Ch. 5
Greek Civilization
Ch. 5:1 The Culture of Ancient Greece – The Greeks made great strides in the arts. Greek poetry, art, and drama are still
part of our world today.
Greek Mythology – The Greeks believed that gods and goddesses controlled nature and shaped their lives.
1. What are myths? __________________________________________________________________________________
What did Greek mythology express? the Greek _____________________ religious _______________________
What did Greeks believe? in many _______________ and _____________________________
What did the Greeks believe about gods and goddesses? that they affected people’s _________________ and
shaped __________________ which is why the most impressive ____________________________ in
Greek cities were religious _____________________
2. What did the Greeks believe the gods and goddesses controlled? ______________________
According to Greek myth,
 the god ______________________ ruled the sky and threw lightning _______________
 the goddess _________________________, made the ____________________ grow
 the god _____________________________ caused earthquakes
3. Where did the twelve (12) most important gods and goddesses live? on ___________________________________,
the highest __________________________________ in _____________________
Among these were
 _____________________, the chief god
 _______________________________, the goddess of wisdom and crafts
 ___________________________, the god of the sun and poetry
 __________________, the god of war
 _____________________________, the goddess of love
 _____________________________, the god of the seas and earthquakes
4. Were Greek gods and goddesses thought to be all-powerful? _____________ Did they have special powers? ________
Who did they look and act like? ____________________________________
They ________________________, had _______________________________, _________________________,
played ___________________ on each other, and fought _______________
5. Why did Greeks follow many rituals? because they sought their gods’ ___________________
What is a ritual? ______________________________________________________________________________
As part of their rituals, Greeks ______________________ to their gods and also gave them _________________
What did they hope in return? that the _______________ would grant good ______________________ to them
Where were festivals dedicated to Zeus held? at ______________________________
6. What else did the Greeks believe in? the ____________________________
Where did Greeks believe people went when they died? their ______________________ went to a gloomy
__________________ beneath the ______________ ruled by a ___________ named ______________
7. The Greeks believed that each person had a __________________ or ___________________________
What did Greeks believe would happen no matter what they did? certain _____________________
They also believed in _____________________ which is a ______________________ about the ____________
Why did the Greeks believe the gods gave them prophecies? to warn them about the __________________ in
time to ____________________ it
8. How did many Greeks find out about the future? they visited an _____________________, a sacred ______________
where a ___________________ or _________________________ spoke for a ____________ or
______________________________
Where was the most famous oracle? at the ____________________ of _________________ at ______________
Where was the oracle chamber? deep inside the ____________________; the room had an _________________
in the ________________ where volcanic ________________ hissed from a ________________ in the
earth
9. A ___________________ sat on a tripod, a three-legged ________________, in the oracle _____________________
and listened to __________________________.
Who translated her answers? _____________________
Who traveled to Delphi to ask advice from the oracle of Apollo? state _______________________ or their
_____________________________
How did the priestess often give answers? in __________________________
Greek Poetry and Fables – Greek poetry and fables taught Greek values.
10. Where are Greeks’ poems and stories the oldest? in the ______________________ world.
Who have used these early works as models for their own poems and stories? ________________________ and
__________________________
Who borrowed many Greek plots and settings? _________________________________
11. The earliest Greek stories were _______________ which are long _________________ that told about heroic
_________________
What were the first great epics of early Greece? the _______________ and the ________________________
Who wrote these epics? ______________________ When? the ________________ B.C.
What did he base them on? stories of a _____________ between ___________________ and the city of
_____________ which is in what is today northwestern ______________________
12. Describe the story of the Iliad. ______________________________________________________________________
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13. Describe the story of the Odyssey___________________________________________________________________
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14. Did the Greeks believe the Iliad and the Odyssey were more than stories? ____________ They looked upon them as
real _____________________
What did these stories give the Greeks? an ideal _______________ with a cast of __________________
What did Homer’s stories teach?
