to help immigrants and needy find a place to live, jobs, or get an education.
Beginning of social services like Youth Shelter,
Food Bank, or Roxanne’s House

Social Reformers
W.E.B. DuBois
• Help found the NAACP to help
African Americans gain civil rights.
First African American to earn a Ph.D. from Harvard.
W.E.B. felt African Americans should achieve immediate racial equality and supported open protests.
He often disagreed with another Civil
Rights pioneer Booker T.

Social Reformers
Booker T. Washington
• Booker agreed with W.E.B. that
African Americans should seek their civil rights, but he disagreed on how they should achieve those rights.
• He argued that African Americans should gain equality by focusing on job training, not by demanding.

• By the middle of the 19 th century, some women began to organize to gain more rights.
• In 1848, they held a convention at
Seneca Falls , New York.
• The convention passed a resolution that paraphrased the
Declaration of Independence.
• It proclaimed that women were equal to men and deserved the right to vote, or suffrage.

• In 1872, Susan B. Anthony attempted to vote, exercising her 14 th Amendment right
(citizenship).
• But, a judge refused to grant her the right to vote.
• In 1920, the19 th Amendment was passed and the USA took a step forward in making the us a true democracy – a system of government by the people.

– Preservation- the protecting of wilderness lands from all forms of development
– Conservation- the limited use of resources
– Roosevelt backed the creation of the U.S. Forest Servicewhich protected forest and other natural areas from excessive development. Roosevelt set aside 150 million acres of national forest
– Taft added 2.7 million acres to the National Wildlife
Refuge System
– Wilson supported the creation of the National Park
Service to manage national parks (Yellowstone) for preservation and public use.

–
President Wilson: Federal Reserve Act in
1913- this divided the country into 12 regions
–
–
Created the Federal Reserve Systema central bank of the United States.
– “
The Fed
” would offer a safety net to private banks buy lending them money and would set the monetary policy to regulate the amount of money in circulation by interest rates.

• 16 th Amendment Congress has the power to tax a persons income.
• 17 th Amendment- direct election of senators, gave the people more power
• Both of these amendments impacted America, encouraging greater political and economic equality among Americans.

• 18 th Amendment- prohibition
- The growing political influence of women
(Temperance Movement) played a large part in the passage of this amendment
- The banning of alcohol led to a rise in crime from the illegal production and sale of alcohol
• 19 th Amendmentwomen’s suffrage
(right to vote)

Between 1901 and 1919, three Presidents began a series of Progressive reforms.
Teddy Roosevelt
Woodrow Wilson
William Howard Taft

• 1901-1921
– Theodore Roosevelt
– William Taft
– Woodrow Wilson
• Committed to reform, challenged the industrial giants, expanded power of the presidency

• Roosevelt served two terms as President before he decided not to run for a third time.
(no one had ever ran 3 times)
• He supported his Vice-President William
Howard Taft as the Republican nominee for President.
• Taft won the election of 1908 and continued with Roosevelt’s Progressive policies, for a while.

• Roosevelt supported Pres. Taft, until
Taft began doing things not considered to be a part of the
Progressive agenda.
• Taft was nominated for President again in 1912, but Teddy decided to run against him.
• Roosevelt started his own third party called the Bull Moose Party.
• But, Teddy’s 3 rd Party split the votes and neither Taft nor Roosevelt would win in 1912. Democrat Wilson
Wins

Gold Rush
Homestead Act

Voting Reforms
= Voting