Norton Media Library
Chapter 1
America:
A Narrative History
7th edition
by
George Brown Tindall
and David Emory Shi
Possible origins of the first Americans
A. Siberian—20,000 years ago Siberian hunters became
first American inhabitants
-first immigration came between 50,000 and 8,000BC
from Eastern Siberia to the Southern tip of South
America-they were physically kin to modern
Chinese, Japanese and Koreans.
The brown-skinned, thin-lipped, high-cheeked,
broad-faced, straight black-haired ancestors of
Naïve American developed some remarkable
civilizations.
B. Southwestern Europe-recent findings in Virginia
suggest much earlier appearance of ancient humans
An ornate Mayan mask made of jade
Image Source: Wikipedia Commons
A.At the times of Columbus's arrival in the New
World, how did the Indians of Central
America and Mexico differ from those farther
north?
(A) less numerous
(B) more nomadic
(C) more warlike
(D) more highly civilized
(E) some were dependent on roaming
herds of buffalo
II. Indian culture before Columbus
A. Earliest cultures
1. Hunters and gatherers
2. Villagers
3. Farmers—a culture developed of farming, fishing,
pottery by 5000BC
4. Developed plant food such as maize, beans,
pumpkins, and
avocados
Mayan Pyramid
. Mayan, Aztec, and Incan cultures
B
-between 2000 and 1500 BC permanent farming
town appeared in Mexico-there was
evidence of warfare, religion, art and science
--gradually Mesoamerica developed great cities
with pyramids, temples and palaces
-Mayans developed a sophisticated calendarwriting system and books
-however in 900AD the Mayan culture
collapsed from over use of the land and
overpopulation
-overtaken by the Toltecs who left around
1200AD
A.Aztecs arrived about 1325 and expanded
their control over central Mexico
The Spanish invaded the Aztec Empire in 1519 which
was ruled by Montezuma II- He ruled about 5 to 20
million people.
-Aztecs were a powerful military force-subjugated
nearby people-treated conquered areas as colonies
_Aztecs were a violent society as seen through their
religious rites.
-Priests could please the gods through human
sacrifice-this was carried out by capturing prisoners
of war
Aztec pyramid of the Sun
A.One of the factors that proved critical
to the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs
was
(A) the overwhelming number of
Spanish soldiers
(B) the total lack of organization of
the Aztec political and military system
(C) the support of Portuguese
soldiers
(D) the pacifist nature of the Aztecs
(E) a smallpox epidemic spread by
contact with the Spanish soldier
A.Smallpox devastated the native
populations of the New World. The
Aztec population, estimated at 30
million when the Spanish arrived
in Mexico, was down to 3 million
by 1568 and 1.6 million in 1620.
Despite having an army of perhaps
only 600 Spaniards, Hernan Cortes
was able to eventually defeat the
Aztec forces and claim Mexico City
for Spain in 1521.
Spaniard Cortes being greeted by Aztec
emperor Montezuma
INCAS
A.Incas achieved the height of their empire in
what is now Peru about 1500 AD
B.Monarch had absolute power—had a
complex system of taxation-one major
weakness was no fixed procedure for
succession
Machu Picchu, the Inca
citadel
Cultural Regions of North America
Northwest Coast:
Chinooks
Makahs
Southwest:
Navajos
Great Plains
Mandans
Kiowas
Eastern Woodland
Iroquois
Cherokees
Cultural Regions
C. Major Indian cultures in the area of the United States
after about 1,000 B.C.
Indian life in North America was not as culturally
advanced
1. Adena-Hopewell peoples of the Ohio Valley (800
B.C.–A.D. 600)-were mound builders who used
some tools and wove fabrics
2. Mississippian cultures of the Mississippi River
Valley (A.D. 600–1500)-resembled Mayan and
Aztec societies because of agriculture-they had
an effective government and trading networkworshipped the sun-had human torture and
sacrifice
--peaked in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries
and finally succumbed to disease brought from
Europe
Cahokia: the walkways are modern, the
manmade hills are not
3. Pueblo-Hohokam-Anasazi cultures of the
Southwest
Ancient Pueblo People or Ancestral Puebloans were an
ancient Native American culture centered on the
present-day Four Corners area of the Southwest
United States, noted for their distinctive pottery and
dwelling construction styles. The cultural group is
often referred to as the Anasazi
A. The Pueblo-Anasazis lived in baked-mud adobe
structures
B. Engaged in warfare as a self defense
C. Toward the end of the thirteenth century, drought
and new arrivals began to restrict their territory
Cliff Palace, Mesa Verde National Park
A. The Apache and the Navajo
came from the Far North to
settle the Plains and
Southwest around A.D. 850.