 ______________________ and _____________________
 that it was important to be _____________________ to your __________________
 and to value the _________________________ between husband and _________________
15. The stories showed heroes striving to be the ______________ they could be and heroes fought to protect their own
__________________ and their family’s ________________. They also became _____________ models for
Greek boys
16. Who was Aesop? a Greek ___________________
What did he write? _________________
What is a fable? a short ________________ that teaches a __________________
17. In most of Aesop’s fables, who talked and acted like people? _______________________
What did these funny stories often point out? human __________________ as well as _____________________
What did each fable end with? a ______________________ or a _____________________
18. What is one of Aesop’s most famous fables? the _________________________ and the _______________
Describe the story ____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
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What is the moral of the story? __________________________________________________________________
What are some other of Aesop’s famous phrases?__________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
19. For how long were Aesop’s fables part of Greece’s oral tradition? __________ years
What does that mean? ________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Greek Drama – Greek drama still shapes entertainment today.
20. What is drama? __________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
What do actors do in a drama? they _________________, show ___________________, and imitate the
__________________ of the ___________________________ they represent
21. Where did Greeks perform their plays? in outdoor ____________________ as part of their religious _____________
What two (2) types of dramas did they develop? _______________________ and _________________________
22. What is a tragedy? _______________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
In early Greek tragedies, what did people struggle against? their ________________ Later what did Greek
tragedies show? how a person’s _________________________ flaws caused them to ____________
23. How does a comedy end? _______________________ What does the word comedy mean? any _______________
that has a happy ___________________
24. What big questions did Greek stories deal with?
 ____________________________________________________________________________________
 ____________________________________________________________________________________
 ____________________________________________________________________________________
25. Who were three (3) of the best-known writers of Greek tragedies?
 _______________________________
 _______________________________
 _______________________________
26. How many actors did early Greek tragedies have? ____________ What did they give? __________________
Who sung songs that described the events? a _________________________
Who was the first to introduce the idea of having two (2) actors? ________________________________
What else did Aeschylus introduce? ___________________________, ______________________, and
stage _______________________________
27. What was one of Aeschylus’s best-known plays? the _____________________________
What does it describe? ________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
What does the Oresteia teach? __________________________________________________________________
What triumphs over evil? _________________________
What is the moral of these plays? ________________________________________________________________
28. How many actors did Sophocles use? _____________
What did he paint behind the stage as a backdrop to the action? _______________________
What are two of Sophocles’ most famous plays? ______________________________ and __________________
What does Sophocles ask in Antigone? ____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
29. Who tried to take Greek drama beyond heroes and gods? __________________________________
His characters were more __________________ to ___________________
What did Euripides’ plots show a great deal of interest in? ____________________________________________
What did he question? traditional _________________________ especially about _______________
Who did Euripides believe war was especially cruel to? ___________________ and ______________________
30. Whose works were good examples of comedies? ______________________________
Who did they make fun of? ________________________ and __________________________
What did they encourage the audience to do? _______________________ as well as _____________________
Greek Art and Architecture – Greek art and architecture expressed Greek ideas of beauty and harmony.
31. What did artists in ancient Greek believe? in certain _______________ and tried to show those ________________
in their ________________ Have these ideas ever gone out of style? ____________
32. What did Greek artists want people to see in their work?
 ______________________
 ___________________________
 _____________________
 _____________________
What did they hope their art would inspire people to do? to base their ________________ on these same
__________________
33. What do we know Greeks painted although none have survived? __________________
What two (2) colors were used on most pictures on pottery from ancient Greece? ________ and ____________
What scenes were often on large vases? from Greek __________________
What scenes were on small drinking cups? from everyday ______________
34. The Greeks were also skilled ______________________________
What is architecture? the ______________ of _____________________ and _____________________
structures
In Greece, what was the most important architecture? the ____________________ dedicated to a _________ or
___________________________
What is the best-known example? the _____________________________
What were kept in the walled room in the center of these temples? ______________________ of gods and
goddesses and the ________________ offered to them
35. What supported many Greek buildings? large ___________________ carved from ________________
What did the Greeks begin to use to make columns in 500 B.C.? _______________________
How were the columns kept from toppling? sections were joined with wooden _______________
Where are marble columns common features of today? ____________________ and government
________________________ such as the White _______________________ and the _______________
in our nation’s capital.
