Medical Terminology
A LIVING LANGUAGE
Fifth Edition
CHAPTER
4
Musculoskeletal
System
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Multimedia Directory
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Chiropractic Medicine Video
Fracture Animation
Osteoporosis Video
Arthritis Video
Arthroscopy Video
Muscles Animation
Humerus Adduction/Abduction Animation
Elbow Flexion/Extension Animation
Ankle Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion Animation
Ankle Inversion and Eversion Animation
Elbow Pronation and Supination Animation
Humerus Circumduction Animation
Hand Opposition Animation
Humerus Rotation Animation
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Multimedia Directory Continued
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Muscle Atrophy Video
Muscular Dystrophy Video
Carpal Tunnel Video
Carpal Tunnel Animation
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Skeletal System at a Glance
• Functions of Skeletal System






Internal framework of body
Supports body
Protects internal organs
Point of attachment for muscles
Produces blood cells
Stores minerals
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Skeletal System at a Glance
• Organs of Skeletal System
 Bones of the skeleton
 Joints
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Skeletal System
Illustrated
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Skeletal System Combining Forms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
ankyl/o – stiff joint
arthr/o – joint
articul/o – joint
burs/o – sac
carp/o – wrist
cervic/o – neck
chondr/o – cartilage
clavicul/o – clavicle
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Skeletal System Combining Forms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
coccyg/o – coccyx
cortic/o – outer portion
cost/o – rib
crani/o – skull
femor/o – femur
fibul/o – fibula
humer/o – humerus
ili/o – ilium
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Skeletal System Combining Forms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
ischi/o – ischium
kyph/o – hump
lamin/o – lamina, part of vertebra
lord/o – bent backwards
lumb/o – low back, loin
mandibul/o – mandible
maxill/o – maxilla
medull/o – inner portion
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Skeletal System Combining Forms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
metacarp/o – metacarpals
metatars/o – metatarsals
myel/o – bone marrow
orth/o – straight
oste/o – bone
patell/o – patella
ped/o – foot, child
pelv/o – pelvis
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Skeletal System Combining Forms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
phalang/o – phalanges
pod/o – foot
prosthet/o – addition
pub/o – pubis
radi/o – radius, ray
sacr/o – sacrum
sarc/o – flesh
scapul/o – scapula
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Skeletal System Combining Forms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
scoli/o – crooked, bent
spin/o – spine
spondyl/o – vertebrae
stern/o – sternum
synovi/o – synovial membrane
synov/o – synovial membrane
tars/o – ankle
thorac/o – chest
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Skeletal System Combining Forms
• tibi/o – tibia
• uln/o – ulna
• vertebr/o – vertebra
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Skeletal System Suffixes
•
•
•
•
•
–blast
–clasia
–desis
–listhesis
–porosis
immature, embryonic
to break surgically
stabilize, fuse
slipping
porous
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Anatomy and Physiology
• Bones are body organs with blood
supply, nerves, and lymphatic vessels
• Bones are connected to each other to
form skeleton
 Framework for the body
 206 bones
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Anatomy and Physiology
• Red bone marrow within bones
produces blood cells
• Bones also:
 Protect vital organs
 Store minerals
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Anatomy and Physiology
• Joint
 Place where two bones meet
 Held together by ligaments
 Gives flexibility to skeleton
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Bones
• Also called osseous tissue
• One of hardest materials in body
• Formed from gradual process before
birth called ossification
• Fetal skeleton is formed from a
cartilage model
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Bones
• Flexible tissue is gradually replaced by
osteoblasts (immature bone cells)
• In adult bones osteoblasts mature into
osteocytes
• Formation of strong bones dependant
on adequate supply of minerals
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Four Shapes of Bones
Long
bones
Short
bones
Flat bones
Irregular
bones
Longer than Roughly as
wide
long as
wide
Plateshaped
Shape very
irregular
Example:
 femur
 humerus
Example:
 sternum
 scapula
 pelvis
Example:
 vertebrae
Example:
 carpals
 tarsals
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 4.1
Classification of bones by shape.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Long Bones
• Majority of bones
in body
• Divided into:
 Diaphysis
 Epiphysis
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Diaphysis
• Central sht
• Medullary cavity
 Open canal within
diaphysis
 Contains yellow
bone marrow
• Mostly fat
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Epiphysis
• Wide ends of long
bone
 Distal epiphysis
 Proximal
epiphysis
• Articular
cartilage
 Covers epiphysis
 Prevents bone
rubbing on bone
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Periosteum
