Daily Essential Questions What is the purpose of the legislative branch? How does bicameralism in Congress reflect the principle of federalism? “A chosen body of citizens, whose wisdom may best discern the true interest of their country, and whose patriotism and love of justice will be least likely to sacrifice it to temporary or partial considerations.” - James Madison, The Federalist # 10 (1787) Legislative At a Glance… Congress Legislative branch of the U.S. Government Responsible for translating “public will” into public policy in the form of laws Legislative At a Glance They make the laws! Described in Article I “All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives” What does “Bicameral” mean? Bicameral simply means two houses. The House of Representatives and the Senate collectively make up the Congress A Bicameral Congress Definition: Power is shared between two houses Each house has similar but distinct powers Requirements for each house differ A Bicameral Legislature The House Wing The Senate Wing “In order to control the legislative authority, you must divide it.” James Madison, Federalist No. 51 How will this set up protect Americans from tyranny? The Well in the House Chamber House Office Buildings Senate Office Buildings Virtual Tour of the Senate Chamber House of Representatives “LOWER HOUSE” A nationwide census is given every ten years to determine what? House of Representatives Size: 435 members, based on state population Seats are distributed among States on the basis of their respective populations – but each state is guaranteed at least one seat After every census (every 10 years), the Census Bureau will determine how many seats each state should have. Length of Term: 2 years (unlimited terms) Census = # of seats per state A census is used to determine the amount of representation each state will receive in the House of Representatives. Every 10 years, after the census is taken, Congress determines how the seats in the House are to be apportioned, or distributed. If a state's population decreases from one census to the next, the number of its representatives may be reduced. States whose populations grow may be entitled to more representatives. House of Representatives 435 members of the House are chosen by voters in 435 separate congressional districts Constituency: the people/interests an elected official represents Each member represents their congressional district House Member Qualifications 25 years of age 7 year citizen of the U.S. Live in State and District representing. Florida 27 districts Key Biscayne - 18th Congressional District Ileana Ros - Lehtinen 18th District Florida I am proud to represent Florida’s 18thCongressional District, a diverse area which includes Miami, Little Havana, Coral Gables, Pinecrest, Miami Beach, Westchester and the Florida Keys. I was born in Havana, Cuba on July 1952. At the age of eight, my family and I were forced to flee from the oppressive communist regime of Fidel Castro. We settled in Miami and put down permanent roots in our community. I attended Southside Elementary School in Little Havana, West Miami Junior High, and Southwest High School. In the years following, I earned an Associate of Arts degree from Miami-Dade Community College in 1972, Bachelors and Masters Degree in Education from Florida International University in 1975 and 1985 respectively, and a Doctorate in Education from the University of Miami in 2004. I consider education a lifelong journey. Florida’s Congressional Districts What are the qualifications for becoming a Representative? The House of Representatives: Requirements Must live in state and district Must be elected by the majority of people in his/her district 650,000 people on average Must be 25 years or older Must be a U.S. citizen for at least 7 years Term begins on January 3 and last for 2 years. One of 435 other members of the House Compare to the Senate Who is the presiding officer of the House of Representatives? Speaker of the House The Presiding officer of the House of Representatives is called the “Speaker of the House” Currently the new Speaker of the House is John Boehner (R) from Ohio Non Voting Members of the House 1 representative each: >>can participate in debate and on committees >>cannot vote Puerto Rico The District of Columbia American Samoa Virgin Islands Differences Between the House and Senate The House Two year Term 435 members Smaller constituencies Less personal staff Equal populations represented Less flexible rules Limited Debate Policy Specialists Less media coverage Less prestige Less reliance on staff More powerful committee leaders Very important committees Nongermane amendments (riders) not allowed Important Rules Committee Some bills are not allowed to be amended from the floor The Senate Six year Term 100 members Larger constituencies More personal staff States represented More flexible rules Extended Debate Policy generalists More media coverage More prestige More equal distribution of power 20 major committees Nongermane amendments (riders) allowed Filibuster allowed Senate “UPPER HOUSE” Senate Size: 100 members, two from each State Length of Term: 6 years (unlimited terms) Staggered terms - 1/3 of Senate is up for re-election every 2 years Constituency: Senators represent their entire state Who is the presiding officer of the Senate? The presiding officer in the Senate is the Vice President. Currently the Vice President is Joe Biden (D) from Delaware The Vice President Who runs the Senate if the Vice President isn’t there? President Pro Temp Patrick Leahy sworn in as Senate President Pro Tempore - Posted by Ed O'Keefe on December 18, 2012 at 11:56 am The United States Constitution states that the Vice President of the United States is the President of the Senate, despite not being a senator, and that the Senate must choose a president pro tempore. By a long-standing tradition which has been observed consistently since the 81st Congress (January 1949 – January 1951), the president pro tempore is the most senior senator in the majority party. What are the qualifications for becoming a Senator? Senate Member Qualifications 30 years of age Citizen of U.S. for at least 9 years Live in state he/she represents Your Senators… Marco Rubio(R) Bill Nelson(D) Florida’s Senators 2012 Marco Rubio – Rep. born and raised in Miami from Cuban American Family since 2010 