36. What were many Greek temples decorated with? _________________________ What was sculpture used to
express? Greek _____________________
What was the favorite subject of Greek artists? the human ______________
Did Greek sculptors copy their subjects exactly? _________
Why? they tried to show their ideal ______________________ of ___________________ and _______________
Identify
Homer
Aesop
Sophocles
Euripides
Ch. 5:2 Greek Philosophy and History – The Greeks’ love of wisdom led to the study of history, politics, biology, and logic.
Greek Philosophers – Greek philosophers developed ideas that are still used today.
1. What does the word philosophy come from? the Greek word for “_____________________ of __________________”
What did Greek philosophy lead to? the study of
 __________________________
 ________________________________________
 __________________________
 ___________________________________
2. Who were philosophers? Greek ______________________ who believed the human _______________ could
understand ______________________________
3. Many philosophers were __________________________.
What did Pythagoras teach his pupils? that the ___________________________ followed the same
________________ that governed __________________ and ____________________________
What did Pythagoras believe that all relationships in the world could be expressed in? _____________________
What did he develop? many new _____________________ about ________________________________
What theorem is named for Pythagoras? the ______________________________ theorem which is a way to
determine the ________________ of the sides of a __________________________
4. Who were Sophists? professional ___________________________ in ancient ______________________
How did they make a living? by ________________________________________________
What did Sophists believe? that students should use their ______________ to improve ____________________
What did many teach their students?
 how to win an _____________________________
 how to make good political _______________________
5. Did Sophists believe that gods and goddesses influenced people? _________
Did they believe in the idea of absolute right or wrong? _________
What did they believe? that what was _______________ for one ___________________ might be ___________
for ________________________
6. Who was a critic of the Sophists? ___________________________
Who was Socrates? an Athenian ________________________ whose true love was _______________________
Did Socrates leave any writings behind? ________
How do we know about him? ___________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
7. What did Socrates believe? _________________________________________________________________________
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What did he invent? the _______________________ method of teaching that asked pointed _______________
to force his ____________________ to use their _______________________ and to see ____________
for _____________________________
8. What did some Athenian leaders consider the Socratic method to be? a ________________ to their _______________
Athens had a ________________________ of questioning ______________________ and speaking __________
9. What changed the Athenians? their defeat in the _____________________________ War
How? they no longer trusted open ____________________
What did the leaders accuse Socrates of teaching young Athenians in 399 B.C.? to _________________ against
the ________________
Was he found innocent or guilty? _______________________
He was sentenced to ________________.
Could he have fled the city? ____________
Did he? ___________
Why not? ___________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
How did Socrates carry out the jury’s sentence? ____________________________________________________
10. Who was Plato? one of Socrates’ _________________________
How are we able to learn a lot about Plato? from his ______________________
What was the Republic about? it explains Plato’s ____________________ about _________________________
Did Plato believe democracy was a good system of government? _________
What didn’t Plato believe democracy produced? ____________________________________________________
What did Plato believe people needed to live good lives? a ______________ and _________________________
government
11. In the Republic, what did Plato describe? his ideal _____________________________
He divided people into __________ basic groups:
 ______________________________________ who ruled using _____________ and ________________
 ________________________ who defended the _________________ from ___________________
 the rest of the _____________________ who were driven by _____________________, not by
______________________ . They produced the state’s _________________, ____________________,
and _______________________
12. Plato believed that men and women should have the same _______________________ and an equal ____________
to have the same _______________
What was the school Plato established in Athens? the _____________________
13. Who was Plato’s best student? ________________________
How many books did Aristotle write? more than _______ on topics ranging from _______________________ to
the _________________ and _______________
What is the name of the school that Aristotle opened? the ______________________
What did Aristotle teach his students at the Lyceum? the “___________________ ________________”
What does this idea hold? that a ___________________ should do _________________ in ________________
14. How did Aristotle help to advance science? he urged ____________________ to use their __________________ to
make _____________________
What was Aristotle the first to do? to group _____________________________ according to their
________________________ and _________________________
Then he made _________________________ based on the ________________ of ________________
15. How did Aristotle find the best form of government? he __________________ and __________________ the
governments of 158 different ______________
Describe the three (3) types of government by Aristotle:
 ____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
 ____________________________________________________________________________________
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 ____________________________________________________________________________________
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16. According to Aristotle, in the governments run by a few people, who were the ones that usually ran the
government? the ______________
What did Aristotle’s ideas shape? the way ____________________ and ____________________ thought about
__________________________
Whose government tried to create a mixed government that balanced the different types Aristotle had
identified? the ________________________________________________________________________
Greek Historians – Greeks wrote the first real histories in Western civilization.
