
2 phases:
1.Transcription
2.Translation

DNA  RNA  Protein
 How
does RNA (ribonucleic
acid) differ from DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid)?
1. RNA has a sugar ribose
DNA has a sugar deoxyribose
2. RNA contains uracil (U)
DNA has thymine (T)
3. RNA molecule is single-stranded
DNA is double-stranded



DNA can “unzip” itself
and RNA nucleotides
match up to the DNA
strand
This process is started and
controlled by an enzyme
called RNA polymerase.
Both DNA & RNA are
formed from
NUCLEOTIDES and are
called NUCLEIC acids.


What would be the complementary
RNA strand for the following DNA
sequence?
DNA 5’-GCGTATG-3’

Three types of RNA:
A. messenger RNA (mRNA)
B.transfer RNA (tRNA)
C. ribosome RNA (rRNA)

Remember: all produced in the nucleus


Carries instructions from DNA to the
ribosome.
Tells the ribosome what kind of protein to
make



…DNA controlled cell function by serving as
a template for PROTEIN structure.
3 Nucleotides = a triplet or CODON
(which code for a specific AMINO ACID)
AMINO ACIDS are the building blocks of
proteins.
 The
cell uses
information
from
“messenger”
RNA to
produce
proteins
start
codon
mRNA
A U G G G C U C C A U C G G C G C A U A A
codon 1
protein
codon 2
methionine
glycine
codon 3
serine
codon 4
isoleucine
codon 5
glycine
codon 6
alanine
codon 7
stop
codon
Primary structure of a protein
aa1
aa2
aa3
peptide bonds
aa4
aa5
aa6


Part of the structure of a ribosome
Helps in protein production
tRNA
A go-getter
Gets the right parts to make the right protein
according to mRNA instructions
amino acid
attachment site
methionine
U A C
anticodon
amino acid


The end products of protein synthesis is a
primary structure of a protein.
A sequence of amino acid bonded together
by peptide bonds.
aa5
aa2
aa1
aa3
aa4
aa199
aa200
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Why is transcription necessary?
Describe transcription.
Why is translation necessary?
Describe translation.
What are the main differences
between DNA and RNA.
Using the chart identify the amino
acids coded for by these codons:
UGGCAGUGC
1. Why is transcription necessary?
Transcription makes messenger RNA (MRNA) to
carry the code for proteins out of the nucleus to the
ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
2. Describe transcription.
RNA polymerase binds to DNA, separates the
strands, then uses one strand as a template to
assemble MRNA.
3. Why is translation necessary?
Translation assures that the right amino acids are
joined together by peptides to form the correct
protein.
4. Describe translation.
The cell uses information from MRNA to
produce proteins.
5. What are the main differences between DNA
and RNA.
DNA has deoxyribose, RNA has ribose; DNA
has 2 strands, RNA has one strand; DNA has
thymine, RNA has uracil.
6.
Using the codon chart, identify the amino acids
coded for by these codons: UGGCAGUGC
tryptophan-glutamine-cysteine