• Covers surface of
bone not covered
by articular
cartilage
• Thin connective
tissue membrane
• Contains numerous
nerve and
lymphatic vessels
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Compact Bone
• Also called cortical
bone
• Very dense and
hard
• Outer layer of bone
• Found in both
epiphysis and
diaphysis
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Cancellous Bone
• Also called spongy
bone
• Found inside bone
• Has spaces
containing red
bone marrow
 Manufactures blood
cells
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 4.2
Components of a long bone.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Bony Processes
• Projection from the surface of a bone
• Rough processes provide place for
muscle attachment
• Smooth rounded processes articulate
with another bone in a joint
• Named for shape and location
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Common Bony Processes
Head
Large smooth ball-shaped end of a long
bone
Condyle
Smooth rounded portion at end of bone
Epicondyle
Projection above or on a condyle
Trochanter
Large rough process
Tubercle
Small rough process
Tuberosity
Large rough process
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 4.3
Bony processes found on the femur.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Bony Depressions
sinus
Hollow cavity within bone
foramen
Smooth opening for nerves and blood
vessels
fossa
Shallow cavity or depression within a
bone
fissure
Deep grooves or slit-like opening
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
The Skeleton
• Skeleton has two divisions
 Axial skeleton
 Appendicular skeleton
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Axial Skeleton
• Includes bones in:





Head
Neck
Spine
Chest
Trunk
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 4.4
Bones of the axial skeleton.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
The Skull
• Is divided into two parts
 Cranium
 Facial bones
• Protects brain, eyes, ears, nasal cavity,
and oral cavity
• Attachment for muscles of chewing and
turning the head
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Cranium
• Frontal – 1
 Forehead
• Parietal – 2
 Upper sides and
roof of skull
• Temporal – 2
 Sides & base of
skull
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Cranium
• Ethmoid – 1
 Part of eye orbit,
nose, & floor of
skull
• Sphenoid – 1
 Part of floor of skull
• Occipital – 1
 Back & base of skull
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 4.5
Bones of the skull.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Facial Bones
• Mandible – 1
 Lower jawbone
• Maxilla – 1
 Upper jawbone
• Zygomatic – 2
 Cheek bones
• Vomer – 1
 Part of nasal
septum
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Facial Bones
• Palatine – 1
 Hard palate and
floor of nose
• Nasal – 2
 Part of nasal
septum and bridge
of nose
• Lacrimal – 2
 Inner corner of eye
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 4.5
Bones of the skull.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Hyoid Bone
• Single U-shaped bone
• In neck between mandible and larynx
• Attachment point for swallowing and
speech muscles
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
The Trunk
• Vertebral column
• Sternum
• Rib cage
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
The Vertebral Column
• Divided into five
sections





Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacrum
Coccyx
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
The Vertebral Column
• Cervical
 7 vertebrae of neck
• Thoracic
 12 vertebrae of chest
• Lumbar
 5 vertebrae of low back
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
The Vertebral Column
• Sacrum
 5 fused vertebrae at base of spine
• Coccyx
 3–5 small vertebrae attached to sacrum
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 4.6
Divisions of the vertebral column.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
The Rib Cage
• 12 pairs of ribs
• Attached to
vertebral column at
back
• Provides support
for organs, such as
heart and lungs
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
The Rib Cage
• True ribs
 10 pairs attached to
sternum in front
• Floating ribs
 Inferior 2 pairs
 No attachment in
front
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 4.7
The structure of the rib cage.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Appendicular Skeleton
• Includes bones of:




Pectoral girdle
Upper extremity
Pelvic girdle
Lower extremity
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 4.8
Bones of the appendicular skeleton.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pectoral Girdle
• Attaches upper extremity to axial
skeleton
• Articulates with:
 Sternum anteriorly
 Vertebral column posteriorly
• Consists of:
 Clavicle – collar bone
 Scapula – shoulder blade
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Upper Extremity
• Arm
• Consists of:






Humerus – upper arm
Ulna – part of forearm
Radius – part of forearm
Carpals – wrist bones
Metacarpals – hand bones
Phalanges – finger bones
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 4.9
Anatomical and common names for the pectoral girdle and upper extremity.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pelvic Girdle
• Also called os coxae, innominate
bone, or hipbone
• Attaches lower extremity to axial
skeleton
• Articulates with sacrum posteriorly
• Consists of:
 Ilium
 Ischium
 Pubis
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Lower Extremity