17. In most places in the ancient world, what was not written? ________________________
What explained their past? _____________________ and _________________
18. Who wrote the history of the Persian Wars? a Greek named ________________________
What did Herodotus try to separate? ________________ from _____________________
He asked _______________________, recorded _______________________, and checked the
_________________________ of his ____________________
What do Western historians call him? the “_________________ of ___________________”
19. Who is considered to be the greatest historian of the ancient world? ________________________________
What did he write? ______________________________________________________
What did Thucydides see war and politics as the activities of? ______________ beings, not ______________
What else did he stress? the __________________________ of having accurate ___________________
Identify:
Pythagoras
Socrates
Plato
Aristotle
Herodotus
Thucydides
Ch. 5:3 Alexander the Great – Alexander the Great was only 25 years old when he conquered the Persian Empire. As a
result of his conquests, Greek art, ideas, language, and architecture spread throughout southwest Asia and North
Africa.
Macedonia Attacks Greece - Philip II of Macedonia united the Greek states.
1. Where does Macedonia lay? _______________ of __________________
What did the Macedonians raise in their river valleys? ______________________ and __________________
What did they grow? __________________
They were a _____________________ people who fought on ______________________
2. Who looked down on the Macedonians? the _________________________
By ___________ B.C., who had become a powerful kingdom? _________________________________
3. Who rose to the throne by 359 B.C.? ______________________
What did he admire about the Greeks? their ______________, their ______________, and their _____________
Who did Philip II want to defeat? the mighty __________________ Empire
What did he have to do to be able to do this? to _______________ the Greek ______________________ with
his own ______________________
4 What did Philip II raise to fight like the Greeks? a vast _______________ of foot ______________________
Did he unite Greek city-states with his own kingdom? ___________
How? he took some by ________________ and _______________ the leaders of _______________ to
surrender; some __________________ with his kingdom _____________________________
5. Who was a lawyer and one of Athens’s great public speakers? ___________________________
What did he warn? that ___________________ was a threat to Greek ______________________
What did he urge? __________________ and other __________________________ join together to fight the
_____________________________
Did the Greeks listen to him? __________
6. What left the Greeks weak and divided? the _____________________________ War
As a result:
 the population _________________________
 fighting had destroyed many _________________ and left ____________________ with no way to earn
a ____________________
 thousands of young __________________ left Greece to join the Persian _______________
 many who stayed behind began fighting among __________________________
 the city-states grew _____________________
7. Could they stop the invasion by Philip’s army? ___________
What is the name of the battle where the Macedonians crushed the Greeks? the Battle of __________________
near _______________
Who now controlled all of Greece? _______________________
Alexander Builds an Empire – Alexander the Great conquered the Persian Empire and spread Greek culture throughout
southwest Asia.
