1. The right side of the heart pumps
blood to the
A.
B.
C.
D.
Left side
The body
The lungs
None of the above
2. The tricuspid valve is found
A. Between the right atrium and left atrium
B. Between the left ventricle and the aorta
C. Between the right atrium and right
ventricle
D. Between the left atrium and left ventricle
3. The term for the period of time the
heart is actively pumping
A.
B.
C.
D.
Diastole
Ventristole
Atriostole
Systole
4. The sinoatrial node
A.
B.
C.
D.
Is responsible for regulation of pulse
Is found in the left atrium
Is found in right sinus cavity
None of the above
5. Enlargement of the heart
A.
B.
C.
D.
Microcardia
Cardiomegaly
Hypertension
atherosclerosis
6. Which of the following vessels
carries blood to the lungs?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Aorta
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
lungoartery
7.
A patient is brought into the ER with complains
of chest pain and profuse sweating. An EKG is
taken and he is found to have atrial difficulty.
Which of the following EKG markings will have
been affected?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
P
Q
R
S
T
8. The sequence of heart contraction is
A. Random
B. Left chambers followed by right
chambers
C. Both atria followed by both ventricles
D. Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium,
left ventricle
9. Bradycardia
A.
B.
C.
D.
Fast pulse
High blood pressure
Slow pulse
Low blood pressure
10.The arrow is pointing to
which structure?
A. P
B. Q
C. R
D. S
E. T
Endocrine and Nervous
Systems
MEDL 2350
The endocrine system and the
nervous system work together to
control the metabolic activity of the
body.
Endocrine glands are DUCTLESS.
This means that the hormones
produced are put into the bloodstream
to be taken to other parts of the body.
The hormones of the endocrine system
produce specific effects on body functions
very slowly. This is due to the slow release
of the chemicals (hormones).
By contrast, the nervous system brings
about very fast changes. This is because
the nervous system does not use chemical
messengers, it uses electricity.
Combining Forms for Endocrine
Aden/o
gland
Adrenal/o
Adren/o
adrenal gland
adrenalectomy
adrenal
adenoma
Calc/o
calcium
Gluc/o
Glyc/o
sugar, glucose
glucogenesis
hyperglycemia
calcemia
Pancreat/o
pancreas
pancreatitis
Thym/o
thymus
thymoma
Thyroid/o
thyroid gland
thyroidectomy
Although all the major hormones
circulate within the bloodstream, each
on has a specific TARGET organ.
Dysfunction of a gland may result in
hyposecretion or hypersecretion of
the hormone.
Characteristics of Hormones
Are chemical substances produced by
specialized cells.
Are slowly released in minute
amounts directly into the bloodstream.
Are produced by endocrine glands
Are inactivated or excreted by the
kidney or liver.
Specific Glands
PITUITARY
Located in the brain.
Two parts to this gland:
anterior
anter/o
posterior
poster/o
The anterior and posterior parts are called
LOBES.
Also known as the HYPOPHYSIS.
anterior lobe: adenohypophysis
posterior lobe: neurohypophysis
Hormones of the pituitary gland:
Adenohypophysis:
Growth Hormone (GH)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Leutinizing Hormone (LH)
Neurohypophysis:
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin
Overproduction of GH produces a condition called
GIANTISM.
Underproduction of GH produces a condition
called DWARFISM
Recall, that the combining form for extremities is
ACR/O;
therefore, the word denoting enlargement of the
extremities is ACROMEGALY. This condition is a
result of the hypersecretion of GH after puberty.
This disorder is characterized with enlarged bones
of the hands, feet, and head.
What is ACRODERMATITIS?
inflammation of the skin of the extremities
What is ACROHYPERHIDROSIS?
excessive perspiration of the extremities
THYROID GLAND
Located on the front and sides of the trachea just
below the larynx.
It has two lobes that are separated by a thin strip of
tissue called the ISTHMUS.
The combining forms for the thyroid gland are
thyr/o
thyroid/o
Hyperthyroidism
condition
excessive
Thyroid gland
Therefore, hyperthyroidism is a condition of excessive secretion of
the thyroid gland.
Thyrotoxicosis
condition
Thyroid
gland
poison
Therefore, thyrotoxicosis is a condition of
the thyroid gland that is poisonous.
This condition is also
known as
HYPERTHYROIDISM
Hormones of the Thyroid Gland
Thyroxine
Triiodothyronine:
1. regulates metabolism
2. increases energy production
from food.
3. increases rate of protein
synthesis
Calcitonin:
decreases the reabsorption of calcium
and phosphate from bones to blood.
PARATHYROID GLANDS
- Located on the posterior surface of the
thyroid gland.
- Named because they are found “around”
the thyroid gland.
- There are 4 parathyroid glands that
produce PARATHYROID HORMONE
(PTH) or PARATHORMONE. This
hormone increases the reabsorption of
calcium and phosphorus from bone to
blood. This works opposite of the
CALCITONIN from the thyroid gland.
ADRENAL GLANDS
-also known as the SUPRARENAL GLANDS as they
are found on top of the kidneys.
-Hormones produced are:
1. Epinephrine (adrenaline): increases heart rate
and force of contraction, dilates bronchial tree,
increases the conversion of glycogen from the
liver to glucose, and increases the use of fat for
energy.
2. Norepinephrine (noradrenaline): raises blood
pressure and constricts blood vessels.
3. Aldosterone: regulates the amount of
salt in the body.
4. Cortisol: Regulates the metabolism of
carbohydrates, proteins, and fat.
5. Androgens: maintain secondary sex
characteristics
These three hormones are produced by the
ADRENAL CORTEX. The previous two are
produced by the ADRENAL MEDULLA.
PANCREAS (ISLETS of
LANGERHANS)
-located posterior to the stomach.
-hormone producing cells are called
ISLETS.
-Produce INSULIN (decreases blood
sugar levels) and GLUCAGON
(increases blood sugar levels).
The Nervous System
Two parts:
1. Central Nervous System: Brain
and Spinal Cord
2. Peripheral Nervous System:
Nerves that arise from the brain
(cranial nerves) and spinal cord
(spinal nerves)
NEURONS are the basic unit of the
nervous system. They are
specialized cells that:
1. respond to stimuli
2. detect stimuli
3. conduct electrochemical impulses
4. release chemical regulator.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
GLIAL CELLS
Do not carry impulses
Support and protect neurons
Line certain brain and spinal cord
structures
Are phagocytic
Attach neurons to their blood supply
Of importance because they are common
sites of tumors.
Combining Forms
Cerebr/o
cerebrum
Encephal/o
brain
Gli/o
glue or gluelike
glial cell tissue
mening/o
Meningi/o
meninges
Myel/o
spinal cord or bone marrow
Neur/o
nerve
The meninges are the coverings that
protect the brain and spinal cord.
Miscellany
Addison’s Disease
- deficiency in the secretion of
adrenocortical hormone.
Cushing’s Syndrome
- excessive production of
glucocorticoids of the adrenal cortex
Exophthalmos
- abnormal protrusion of the eyeball
in people with hyperthyroidism.
Grave’s Disease
- hyperthyroidism, called GOITER