The Industrial Revolution
The Revolution that changed the world
forever
By zach & mohammad 
• The industrial revolution were
in…
Europe
America
Mine & Forge [1840-1880]
o “Coal is more powerful than water.
o “Iron is more powerful than wood.
o ‘’Innovations that make steel feasible.
Young Coal Miners
As the number of
factories grew people
from the countryside
began to move into the
towns looking for better
paid work.
Child Labor in the Mines
Child
“hurriers”
Richard Arkwright:
spinning frame
Also called water
frame.
It was the first
powered, automatic,
and continuous textile
machine
The “Water Frame”
Factory Production
o
Concentrates production in one
place [materials, labor].
o
Located near sources of power
o
Requires a lot of capital investment
[factory, machines, etc.] more
than skilled labor.
o
Was only 10% of English industry in
1850.
Cotton textile
by Richard Arkwright
• the first big industry was cotton textile
factories.
Textile Factory
Workers in England
1813
2400 looms
150, 000 workers
1833
85, 000 looms
200, 000 workers
1850
224, 000 looms
>1 million workers
Textile Factory
Workers in England
•The textile industry
significantly grew
during the Industrial
Revolution.
Young “Bobbin-Doffers”
The Factory System
 Hard schedule.
 12-14 hour day.
 Dangerous conditions.
 Mind-numbing monotony.
John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”
In May 1733, Kay
invented his "New
Engine of Machine
for Opening and
Dressing Wool". This
machine included the
Flying Shuttle.
Before the invention
of the Flying Shuttle,
weavers had to pass
the shuttle through
the warp threads by
hand.
Steam Locomotive
Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851
Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.
Problems of Population
The population of England doubled between 1680 and 1820. The
population increase provided the large supply of cheap labor needed by
the factories. It also provided an increase in demand for manufactured
goods.
The Luddites: 1811-1816
The Luddites were people in the 19th-century English textile artisans who
violently protested against the machinery introduced during the Industrial
Revolution that made it possible to replace them with less-skilled, low-wage
labourers, leaving them without work
The “Peoples’ Charter”
• Drafted in 1838 by William Lovett.
• Radical campaign for Parliamentary
reform of the inequalities created by the
Reform Bill of 1832.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Votes for all men.
Equal electoral districts.
Abolition of the requirement that
Members of Parliament [MPs] be property
owners.
Payment for Members of Parliament.
Annual general elections.
The secret ballot.
Thomas Malthus
 Population growth will
outpace the food supply.
 War, disease, or famine
could control population.
 The poor should have
less children.
 Food supply will then keep
up with population.
David Ricardo
 “Iron Law of Wages.”
 When wages are high,
workers have more
children.
 More children create a
large labor surplus that
depresses wages.
The Socialists:
Utopians & Marxists
 People as a society would operate and own the
means of production, not individuals.
 Their goal was a society that benefited
everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.
 Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].
Government Response

Abolition of slavery in the colonies
in 1832 [to raise wages in Britain].
 Sadler Commission to look into
working conditions
Factory Act [1833] – child labor.
New Poor Law [1834] – indoor
relief.
Poor houses.
 Reform Bill [1832] – broadens the
vote for the cities.
1850:
Zones of Industrialization
on the European Continent






Northeast France.
Belgium.
The Netherlands.
Western German states.
Northern Italy
East Germany  Saxony
Industrial revolution By 1850
To America
Francis Cabot Lowell was a business man
from Newburyport, Massachusetts who
brought the revolution to America.
While on a trip to England in 1810,
Francis Cabot Lowell was allowed to
tour the British textile factories.
He memorized the blueprint of the textile
machines
• Industrial – Having to do with industry,
business or manufacturing
• Revolution – a huge change or a
change in the way things are done
• Industrial Revolution – a change from
making things by hand to making them
in factories.
Transportation
• Before the Industrial Revolution, people relied
on the horse and their own feet to get around.
• With the invention of the steam locomotive,
transportation took a huge step forward.
• The first two major railroad companies were
the Union Pacific and Central Pacific
Railroads.
Passenger carriers
Leland Stanford
• Leland Stanford was a
business tycoon, (a
wealthy, powerful
person in business or
industry) co-founder of
the Central Pacific
Railroad, creator of
Stanford University, and
the governor of
California.
James Hargreaves
• With the invention of the spinning jenny
and the power loom by James
Hargreaves, the textile industry took
off.
• Clothes could now be made far faster
than ever before.
Spinning wheel
• The spinning wheel
was the first
invention, but it was
very slow.
• Threads were spun
one at a time, by
hand.
The spinning jenny
• The spinning jenny
could spin up to
eight thread at time.
The spinning jenny
was much faster
than the spinning
wheel.
The Spinning Mule
• The spinning mule used water power to
spin the thread, which was much faster
than doing it by hand.
• More cloth could now be made.
The Power Mule
The power loom
• The power loom
used water power to
weave cloth
• People could make
a lot of cloth quickly.
A cotton factory
Agriculture
• Advances in agriculture were also made.
• The invention of the seed drill allowed
farmers to plant many more seeds much
more quickly.
• The reaper allowed farmers to harvest their
crops more efficiently.
• More crops could now be grown feeding an
increasing population.
The seed drill
The reaper
• The reaper was
used to cut down
the harvest. As you
can see, it would
take a long time to
do it by hand.
The mechanical reaper
The mechanical reaper was a lot
faster than doing the hand reaper
Steel
• With the invention of steel, buildings
could be made much taller.
• Steel was much harder than iron, which
would bend if made too tall.
• The steel industry created many new
products, and led to the invention of the
car.
Smoke stacks of a
factory
A melting plant
Andrew Carnegie
• Andrew Carnegie
became a millionaire
in the steel business
by putting all his
competitors out of
business.
• He created U.S.
Steel in Pittsburg.
Henry Ford
• Henry Ford invented
the first practical
car, the Model T.
• The car had been
invented earlier, but
Ford was the first to
make the car
affordable.
Samuel Gompers
• With all the new
businesses being
created, someone
needed to take care of
the workers.
• Gompers created the
American Federation of
Labor, or organization of
other labor unions that
had bonded together to
protect the rights of
workers.
• "Industrial Revolution Inventions Timeline â€
“1712-1942." The
Story of America RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2012.
• "When Did the Industrial Revolution Start in the U.s.a.?" Yahoo!
Answers. Yahoo!, n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2012.
• The Luddites were 19th-century English textile artisans who
violently protested against the machinery introduced during
the Industrial Revolution that made it possible to replace them
with less-skilled, low-wage labourers, leaving them without work