8. How did Philip plan to conquer the Persian Empire? with the ___________________ help
What happened to Philip before he could do this? he was ____________________________
So then, who had to invade Asia? his son, _____________________________
9. How old was Alexander when he became king of Macedonia? _________ years old
Philip had carefully trained his son for ____________________________
How old was Alexander when he rose to commander in the Macedonian army? ___________ years old
After Philip’s death, was Alexander ready to invade the Persian Empire? _________
10. In the spring of 334 B.C., where did Alexander invade? __________________________ with about ______________
Macedonian and Greek foot ________________________ and ________________ mounted warriors
Did Alexander win? __________ at the Battle of ___________________
11. By the next year, Alexander had freed the Greek _______________ in _______________________ from Persian
rule and defeated a large Persian _______________ at ______________________
By the winter of 332 B.C., he had captured ____________________ and _____________________
12. Where did he build a center of business and trade? at _____________________________
What did the city become? one of the most important ________________ in the ancient __________________
13. In 331 B.C., Alexander headed _____________ and defeated the Persians at _____________________, near
______________________, then easily overran the rest of the Persian _____________________
Did Alexander stop at Persia? _________
He went as far as modern __________________________
After entering India, what did Alexander’s soldiers do? _______________________________________________
Did Alexander agree to lead them home? ___________
14. What killed thousands of soldiers as they crossed a desert in what is now Iran?___________ and _____________
15. How did Alexander die? he came down with a bad _________________
How old was he when he died? _________ years old
16. Alexander was a great military __________________
Was he courageous? ___________
What could have been the key to his courage? his childhood ________________________
What is Alexander called today? Alexander the ___________________
17. What is a legacy? what a ___________________ leaves ________________ when he or she _____________
What created Alexander’s legacy? his ______________ and ________________
What did he help extend? _________________ and ___________________________ rule over a vast
____________
What did he and his armies spread? Greek ____________, ___________________, _____________________,
and _______________________________ wherever they went
What did the Greeks bring back from Asia and Africa? new _______________
18. What did Alexander’s conquests mark the beginning of? the _________________________ Era
What does Hellenstic mean? “like the ________________” and refers to a ______________ when the Greek
______________________ and Greek _______________ spread to the non-Greek _________________
of southwest ___________
19. Who did Alexander the Great plan to unite under his new empire?
 _________________________________
 _____________________
 ___________________________
He used Persians as ______________________ and encouraged his soldiers to marry Asian ______________.
Who fought for power after Alexander died? his _______________________
20. What happened as a result? the empire fell _______________
What four (4) kingdoms took its place?
 ______________________________
 ______________________________
 ______________________________
 ______________________________
21. In what language was business conducted in the Hellenistic kingdoms? ____________________
Who were the only ones who could apply for government posts? ________________ and _________________
who spoke _________________
Who did kings prefer to give the jobs to? ______________________ and _____________________________
22. What was the largest city in the Mediterranean world by 100 B.C.? ___________________________________
23. What did new Greek cities need?
 _________________________
 _________________________
 _________________________
 _________________________
 _________________________
24. What did Greeks and Macedonians who settled in southwest Asia provide? new _______________ for the ________
and a _________________ of government _________________ and __________________
What did they help spread? Greek ___________________ into _________________ and as far ____________ as
modern-day ___________________________ and ____________________
Identify:
Philip II
Alexander the Great
Ch. 5:4 The Spread of Greek Culture – Greek cities became centers of learning and culture. Greek scientists developed
advanced ideas about astronomy and mathematics.
Greek Culture Spreads – Hellenistic cities became centers of learning and culture.
1. During the Hellenistic Era, who flocked to the new Greek cities in southwest Asia?
 ______________________________
 _________________________
 ________________
 ________________
Why? they came to take __________________________ of Alexandria’s __________________
How many scrolls did they have? _____________
What did Alexandria have that researchers went to do their work? a ___________________________
2. What were Hellenistic kingdoms? lands of ________________________________ for Greek _____________________
What did Hellenistic kings want to make cities like? cultural ____________________ of ______________
What did they pay to line the streets with baths, theaters, and temples? handsome _________________
3. Who filled towns and cities with thousands of statues? Greek ________________________ hired by Hellenistic
_____________________ and other wealthy _________________________
These statues showed the same _____________________ of _____________________________ as the statues
from Greece’s ________________________ ________________.