• Leg
• Consists of:







Femur – thigh bone
Patella – knee cap
Tibia – shin bone
Fibula – lower leg bone
Tarsals – ankle bones
Metatarsals – foot bones
Phalanges – toe bones
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 4.10
Anatomical and common names for the pelvic girdle and lower extremity.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Joints
• Formed where two bones meet
• Also called an articulation
• Three types based on movement
allowed between the two bones:
 Synovial
 Cartilaginous
 Fibrous
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Synovial Joints
•
•
•
•
Freely moving joints
Most common type of joint
Example is ball-and-socket joint
Bones held together by ligaments
 Strong bands of connective tissue
• Some contain a bursa
 Sac-like structure lined with synovial
membrane
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Synovial Joints
• Enclosed in an elastic
joint capsule
• Contains synovial
fluid
 Lubricant secreted by
synovial membrane
• Ends of bones are
covered with
articular cartilage
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 4.12
Structure of a synovial joint.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Cartilaginous Joints
• Allow slight
movement
• Hold bones firmly
in place by solid
piece of cartilage
• Example
 Pubic symphysis
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Fibrous Joints
• Allow almost no
movement
• Joined by thick
fibrous tissue
• Example
 Sutures of the skull
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 4.11
Examples of three types of joints found in the body.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Additional Combining Forms
•
•
•
•
cutane/o – skin
erythr/o – red
path/o – disease
system/o – system
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Additional Suffixes
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
-ac
-al
-algia
-ar
-ary
-centesis
-eal
-ectomy
pertaining to
pertaining to
pain
pertaining to
pertaining to
puncture to withdraw fluid
pertaining to
surgical removal
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Additional Suffixes
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
-genic
-gram
-graphy
-iatry
-ic
-itis
-logy
-malacia
producing
record
process of recording
medical treatment
pertaining to
inflammation
study
softening
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Additional Suffixes
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
-metry
-oma
-ory
-osis
-otomy
-ous
-pathy
-plasty
process of measuring
tumor
pertaining to
abnormal condition
cutting into
pertaining to
disease
surgical repair
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Additional Suffixes
• -scope
• -scopy
• -stenosis
• -tic
• -tome
instrument for viewing
process of visually
examining
narrowing
pertaining to
instrument used to cut
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Additional Prefixes
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
antibiexinterintrapersub-
against
two
external, outward
between
inside
through
below, under
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Anatomical Terms
articular
pertaining to a joint
carpal
pertaining to the carpus (wrist)
cervical
pertaining to the neck
clavicular
pertaining to the clavicle (collar bone)
coccygeal
pertaining to the coccyx (tail bone)
cortical
pertaining to the outer portion
costal
pertaining to the ribs
cranial
pertaining to the skull
femoral
pertaining to to the femur
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Anatomical Terms
fibular
pertaining to the fibula
humeral
pertaining to the humerus
iliac
pertaining to the ilium
intervertebral
pertaining to between vertebrae
intracranial
pertaining to inside the skull
ischial
pertaining to the ischium
lumbar
pertaining to the low back
mandibular
pertaining to the mandible (lower jaw)
maxillary
pertaining to the maxilla (upper jaw)
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Anatomical Terms
medullary
pertaining to the inner portion
metacarpal
pertaining to the metacarpus (hand)
metatarsal
pertaining to the metatarsus (foot)
patellar
pertaining to the patella (knee cap)
pelvic
pertaining to the pelvis
phalangeal
pertaining to phalanges (fingers/toes)
pubic
pertaining to the pubis
radial
pertaining to the radius
sacral
pertaining to the sacrum
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Anatomical Terms
scapular
pertaining to the scapula (shoulder blade)
sternal
pertaining to the sternum (breast bone)
synovial
pertaining to the synovial membrane
tarsal
pertaining to the tarsus (ankle)
thoracic
pertaining to thorax (chest)
tibial
pertaining to the tibia
ulnar
pertaining to the ulna
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Anatomical Terms
• Intervertebral
inter- + vertebr/o + -al
 Pertaining to between the vertebrae
• Thoracic
thorac/o + -ic
 Pertaining to the thorax (chest)
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Anatomical Terms
• Scapular
scapul/o + -ar
 Pertaining to the scapula (shoulder
blade)
• Phalangeal
phalang/o + -eal
 Pertaining to the phalanges (fingers or
toes)
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Medical Specialties
orthopedics
Branch of medicine specializing in the
diagnosis and treatment of conditions of
the musculoskeletal system; also called
orthopedic surgery. Physician is an
orthopedist or orthopedic surgeon. Name
derived from straightening (orth/o)
deformities in children (ped/o).