The Navajo share the
Athabscan language with the
Apache.
B. The Apache lived near Pueblo
tribes, which they raided for
food, and livestock. They
dressed in animal skins, used
dogs as pack animals, and
pitched tentlike dwellings
made of brush or hide, called
wikiups.
C. The Navajo copied corn- and
bean-growing practices from
the Anasazi and raised sheep
while some kept the nomadic
lifestyle of their ancestors and
the Apache and pursued the
buffalo and other animals.
Navajo and
Apache
The Great
Plains
A. This culture group of
Indians is well-known for
the importance of the
buffalo, their religious
ceremonies, and the use of
the tepee. Four important
tribes in this culture include
the Dakota, Cheyenne,
Sioux, and Comanche.
The buffalo was the most
important natural resource
of the Plains Indians. The
Plains Indians were
hunters. They hunted many
kinds of animals, but it was
the buffalo which provided
them with all of their basic
needs: food, clothing, and
shelter.
A. The horse, first
introduced by the
Spaniards
appeared in the
Plains about the
beginning of the 16th
cent. and
revolutionized the life
of the Plains Indians.
Many Native
Americans left their
villages and joined
the nomads. Mounted
and armed with bow
and arrow, they
ranged the
grasslands hunting
A. Their food, shelter, clothing,
weapons, and tools came
from the forests around
them. They lived in villages
near a lake or stream. The
Woodland Indians lived in
wigwams and longhouses.
The Iroquois, Cherokee, and
Mound Builders were
important Woodland tribes.
B. The Iroquois Indians were
actually a "nation" of
Indians made up of 5 tribes.
These tribes were the
Senecas, Onondagas,
Oneidas, and Mohawks.
These tribes were hostile, or
war-like, to each other until
they joined together to
become the "League of the
Five Nations".
Eastern
Woodlands
A. Leaders of each Iroquois
Nation also came together
to discuss matters that were
important to all of them,
such as peace, trade, or
war.
B. These council leaders (
always men, but chosen by
the women) were called
sachems. The Iroquois had
a total of 50 sachems. All
sachems had to agree on a
solution before any decision
was made.
III. European discovery of the New World
A. Early Norse contacts- technically they were the first European
attempt to colonize between 986 and 1013
B. Changes in modern Europe
1) Revival of learning—
Effect of Crusades- Renaissance-late 1400’s
2. Progress in navigation- progress in the art of navigationnew instruments-Prince Henry
3. Growth of trade and towns- people wanted the new goodsincreased trade with Africa, India and China—Expensive
4. New nation-states-first there were feudal holdingsmerchants supported kings-gunpower
C. Voyages of Columbus
Voyages of Columbus
Columbus’ Legacy
A.At his death he believed that he had found a
western route to Asia
B.Modern scholars recognize his daring and
commitment to go where nobody had gone
before
C.Brought permanent interaction between
Europeans and Native American
D.Treaty of Tordesillas-1494
D. Biological
exchange-at expense of the native
Indians
1) Animals-iguana-bison-armadillos
Native American were introduced to horses, cattle,
pigs,
Sheep and goats
2. Plants-revolutionized the diet of both
hemispheres: corn, beans and potatoes from
South America-other New World foods included
peanuts, peppers, tomatoes, pumpkins cacao
and squash
The Old World introduced rice, wheat, barley, oats,
coffee, olives, bananas, wine grapes
E
3. Device: Europeans adopted canoes,
snowshoes, moccasins, hammocks,
kayaks, ponchos, dogsleds-lacrossetobacco
4. Diseases: the most significant aspect
of the biological exchange was the
transmission of infectious disease—
small pos. yellow fever, malaria
Results were catastrophic-more Indians
died from disease than battles.