http://www.rubio.senate.gov/public/ Bill Nelson – Dem. Bill Nelson was elected to the U.S. Senate in November 2000, after serving six years as a member of the Florida Cabinet. Dear Mr. Raymond, Thank you for writing me with your suggestions on how to reform Congress. These are important issues and I appreciate hearing your thoughts. I also have frustrations with the process in Washington and I appreciate you bringing me your suggestions for how Congress can be reformed. When I ran for the U.S. Senate, I made a commitment to maximize the efficiency and effectiveness of government. Like you, I share your passion for a fair and functioning government. To that end, I cosponsored S.J.Res. 2, introduced by Senator David Vitter of Louisiana. If enacted, S.J.Res. 2 would limit the number of terms that a member of Congress could serve, three terms in the House of Representatives and two terms in the U.S. Senate. Additionally, this legislation would eliminate automatic pay increases for members of Congress. I am hopeful that this commonsense legislation will be adopted and signed into law. Please know that I will continue to work with my colleagues in the Senate to ensure that Congress is a more open, transparent institution. I also encourage you to continue to be vigilant and to hold members of Congress accountable for their votes. It is an honor and a privilege to serve as your United States Senator. I appreciate you offering your opinion on this issue. If I can ever be of any assistance to you, please do not hesitate to contact me. Sincerely, Marco Rubio United States Senator Cross-Comparison Senate House of Representatives 100 members 435 members 30 years old to serve 25 years old to serve 9 year U.S. citizen 7 year U.S. citizen 6 year term of office 2 year term of office More prestige/name recognition Less prestige/name recognition 2 / State regardless of size -Marco Rubio (R) -Bill Nelson (D) Each represents 680,000 people -27 districts in FL -18th Congressional District Rep: Iliana Responsibilities: - Try elected officials when they have been impeached - Approve appointed officials: judges, cabinet members, ambassadors - Approve treaties Responsibilities: - Can bring charges against elected officials (impeachment) - Revenue bills must begin in the house Review Representation for each state in the House of Representatives is determined by …?. The US Census End of Course Question How does the U. S. Constitution provide for stability and continuity in the Senate? a. By requiring members to be 30 years of age or older b. Reelections every two years for one-third of the Senate c. By requiring members to be legal citizens d. Giving each state two senators End of Course Question One of the way that the Founding Fathers ensured the House would have the best representation was to include which of the following in the United States Constitution? a. By requiring members to be 25 years of age or older b. Requiring reelection of members every two years c. Requiring all members to be lawyers d. Requiring members to be part of special committees End of Course Question How many members serve in the House of Representatives? a. 26 b. 100 c. 65 d. 435 End of Course Question How many members serve in the Senate a. 26 b. 100 c. 65 d. 435 End of Course Question If the President Pro Tempore is presiding in the Senate, which of the following is not present? a. president b. Majority leader c. Vice President d. Floor leader End of Course Question 11. According to Article V, both Congress and the states must participate in the amendment process. This requirement reflects which of the following ideas about the distribution of power in America? a. separation of church and government b. separation of the three branches of government c. the importance of federalism d. the importance of the state powers End of Course Question If the President Pro Tempore is presiding in the Senate, which of the following is not present? a. president b. Majority leader c. Vice President d. Floor leader End of Course Question What is the difference between the Speaker of the House and the president pro tempore? a. The Speaker of the House is in charge of the Senate and House when they are in session. b. The president pro tempore is in charge of the Senate and the House when they are in session. c. The Speaker of the House is just in charge of the House. The president pro tempore is just in charge of the Senate. d. The Speaker of the House is only in charge when the vice president is not president. End of Course Question How is the Speaker of the House selected? a. selected by members of their party b. selected by seniority c. selected by the constituents d. selected by the House of Representatives End of Course Question Which of the following do the whips play an important role of ensuring in Congress? a. Party members are committed to voting along party lines. b. The speaker has support to maintain their position. c. Editing legislation through committees. d. Party members are supporting the president. End of Course Question Why is the seniority system in Congress an effective way to select leaders and assign committee members? a. it offers new members the ability to learn from experienced members b. new members are not capable of holding leadership positions c. they are better leaders d. experienced leaders make the best decisions End of Course Question Why are joint committees beneficial to the law making process? a. it aligns members from both houses so that they can create the details of bills together b. it fosters and builds bipartisan relationships c. it allows the speaker and the president pro tempore to work together d. it assists whips in promoting bills End of Course Question Why is the seniority system in Congress an effective way to select leaders and assign committee members? a. it offers new members the ability to learn from experienced members b. new members are not capable of holding leadership positions c. they are better leaders d. experienced leaders make the best decisions Senate Trivia How many Senators went on to become President? 15 • How many members of the Senate have been convicted of crimes? 4 o What was the salary of a Senator in 1789? What is the current salary? o $6 per day aprox $168,000 • How many women serve in the 2013 US Senate? 20 Senate Trivia How many U.S. Senators have participated in the Olympic games? 