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Medical Specialties
chiropractic
Healthcare profession concerned with
diagnosis and treatment of
malalignment conditions of the spine
and musculo-skeletal system with the
intention of affecting the nervous
system and improving health.
Healthcare professional is a
chiropractor.
podiatry
Healthcare profession specializing in
diagnosis and treatment of disorders of
the feet and lower legs. Healthcare
professional is a podiatrist.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Chiropractic Medicine Video
Click on the screenshot view a video on chiropractic medicine.
Back to Directory
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Medical Specialties
orthotics
Healthcare profession specializing in
making orthopedic appliances such as
braces and splints. Person skilled in
making and adjusting these appliances is
an orthotist.
Healthcare profession specializing in
making artificial body parts. Person skilled
prosthetics
in making and adjusting prostheses is a
prosthetist.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Signs and Symptoms
arthralgia
joint pain
bursitis
inflammation of a bursa
callus
mass of bone tissue that forms at
fracture site during healing
chondromalacia
softening of the cartilage
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Signs and Symptoms
crepitation
noise produced by bones or cartilage
rubbing together
ostealgia
bone pain
osteomyelitis
inflammation of bone and bone
marrow
synovitis
inflammation of synovial membrane
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Signs & Symptoms Terms
• Arthralgia
arthr/o + -algia
 Joint pain
• Chondromalacia
chondr/o + -malacia
 Softening of the cartilage
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Signs & Symptoms Terms
• Osteomyelitis
oste/o + myel/o + -itis
 Inflammation of bone and bone marrow
• Synovitis
synov/o + -itis
 Inflammation of a synovial membrane
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Fractures
closed fracture
fracture with no open skin wound;
also called simple fracture
Colles’ fracture common wrist fracture
comminuted
fracture
fracture where bone is shattered,
splintered, or crushed
compound
fracture
fracture with an open skin wound;
also called open fracture
compression
fracture
fracture with loss of height in
vertebral body; often from
osteoporosis
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 4.13
A) Open (or compound) and B) closed (or simple) fractures.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 4.14
Colles’ fracture.
(Charles Stewart and Associates)
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Fractures
fracture (FX, Fx)
broken bone
greenstick
fracture
incomplete break; one side of bone
is broken, the other is bent;
common in children
impacted fracture
bone fragments are pushed into
each other
oblique fracture
fracture at an angle to bone
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 4.15
X-ray showing oblique fracture of the humerus.
(Charles Stewart and Associates)
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Fractures
pathologic
fracture
fracture caused by diseased or
weakened bone
spiral fracture
fracture line spiral around shaft of
bone; often slower to heal
stress fracture
slight fracture caused by repetitive
low-impact forces like running
transverse
fracture
fracture is straight across bone
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 4.16
X-ray showing transverse fracture of radius.
(James Stevenson/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.)
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Fracture Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation on fractures.
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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Bone Pathology
chondroma
tumor in cartilage; usually benign
Ewing’s sarcoma
cancerous tumor of shaft of long
bones; spreads through
periosteum; amputation is
necessary to prevent metastasis
exostosis
bone spur
myeloma
tumor forming in bone marrow
tissue
osteochondroma
tumor consisting of bone and
cartilage tissue; usually benign
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Bone Pathology
osteogenic
sarcoma
most common type of bone cancer;
begins in osteocytes
osteomalacia
softening of bones caused by
calcium deficiency; caused in
children with insufficient sunlight
and vitamin D
osteopathy
general term for bone disease
osteoporosis
decrease in bone mass; results in
thinning and weakening of bones;
porous bone easily fractures
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Osteoporosis Video
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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Bone Pathology
Paget’s
disease
metabolic disease of bone; unknown
cause; results in bone destruction and
deformity
rickets
caused by calcium and vitamin D
deficiency; results in bone deformities
like bowed legs
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Spinal Column Pathology
ankylosing
spondylitis
inflammatory condition resembles
rheumatoid arthritis; gradual
stiffening and fusion of vertebrae
herniated nucleus
pulposus (HNP)
protrusion of an intervertebral
disk; also called ruptured disk
kyphosis
abnormal increase in curve of
thoracic spine; humpback
lordosis
abnormal increase in forward
curvature of lumbar spine;
swayback
scoliosis
lateral curve of spine
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 4.17
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) image demonstrating a herniated nucleus pulposus
putting pressure on the spinal cord.