4. Who else did Hellenistic leaders also admire? talented ________________________
Who spent generous sums of money supporting writers’ work? _____________ and leading ________________
What did this produce? a large _______________ of ______________________________
Did much of this writing survive? ___________
5. Who wrote Argonautica? _______________________ of Rhodes
Describe this epic poem: _______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
6. Who wrote short poems about the beauty of nature? a poet named ________________________________
7. Where was the center of Greek theater? _______________________
What did playwrights in Athens create? a new kind of ____________________________ that had happy
_________________________ and still made _______________________ laugh
Did they poke fun at political leaders? ____________
Instead, what did the plays tell stories about? _________________ and ________________________________
Who was one of the best known of the new playwrights? ____________________________
Philosophy – Epicurus and Zeno showed the world different ways to look at happiness.
8. Where were the most famous philosophers in the Greek world attracted to? _______________________
Who were two (2) of the most important philosophers? _________________________ and ________________
9. Who founded a philosophy we now know as Epicureanism? ________________________
What did he teach his students? that _____________________________ was the __________________ of
_____________
What did Epicurus believe? that the _______________ to be happy was to seek out _______________________
What does the word epicurean mean today? the love of physical _____________________ such as good
_______________ or comfortable _____________________________
What did pleasure mean to Epicurus? spending _________________ with _____________________ and
learning not to ___________________ about ______________________
How did Epicureans avoid worrying? by staying out of ___________________________ and public
__________________________
10. Who developed Stoicism? a Phoenician named ___________________
Why did Zeno teach at a building known as the “painted porch” near the city market in Athens? because he
could not afford to rent a ___________________ ________________
Where does “Stoicism” come from? __________________, the Greek word for “____________________”
11. For Stoics, where does happiness come from? from following ______________________, not _________________,
and doing your __________________
What does stoic used to describe today? someone who is not affected by ______________ or _______________
What did Stoics believe people had a duty to serve? their _________________
Did Epicureans believe that? ________
Greek Science and Math – Hellenistic scientists made major discoveries in math and astronomy.
12. Scientists, especially ________________________________ and _________________________ made major
contributions during the __________________________ Era.
13. What do astronomers study? _________________, ______________________, and other heavenly ______________
What did Aristarchus claim? that the ______________ was at the center of the ________________________
and that ___________________ circled the ______________
Did other astronomers accept Aristarchus’s ideas? __________
What did they think was the center of the universe? the ___________________
14. Who was in charge of the library at Alexandria? an astronomer, _______________________________
What did he conclude? that the ______________________ was round
What did he use his knowledge of geometry and astronomy to measure? the Earth’s ______________________,
the ____________________________ around the ___________________
15. Describe how Eratosthenes calculated the curve of the Earth’s surface: _____________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
16. Using his measurements, what was Eratosthenes’s estimated distance around the Earth? _________________ miles
How close was his estimate from the actual measurement? ___________ miles
What else did he measure? the distance to the ____________ and to the ___________________
17. Who was the most famous Greek mathematician? _____________________
What does his book, Elements, describe? ___________________ ____________________________
What is plane geometry? _______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
18. Who was the most famous scientist of the Hellenistic Era? __________________________ of ___________________
What did he work on? ___________________ ________________________
What is solid geometry? _______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
He also figured the value of _________
What is this number used to measure? the area of _________________
How is pi usually represented? ____________
19. Archimedes was also an ________________________
What weapon did Archimedes invent that drove the Romans back from Syracuse when they attacked?
__________________________
What are catapults? ___________________________________________________________________________
How long did it take the Romans to capture Syracuse? __________ years
Who was killed in the massacre? _____________________________________
Identify
Theocritus
Aristarchus
Eratosthenes
Euclid
Archimedes