How are these pieces of music similar?
How are they different?
What is the result of their difference
Compare and contrast the DNA molecule on
the left with the RNA molecule on the right
Include 3 similarities and 3 differences
between the two molecules
Break into equal
lab groups and
use your Outreach
Notes to create
a flow map showing how and where
the process of protein synthesis takes
place within a cell.
Must include:
Transcription & Translation
(what & where and how)
& Organelles Involved
Lets take a look at the
other groups projects
We have looked at DNA. But how is this
gentic code actually used for anything?
Lets
See!
The genetic
code is used
as a blueprint
to make
proteins.
Proteins are widely used in cells to
serve diverse functions. Some
proteins provide the structural
support for cells while others act as
enzymes to catalyze certain
reactions.
But, where do
proteins come
from?
Since the beginning
of evolution, cells
have developed the
ability to synthesize
proteins.
They can produce new proteins either
for reproduction or to simply replace a
degraded one.
Within the coil of DNA lies
all the information needed
to produce everything in
the human body. A strand
of DNA may be millions, or
billions, of base-pairs
long. Different segments
of the DNA molecule code
for different
characteristics in the
body.
DNA is a complex double stranded
molecule that carries an organisms
genetic information in the form of a
code of repeating sub units.
What do we
call the DNA
sub-unit
identified by
the X in the
diagram on the
right?
A chromosome is a
large collection of
DNA that contains
many genes and the
support proteins
needed to control
these genes.
A gene is a
section of a
chromosome
(DNA) that
codes for a
protein
However, cells don't express
all of their genes all of the
time. The Lipizzaner horses
from Spain are pure white
as adults . . .
. . . but are
born black
To manufacture proteins, cells
follow a very systematic 2 step
procedure that first transcribes
DNA in the nucleus into mRNA
and then translates
the mRNA into chains
of amino acids
in the cells
ribosomes.
RNA is very similar to DNA except that it:
has only a single strand of
nucleotides instead of two strands
contains a different sugar (ribose
instead of deoxyribose)
contains the nitrogen base uracil
(U) instead of thymine (T)
• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), along
with protein, makes up the
ribosomes
• Messenger RNA (mRNA) copies
DNA’s code & carries the
genetic information to the
ribosomes
• Transfer RNA (tRNA) transfers
amino acids to the ribosomes
where proteins are synthesized
The “m” in “mRNA”
stands for “messenger,”
because mRNA copies
genetic information from
DNA (which is found in
the nucleus) and carries
it to another part of
the cell (the ribosomes).
Transcribe the DNA sequence below into
a strand of mRNA
G T T C C G A T C
?
? ? ? ? ?
?
? ?
Where in a cell does the process
below take place?
A A A G G C T A G
T T T C C G A T C
U U U C C G A U C
What product is produced as a
result of this process?
A A A G G C T A G
T T T C C G A T C
U U U C C G A U C
Think of the genetic
code the mRNA is
carrying as a series
of three-letter
“words.” Each of
these three-letter
words is called a
codon.
Codon
Codon
Codon
Codon
Codon
Codon
Different codons code
for different amino
acids. For example, the
codon for the amino
acid methionine is AUG
(adenine, uracil,
guanine). The codon
for the amino acid
serine is UCA (uracil,
cytosine, adenine).
Another type of RNA,
called tRNA (“t” stands for
“transfer”) matches the
codons in mRNA to the
correct amino acids.
As the mRNA strand moves along the
ribosome, the amino
acids are joined in the
correct sequence to
form a protein. This
process is called
translation.
U C G A C C G G A
G
Codon
Codon
Codon
Codon
Codon
Codon
The diagram below shows a codon chart. A codon
chart shows which codons code for which amino acids.
This chart shows the amino acids coded for by each
of the 64 possible mRNA codons. To find which
amino acid the codon CAA codes for, follow these
steps. (1) Look on the left side of the chart to
find the large row of codons that begin with C. (2)
Move across this row until you get to the column of
codons whose second
base is A. (3) Move
down this column until
you get to the row of
codons whose third
base is A. The codon
CAA codes for the
amino acid glutamine.
Suppose a DNA
mutation led to a
change in a single
mRNA codon. Now
suppose this codon
changed from GCC
to GCG.
By looking at the codon chart, you can see that
both of these codons code for the amino acid
alanine. So even though the DNA and mRNA have
changed, there is no change in the protein!
AUG CCU
AUU GAU GGC CCA
UAA
GUU
How would a change in the sequence of
nucleotides in a DNA molecule affect the
mRNA transcribed from the DNA molecule?
Any change in the DNA would cause a
change in the mRNA molecule
Methionine
(start)
Leucine
Theronine
Stop
AUG
AAU
AAC
GUU GUC
GUA GUG
CAU
CAC
Compare and contrast the DNA molecule on
the left with the RNA molecule on the right
Include 3 similarities and 3 differences
between the two molecules
Think of the genetic
code the mRNA is
carrying as a series
of three-letter
“words.” Each of
these three-letter
words is called a
codon.
Codon
Codon
Codon
Codon
Codon
Codon
Different codons code
for different amino
acids. For example, the
codon for the amino
acid methionine is AUG
(adenine, uracil,
guanine). The codon
for the amino acid
serine is UCA (uracil,
cytosine, adenine).
Another type of RNA,
called tRNA (“t” stands for
“transfer”) matches the
codons in mRNA to the
correct amino acids.
As the mRNA strand moves along the
ribosome, the amino
acids are joined in the
correct sequence to
form a protein. This
process is called
translation.
U C G A C C G G A
G
Codon
Codon
Codon
Codon
Codon
Codon
The diagram below shows a codon chart. A codon
chart shows which codons code for which amino acids.
This chart shows the amino acids coded for by each
of the 64 possible mRNA codons. To find which
amino acid the codon CAA codes for, follow these
steps. (1) Look on the left side of the chart to
find the large row of codons that begin with C. (2)
Move across this row until you get to the column of
codons whose second
base is A. (3) Move
down this column until
you get to the row of
codons whose third
base is A. The codon
CAA codes for the
amino acid glutamine.
Suppose a DNA
mutation led to a
change in a single
mRNA codon. Now
suppose this codon
changed from GCC
to GCG.
By looking at the codon chart, you can see that
both of these codons code for the amino acid
alanine. So even though the DNA and mRNA have
changed, there is no change in the protein!
AUG CCU
AUU GAU GGC CCA
UAA
GUU
How would a change in the sequence of
nucleotides in a DNA molecule affect the
mRNA transcribed from the DNA molecule?
Any change in the DNA would cause a
change in the mRNA molecule
Methionine
(start)
Leucine
Theronine
Stop
AUG
AAU
AAC
GUU GUC
GUA GUG
CAU
CAC