(Michelle Milano/Shutterstock)
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 4.18
Abnormal spinal curvatures: kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Spinal Column Pathology
spina bifida
congenital anomaly; vertebra fails
to fully form around spinal cord
spinal stenosis
narrowing of spinal canal; causes
pressure on spinal cord and nerves
spondylolisthesis
forward sliding of lumbar vertebra
over vertebra below it
spondylosis
general term for degenerative
vertebral column condition
whiplash
cervical muscle and ligament sprain
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Joint Pathology
bunion
inflammation of bursa at base of great
toe
dislocation
bones in joint are displaced from
normal alignment
osteoarthritis results in degeneration of bone and
(OA)
joints; bone rubs against bone
rheumatoid
arthritis (RA)
autoimmune inflammation of joints
with swelling, stiffness, pain; results in
joint deformities
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 4.19
Patient with typical rheumatoid arthritis contractures.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Arthritis Video
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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Joint Pathology
sprain
damage to ligaments around joint
due to overstretching; no dislocation
or fracture
subluxation
incomplete dislocation; joint
alignment is disrupted, but ends of
bones remain in contact
systemic lupus
erythematosus
(SLE)
autoimmune disease of connective
tissue affecting many systems
including joints; looks like
rheumatoid arthritis
talipes
congenital deformity of ankle
misalignment; clubfoot
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Pathology Terms
• Osteoarthritis
oste/o + arthr/o + -itis
 Inflammation of bones and joints
• Osteoporosis
oste/o + -porosis
 Porous bones
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Pathology Terms
• Kyphosis
kyph/o + -osis
 Abnormal condition of having a hump
• Spondylolisthesis
spondyl/o + -listhesis
 Vertebral slipping
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Diagnostic Imaging
arthrogram
X-ray record of a joint
arthrography
visualizing joint by X-ray after injecting
contrast medium into joint
bone scan
nuclear medicine procedure;
radioactive dye is used to visualize
bones; useful for identifying stress
fractures and metastases
dual-energy
measures bone density using low dose
absorptiometry
X-ray; detects osteoporosis
(DXA)
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Diagnostic Imaging
Study of spinal column after injecting
myelography opaque contrast medium; useful for
identifying herniated nucleus pulposus
radiography
uses X-rays to study internal structure of
body; especially useful for visualizing
bones and joints
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Endoscopic Procedures
arthroscope
Instrument used to view inside a joint
arthroscopy
Examining interior of joint with an
arthroscope, a fiberoptic camera; view of
joint interior appears on monitor during
procedure
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Arthroscopy Video
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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Diagnostic Terms
• Arthrogram
arthr/o + -gram
 X-ray record of a joint
• Myelography
myel/o + -graphy
 Process of making X-ray record of spinal
cord
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Diagnostic Terms
• Arthroscope
arthr/o + -scope
 Instrument to view inside a joint
• Arthroscopy
arthr/o + -scopy
 Process of viewing inside a joint
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Medical Treatments
arthrocentesis
insertion of needle into joint cavity to
remove fluid
orthotic
brace or splint used to prevent or
correct deformities
prosthesis
artificial device to substitute for a
missing or damaged body part
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Surgical Procedures
amputation
removal of a limb for reasons like
tumors, gangrene, or crushing injury
arthroclasia
forcibly break loose a fused joint
arthrodesis
stabilize joint by fusing bones together
arthroscopic
surgery
performing surgery while using an
arthroscope to view inside joint
arthrotomy
cutting into a joint
bone graft
bone from another source used to
replace boney defect in another location
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Surgical Procedures
bunionectomy
removal of bursa at base of great toe
bursectomy
removal of a bursa
chondrectomy
removal of cartilage
chondroplasty
repair of cartilage
craniotomy
cutting into the skull
laminectomy
removal of posterior arch of vertebra to
remove compression of a spinal nerve
osteoclasia
intentional breaking of a bone
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Surgical Procedures
osteotome
instrument used to cut bone
osteotomy
cutting into a bone
percutaneous
diskectomy
tube is inserted into intervertebral
disk to suck out ruptured disk; may
also be done with a laser
spinal fusion
surgical immobilization of adjacent
vertebrae
synovectomy
removal of a synovial membrane
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Surgical Procedures
total hip
implanting a prosthetic hip joint
arthroplasty (THA)
total knee
arthroplasty (TKA)
implanting a prosthetic knee joint
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 4.20
Prosthetic hip joint.