E. Early exploration by England and Portugal
1) John Cabot-first to sight North American continent
in 1497
2. Ferdinand Magellan-1519
IV. Spanish conquest of the New World
A. Clash of cultures
1. Indian weaknesses
a. susceptible to disease
b. disunity
c. poor transportation
2. Spanish advantages
a. accepted risk
b. ships
c. better military tools-steel swords-gunpower
d. horses
B. Cortés and other conquistadores
1. Cortés’s conquest of Mexico-1519 defeated the Aztecsburned all but one Spanish ship
2. System of encomienda
3. Roles of church and crown
B. Cortés and other conquistadores
1) Cortés’s conquest of Mexico-1519 defeated the Aztecsburned all but one Spanish ship-made Montezuma his
puppet-stoned by his own people-smallpox
2) Francisco Pizarro-subdued Inca Empire in Peru
2. System of encomienda- officers became landowners who
controlled Indian village
Roles of church and crown
A. Spanish campaign of genocide against the population of
Hispaniola (present-day Haiti and Dominican Republic) as
illustrated by Fray Bartolome de las Casas
IV. Spanish conquest of the New World
(cont’d)
C. Spanish exploration and early settlement in North America
1) Geographic area of controlSt. Augustine 1595
De Soto landed on Florida’s west coast went as far as North
Carolina-then to Arkansas River then down the Mississippi –
then to Mexico
Permanent settlements in New Mexico, Texas, California2. Interactions with Indian culture-blended
and coexisted
3. Purposes of settlements
a. obtain wealth
b. convert Indians-Franciscans and Jesuits-missions
c. provide defense
D. Spanish patterns in the southwestern United States
1. Use of religion in colonial control-after ten years a mission
would be secularized-land divided among converted
Indians-pay taxes-soldiers house in presidios
2. Role of the Franciscans
3. Control by Juan de Oñate-1598 son of Spanish mining
family
Juan de Onate
A. Juan de Oñate , fl. 1595-1614, Spanish explorer in the American
Southwest, possibly b. New Spain. In 1598 he led an expedition
north from New Spain, took possession of New Mexico for the
Spanish king, and established a settlement at San Juan. He was
immediately faced by an Native American revolt at Acoma which he
put down brutally. In 1601, Oñate, in search of Quivira, led an
expedition across present Oklahoma to the plains around
Wichita, Kans., then returned, unsuccessful, to New Mexico,
where discontent was rife among the colonists. Anxious to find
a route to the South Sea, he led (1605) an expedition westward,
reached the Colorado River, and went down it to the Gulf of
California before turning back to his colony. He was relieved
(1609) as governor and tried on charges of misconduct in
office. Convicted in 1614, he later sought a pardon, which was
granted before 1624. One of his lieutenants, Gaspar de Villagrá,
celebrated Oñate's deeds in Historia de la Nueva México, but his
real achievements in founding and exploring a broad new
realm did not receive the deserved recognition.
Statue of Popé in Capitol's Statuary Hall
A.Popé gained fame in Spanish America for
(A) assisting Junipero Serra in
establishing the California missions
(B) walking from Florida across the Gulf
of Mexico coast before reaching Spanish
settlements in Mexico
(C) organizing a revolt against the
Spanish in 1680 in New Mexico which
resulted in 400 deaths
(D) helping Coronado explore the Grand
Canyon region
(E) publicizing the abuses of the
Spanish encomienda system
4. New Mexico as a royal province-1608 moved
capitol to Santa Fe, in 1610-first permanent seat
of government in present-day United States
5. Rebellion Popé, a Pueblo religious leader,
organized the most successful Indian revolt
against Spanish colonial rule in 1690. Striking at
a number of Spanish outposts in New Mexico,
Popé's followers killed 200 Spanish colonists
and at least 21 Franciscan friars. He attempted
to eliminate Spanish influence, ordering the
destruction of churches and forbidding the use
of the Spanish language or Spanish names.
Spain regained control in 1692, but the power of
the Franciscans was greatly diminished as the
Spanish now viewed New Mexico as an
important barrier against the French to the
north. Pueblos were given more freedom to
practice their religion and some were armed by
IV. Spanish conquest of the New World (cont’d)
E. Horses
1. Indian acquisition-result of Pueblo revolthundreds of Spanish horse
2. Ecological effects-source of mobility and power
3. Economic effects-became nomadic hunters-trade
4. Negative consequences-killed to many bisonthievery-physical burden for women-as value of
hides grew, male hunters began to indulge in
polygamy
V. Impact of the Protestant Reformation on
Europe
A. Martin Luther’s initial leadership
B. John Calvin’s role
C. Impact of the Reformation in England
1. Henry VIII
2. Church of England
VI. French, Dutch, and English rivalry with
the Spanish in North America
A. Verrazzano and Cartier
B. Rebellion of the Netherlands in 1567 against Spanish rule and
work of the Dutch “Sea Beggars” –privateers that plundered
Spanish ships
C. English efforts
1. Elizabethan “Sea Dogges”
2. Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 1588
3. Early attempts at English colonization
4. Raleigh’s “Lost Colony”
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