3 How many U.S. Senators are foreign born? From how many different countries have they come? 58 18 different countries What is the greatest length of time served thus far by any U.S. Senator? 48 years What was the age of the oldest Senator while still in office? 100 How many African Americans have served in the U.S. Senate? 6 Congress is older, better educated, more white, more male, and richer than the rest of the United States… •There are 43 African-Americans in the House. •There are 26 Hispanic-Americans in the House. •Ten Members of the House and Senate are of Asian or Native Hawaiian ancestry. •There is one Native American in the House. •The total number of women in Congress is 95. There are 17 in the Senate and 78 in the House, three of whom are non-voting delegates from Washington, DC, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. What do they both enjoy? Perks of the Office Office Expenses: $127,000 (House) $474,000 (Senate) Free Office Space in D.C. Free Office Space in State Staff Salaries: $632,000 (House) Free Parking on the Hill Inexpensive Health Care $2 million (Senate) Several Free Trips Home Salary: $165,200/year Franking Privilege: mailing “official business” (not campaign business) for free. Full Access to the Congressional Gym and Spa Immunity from Lawsuits for anything you say when in Congress Discussion Questions What relationship exists between the Census Bureau and the distribution of seats among the States in the House of Representatives? Look at the cross-comparison chart we just completed – what evidence suggests that the House of Representatives was intended to reflect the interests of the people, rather than the States? Recall the Connecticut Compromise between the small and large states during the writing of the U.S. Constitution…how does the cross-comparison chart reflect that compromise between small and large states? Question of the Day WHAT CONGRESS DOES, HAS AN EFFECT ON YOU, QUITE DIRECTLY. Think for a moment…What types of legislation has congress established that affects you? House of Representatives Gerrymandering Odd shaped districts that have been drawn to the advantage of the political party that controls one legislature Goal is to create as many “safe” districts as possible—districts almost certain to be won by the party in control of the line-drawing process. Did You Know? Gerrymandering takes its name from Governor Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts, who in 1812 drew the State’s legislative districts to favor the Democratic-Republicans. It is said that the painter Gilbert Stuart added a head, wings, and claws on a district map handing over the desk of a Federalist newspaper editor. “That,” he said, “will do for a salamander.” “Better say Gerrymander,” growled the editor. Big Picture - The 435 members of the House represent districts of roughly equal populations but very different characteristics. - House members can serve an unlimited number of 2 year terms. - The framers expected the House, with its larger size and more frequent elections, to act as the “people’s body”. It was meant to reflect the more volatile, democratic tendencies in American society. Daily Enduring Understanding From the instant your alarm clock rings to the moment you go to sleep at night, the work of Congress has a significant impact on your daily life… An Ordinary Day… Expressed Powers of Congress So what happens? The creditor is entitled to payment in some form. A person assets will be seized and the sold. The money will given to the creditors. The amount of debt owed by the debtor is wiped clean, once the assets are seized. The Problem: The debtor will have a hard time getting any loans or credit from any bank or business, making it hard to buy major things. Commerce Power The power of Congress to regulate interstate and foreign trade Sets how much should be charged for imports Not in Articles of Confederation 1780s – States fought over trade barriers and laws Civil Rights Act of 1964: prohibits discrimination “in access to” or “service in” hotels, motels, theaters, and other public accommodations on grounds of race, color, etc… Power is as vital as the power to tax Many government decisions have been backed up on the power of the Federal government to regulate commerce between the states Expressed Powers of Congress “Congress will establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization…” Naturalization: Process of becoming a US citizen Natural born = born in US territory or on US owned property, or to a US citizen. Naturalized = citizenship gained from another country. Expressed Powers of Congress The Basic Process: Must live in the US for 5 years (half must be spent in US) Must be 18 years old Must speak basic English Must pass a basic civic’s exam Must pledge an oath of loyalty to the US (Can not have a criminal record) Expatriation: citizenship can be revoked only for naturalized citizens Expressed Powers of Congress “Congress shall promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts by securing…exclusive Right to their respective writings and Discoveries.” CopyrightExclusive right to an author for the publication and resale of their work. Length: Good for life plus 70 years Foreign Relations Powers Shares power with Commander in Chief Congress can: Declare War Raise and support military Provide and maintain a navy War Powers Resolution of 1973 Restrict the use of American forces in combat areas where a state of war does not exist. Expressed Powers of Congress Foreign relationssuggest foreign policy, approve treaties War Powersdeclare war, raise and maintain an army and navy, call up militias (Nat’l Guard), restrict non-war use of troops Expressed Powers of Congress PatentExclusive right to a person to manufacture, use, or sell any new invention. Length: 20 years Intellectual property covered: Books, magazines, paintings, movies, design patents, photos, trademarks, trade secrets, etc.., Expressed Powers of Congress Internet Resources HTTP://WWW.CENTERONCONGRESS.ORG/LEA RN_ABOUT/LAUNCHER.HTM HTTP://WWW.CENTERONCONGRESS.ORG/MO DULES/LEGISLATIVE_PROCESS/MAIN.HTM FYI Additional notes to add to your graphic organizer • As many as 10,000 measures are introduced in the House and Senate during a term of Congress. •Fewer than 10% ever become law • “Bipartisanship” : support for a bill from members of both the Democrats and Republicans.