(Lawrence Livermore National Library/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.)
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Fracture Care
cast
solid material to immobilize a fracture; may
be made of plaster of Paris or fiberglass
fixation
stabilizes fracture while it heals; external
fixation includes casts and splints; internal
fixation includes pins, plates, and screws
reduction
realigning bone fragments of fracture; closed
reduction is manipulation without surgery;
open reduction requires surgery
traction
applying a pulling force on fracture or
dislocation to restore alignment
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Therapeutic Terms
• Arthrocentesis
arthr/o + -centesis
 To puncture a joint to remove fluid
• Bursectomy
burs/o + -ectomy
 The surgical removal of a bursa
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Therapeutic Terms
• Craniotomy
crani/o + -otomy
 To surgically cut into the skin
• Osteoclasia
oste/o + -clasia
 To break a bone
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Skeletal System Pharmacology
reduce the
bone
reabsorption of bone;
reabsorption
Fosamax, Boniva
treats osteoporosis
inhibitors
and Paget’s disease
supplements that
calcium
maintain bone
supplements density; treats
& Vitamin D osteomalacia,
supplements osteoporosis, &
rickets
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Oystercal,
Cal-Citrate
Skeletal System Pharmacology
corticosteroids
have strong antiinflammatory
properties; treat
rheumatoid arthritis
prednisone,
Medrol,
Decadron
nonsteroidal
antiinflammatory
drugs
(NSAIDs)
provide mild pain
relief and antiinflammatory
benefits; treat
arthritis
Advil, Motrin,
Aleve, Aspirin
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Skeletal System Abbreviations
AE
above elbow
AK
above knee
BDT
bone density testing
BE
below elbow
BK
below knee
BMD
bone mineral density
C1, C2, etc.
first cervical vertebra, etc.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Skeletal System Abbreviations
Ca
calcium
DJD
degenerative joint disease
DXA
dual-energy absorptiometry
FX, Fx
fracture
HNP
herniated nucleus pulposus
JRA
juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Skeletal System Abbreviations
L1, L2, etc.
first lumbar vertebra, etc.
LE
lower extremity
LLE
left lower extremity
LUE
left upper extremity
NSAID
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
OA
osteoarthritis
ORIF
open reduction – internal fixation
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Skeletal System Abbreviations
Orth, ortho
orthopedics
RA
rheumatoid arthritis
RLE
right lower extremity
RUE
right upper extremity
SLE
systemic lupus erythematosus
T1, T2, etc.
first thoracic vertebra, etc.
THA
total hip arthroplasty
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Skeletal System Abbreviations
THR
total hip replacement
TKA
total knee arthroplasty
TKR
total knee replacement
UE
upper extremity
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Combining Forms Match Up
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
burs/o
carp/o
cervic/o
chondr/o
cost/o
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
wrist
neck
white
cartilage
rib
Muscular System at a Glance
• Function of muscular system
 Individual cells are able to contract or
shorten in length
 Shortening produces movement
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Muscular System at a Glance
• Organs of muscular system
 Muscles
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Muscular System
Illustrated
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Muscular System Combining Forms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
duct/o – to bring
extens/o – to stretch out
fasci/o – fibrous band
fibr/o – fibers
flex/o – to bend
kinesi/o – movement
muscul/o – muscle
my/o – muscle
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Muscular System Combining Forms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
myocardi/o – heart muscle
myos/o – muscle
plant/o – sole of foot
rotat/o – to revolve
ten/o – tendon
tend/o – tendon
tendin/o – tendon
vers/o – to turn
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Muscular System Suffixes
•
•
•
•
–asthenia
–ion
–kinesia
–tonia
weakness
action, condition
movement
tone
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Muscular System Prefixes
•
•
•
•
•
ab–
ad–
circum–
ein-
away from
towards
around
outward, without
inward, without
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Anatomy and Physiology
• Bundles of parallel muscle tissue
fibers
• Fibers contract





Shorten in length
Produce movement
Move bones closer together
Push food through digestive system
Pump blood through blood vessels
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Muscles Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation on muscles.
