John P. McKay ● Bennett D. Hill
John Buckler ● Claire Haru Crowston
Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks ● Joe Perry
A History of Western Society
Tenth Edition
CHAPTER 25
The West and the World, 1815–1914
Amended by A. PLAZA
Copyright © 2011 by Bedford/St. Martin’s
I. Industrialization and the World
Economy
KQ: What were some of the global consequences of
European industrialization between 1815 and 1914?
A. The Rise of Global Inequality
1. Impact of the Industrial Revolution
2. The Income Gap (See next table.)
3. Competing Explanations
A. Positive view of the West:
B. Negative view of the West:
B. The World Market
1. British Exports: primary destinations = _ & _
2. British Imports: major imports = _ _ , _ _, & _ _.
3. Facilitators of International Trade:
a) _
b) _
c) _ _ (1869) & _ _ (1914)
4. Capital – growth of European foreign investment
a) Where?
b) For what?
c) Victims?
KQ: How do these docs.
provide evidence for increasing
international trade?
Panama Canal
Theodore Roosevelt in
Panama
(Construction began in 1904; opened in 1914)
C. The Opening of China
1. Traditional Restrictions
2. The Opium Trade
3. The Opium War (1839-41)
4. The Treaty of Nanking (1842)
Opium War, 1841
D. Japan and the United States
1. Japanese Isolation (1640-1853)
KQ: Motives?
Desire to protect its distinctive civilization since
expelling Christian missionaries & foreign traders.
2. Gunboat Diplomacy conducted by the United States
KQ: Why did the US succeed in opening Japanese
ports & obtaining favorable trade concessions?
Japanese cities were defenseless against American
naval bombardment.
Commodore Matthew Perry
Opens Up Japan: 1853
The Japanese View
of Commodore
Perry
Treaty of Kanagawa: 1854
Outcomes:
Opened 2 ports & permitted trade.
Over 5 years, more treaties defined the rights & privileges of
Western nations & their merchants in Japan.
E. Western Penetration of Egypt
1. Independence: Muhammad Ali
(1769–1849)
2. Modernization: of _ by
Muhammad Ali & Ismail
3. Foreign Occupation by _ & _
because:
4. Nationalist association (1879):
5. BR. Imperialism (1882):
6. Independence achieved by
Egypt in _
7. BR rule had benefited: _ & _
II. The Great Migration
KQ: How was massive migration an integral part of Western
expansion?
A.The Pressure of Population (1800-1900)
1. Population Growth 188M to 432M resulted from:
a) Declining _ _
b) Improved _ _ _
c) Revolution in _
2. Emigration : 60 million people left Europe bet. 1815-1932
3. Patterns of Emigration – Primary destinations?
B. European Migrants
1. Who Were the Migrants?
2. Repatriation
3. Reasons for Migration: Push Factors vs. Pull Factors?
KQ: How did innovations in
transportation impact migration?
KQ2: Where did Europeans
migrate?
C. Asian Migrants
1. Statistics
2. Reasons for Migration
3. Discrimination and Great White Walls
Stereotypes of the Chinese
Immigrant
Oriental [Chinese]
Exclusion Act,
1887
III. Western Imperialism, 1880–1914
KQ: How and why after 1875 did European nations rush
to build political empires in Africa & Asia?
A. The European Presence in Africa Before 1880
1. European Settlements
2. Trading Posts
3. European Takeovers
B. The Scramble for Africa After 1880
1.The British
2. Berlin Conference (1884–1885)
3. Further British Conquests
III. Western Imperialism, 1880–1914
C. Imperialism in Asia
1. The Dutch East Indies
2. Russia
3. The United States
III. Western Imperialism, 1880–1914
D. Causes of the New Imperialism
1. Economic Motives
2. Political and Diplomatic Motives
3. Social Darwinism and Racial Doctrines
4. Technological Superiority
5. Domestic Policies
6. Special Interest Groups
E. A “Civilizing Mission”
1. The “Civilizing Mission”
2. Rudyard Kipling (1865–1936)
3. The Spread of Christianity
F. Critics of Imperialism
1. J. A. Hobson (1858–1940), Imperialism, 1902.
2. Joseph Conrad (1857–1924), Heart of Darkness, 1902.
3. Other Criticisms
• Paradox of liberal democratic states imposing
dictatorships abroad.
• Mark Twain belonged to the Anti-Imperialist League
IV. Responding to Western Imperialism
KQ: What was the general pattern of non-Western responses
to Western Expansion, and how did India, Japan, and
China meet the imperialist challenge?
A. The Pattern of Response
1. A Variety of Initial Responses
2. Imperial Rule relied on support from traditionalists &
modernizers
3. Weaknesses of Imperial Rule
 Western ideas ultimately weakened imperial rule:
a) Human rights
b) Liberalism
c) Self-determination (democratic government)
d) Nationalism
B. Empire in India [Consult PPT,
“British in India”]
1.The British East India Company
arrived in 1600s and ruled indirectly
1848-1857.
2.1857ff. Direct British Rule by
Parliament
a)w/ local civil service trained in
secondary education system.
b)“White women’s burden”
c)Irrigation, railroads, plantations
developed.
d)Created a single state.
e)Inequality persisted.
3.Rising Nationalism – 1885 birth of
Indian National Congress (Hindu
majority)
1907 demand for independence.
Japan Learns a Lesson!
In 1862, just before the start of the
Meiji period, Tokugawa sent officials and
scholars to China to study the situation
there. A Japanese recorded in his diary
from Shanghai…
The Chinese have become servants to the
foreigners. Sovereignty may belong to
China but in fact it's no more than a
colony of Great Britain and France.
C. The Example of Japan [Consult PPT, “Imperialist
Japan”]
1. The Meiji Restoration (1867) by samurai elite.
2. Meiji Goals to meet foreign threats begun by Commodore
Perry (1853)
 Strengthen military power & abolish feudalism by replacing
it with social equality.
 Constructed factories & railroads.
3. Military and Political Goals
a) Built up navy & imposed compulsory military service
b) Invited foreign experts in science, medicine, industry
c) Embarked on imperialist expansion – 1910 Korea
annexed.
d) Copied German constitution w/ authoritarian emperor.
Abolition
of the
feudal system
Modern
Banking
System
Written
Constitution
(Germans)
Land
Redistribution
Westernize
the School
System
(Fr. & Ger.)
Meiji
Reforms
Human Rights
& Religious
Freedom
Emperor
Worship
Intensified
Modernize
the Army
(Prussian)
Build a
Modern Navy
(British)
D. Toward Revolution in China
1. The Comeback of the Qing Dynasty (1860–1890)
2. The Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) = severe setback.
3. The Hundred Days of Reform (1898)
 Young emperor’s Western-style reforms thwarted by a
palace coup led by the empress dowager, Tzu Hsi.
4. The Boxer Rebellion (1899-1900) anti-foreigner revolt
encouraged by Qing to scapegoat foreigners for probs.
a) Boxers killed missionaries & Chinese Christians, then
besieged embassies in Beijing.
b) Western armies invaded & plundered Beijing.
c) Indemnity imposed on China.
5. The End of the Qing Dynasty (1912)
 Antiforeign & antigovernment revolt toppled Qing &
instituted a republic.