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Types of Muscles
• Skeletal muscle
• Smooth muscle
• Cardiac muscle
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Types of Muscles
• Voluntary muscles
 Consciously choose to contract the
muscle
 Skeletal muscles
• Involuntary muscles
 Under control of subconscious brain
 Smooth muscles and cardiac muscle
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 4.21
The three types of muscles: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Skeletal Muscles
• Attached to bones
• Produce voluntary movement of
skeleton
• Also referred to as striated muscle
 Looks striped under microscope
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Skeletal Muscles
• Muscle is wrapped in layers of
connective tissue
 Called fascia
 Tapers at the end to form tendon
 Inserts into periosteum to attach muscle
to bone
• Are stimulated by motor neurons
 Point of contact with muscle fiber is
called myoneural junction
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 4.22
Characteristics of the three types of muscles.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Smooth Muscles
• Associated with internal organs




Also called visceral muscle
Stomach
Respiratory airways
Blood vessels
• Called smooth because has no
microscopic stripes
• Produces involuntary movement of
these organs
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 4.22
Characteristics of the three types of muscles.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Cardiac Muscle
• Also called myocardium
• Makes up walls of heart
• Involuntary contraction of heart to
pump blood
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 4.22
Characteristics of the three types of muscles.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Muscle Names
rectus abdominis
straight abdominal
muscle
Origin
and
insertion
sternocleidomastoid
named for its two
origins: sternum and
clavicle
Size
gluteus maximus
large buttock muscle
Location
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Muscle Names
flexor carpi
muscle that bends the
wrist
Fiber
direction
external oblique
abdominal with fibers
running on an angle
Number of
attachment
points
biceps
muscle with two heads
Action
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Skeletal Muscle Actions
• Skeletal muscles attach to two different
bones and overlap a joint
• When muscle contracts both bones
move, but not equally
 Origin: less moveable of 2 bones
 Insertion: more moveable of 2 bones
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Skeletal Muscle Actions
• Action
 Type of movement produced by the
muscle
• Antagonistic pairs
 Pair of muscles arranged around a joint
 Produce opposite actions
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Movement Terminology
abduction
movement away from midline of body
adduction
movement toward midline of body
flexion
act of bending or being bent
extension
brings limb into a straight condition
dorsiflexion
backward bending of foot
plantar flexion
bending sole of foot; pointing toes
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 4.23
Abduction and adduction of the shoulder joint.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Humerus Adduction/Abduction
Animation
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 4.24
Flexion and extension of the elbow joint.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Elbow Flexion/Extension Animation
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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 4.25
Dorsiflexion (A) and plantar flexion (B) of the ankle joint.
(Poulsons Photography/Shutterstock)
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Ankle Dorsiflexion and Plantar
Flexion Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation on ankle dorsiflexion and plantar
flexion.
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Movement Terminology
eversion
turning outward
inversion
turning inward
pronation
turning palm downward
supination
turning palm upward
elevation
to raise
depression
to drop down
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 4.26
Eversion and inversion of the foot.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Ankle Inversion and Eversion
Animation
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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 4.27
Pronation and supination of the forearm.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Elbow Pronation and Supination
Animation
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Different Circular Movements
• Circumduction
 Movement in circular direction from a
central point
• Opposition
 Moving thumb away from palm to
contact tip of other fingers
• Rotation
 Moving around a central axis
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Humerus Circumduction Animation
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Hand Opposition Animation
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Humerus Rotation Animation
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Muscle Action Terms
• Adduction
ad- + duct/o + -ion
 The action of bringing toward
• Flexion
flex/o + -ion
 The action of bending
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Muscle Action Terms
• Eversion
e- + vers/o + -ion
 The action of turning outward
• Rotation
rotat/o + -ion
 The action of revolving
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Additional Combining Forms
•
•
•
•
bi/o – life
carp/o – wrist
electr/o – electricity
later/o – side
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Additional Suffixes
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
-al
-algia
-ar
-dynia
-gram
-graphy
-itis
-logy
pertaining to
pain
pertaining to
pain
record
process of recording
inflammation
study of
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Additional Suffixes
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
-opsy
-otomy
-ous
-pathy
-plasty
-rrhaphy
-rrhexis
-trophy
view of
cutting into
pertaining to
disease
surgical repair
suture
rupture
development
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Additional Prefixes
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
abradydysepihyperhypopolypseudo-
without
slow
abnormal, difficult, painful
over
excessive
insufficient
many
false
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Anatomical Terms
fascial
pertaining to fascia
muscular
pertaining to muscles
myocardial
pertaining to heart muscle
skeletal
pertaining to the skeleton
tendinous
pertaining to tendons
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Anatomical Terms
• Fascial
fasci/o + -al
 Pertaining to fascia
• Myocardial
myocardi/o + -al
 Pertaining to heart muscle
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Anatomical Terms
• Muscular
muscul/o + -ar
 Pertaining to muscles
• Tendinous
tendin/o + -ous
 Pertaining to tendons
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Medical Specialty
kinesiology
The science that studies movement,
how it is produced, and the muscles
involved.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Signs and Symptoms
adhesion
scar tissue in fascia; makes muscle
movement difficult
atrophy
poor muscle development; result of
muscle disease or lack of use; muscle
wasting
bradykinesia having slow movements
contracture
abnormal shortening of muscle fibers,
tendons, or fascia
dyskinesia
having difficult or painful movements
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Muscle Atrophy Video
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Signs and Symptoms
dystonia
having abnormal muscle tone
hyperkinesia
having an excessive amount of
movement
hypertonia
having excessive muscle tone
hypertrophy
increase in muscle bulk from using it
hypokinesia
having insufficient amount of
movement
hypotonia
having insufficient muscle tone
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Signs and Symptoms
intermittent
claudication
attacks of severe pain and lameness
caused by muscle ischemia; usually in
calf muscles
myalgia
muscle pain
myasthenia
muscle weakness
myotonia
muscle tone
spasm
sudden, involuntary, strong muscle
contraction
tenodynia
tendon pain
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Signs & Symptoms Terms
• Hyperkinesia
hyper- + -kinesis
 Excessive movement
• Dystonia
dys- + -tonia
 Abnormal tone
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Signs & Symptoms Terms
• Tenodynia
ten/o + -dynia
 Tendon pain
• Myasthenia
my/o + -asthenia
 Muscle weakness
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Muscle Pathology
fasciitis
Inflammation of fascia
fibromyalgia
widespread aching and pain in
muscles and soft tissue
inflammation of elbow muscles;
lateral epicondylitis caused by strong gripping; tennis
elbow
muscular
dystrophy (MD)
inherited disease with progressive
muscle atrophy
myopathy
general term for muscle disease
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Muscle Pathology
myorrhexis
tearing a muscle
polymyositis
inflammation of two or more
muscles
pseudohypertrophic
muscular dystrophy
one type of inherited muscular
dystrophy; also called
Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy
torticollis
severe neck spasms pulling
head to one side; wryneck or
crick in the neck
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Muscular Dystrophy Video
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pathology of Tendons, Muscles, and/or
Ligaments
repetitive motion disorder; compression
carpal tunnel
of finger tendons and median nerve as
syndrome
they pass through carpal tunnel of the
(CTS)
wrist
cyst on tendon sheath; usually on hand,
ganglion cyst
wrist, or ankle
repetitive
motion
disorder
chronic disorders involving tendon,
muscles, joints, and nerve damage;
tissue is subjected to pressure,
vibration, or repetitive movements
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Carpal Tunnel Video
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Carpal Tunnel Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation on carpal tunnel.
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pathology of Tendons, Muscles, and/or
Ligaments
rotator cuff
injury
joint capsule of shoulder joint is
reinforced by tendons; high degree of
flexibility puts rotator cuff at risk for
strain and tearing
strain
damage to muscle, tendons, or
ligaments due to overuse or
overstretching
tendinitis
inflammation of a tendon
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Pathology Terms
• Fasciitis
fasci/o + -itis
 Inflammation of fascia
• Fibromyalgia
fibr/o + my/o + -algia
 Pain in muscle fibers
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Pathology Terms
• Myorrhexis
my/o + -rrhexis
 Rupture of muscle
• Polymyositis
poly- + myos/o + -itis
 Inflammation of many muscles
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Clinical Laboratory Tests
creatine
phosphokinase
(CPK)
muscle enzyme found in skeletal and
cardiac muscle; elevated blood levels
indicate muscle damage; seen in
muscular dystrophy and heart attack
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Muscular System Diagnostic
Procedures
deep tendon
reflexes (DTR)
muscle contraction in response to
stretch; used to determine if
muscles are responding properly
electromyogram
hardcopy record produced by EMG
study of strength and quality of
electromyography
muscle contraction in response to
(EMG)
electrical stimulation
muscle biopsy
removal of muscle tissue for
examination
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Diagnostic Terms
• Electromyogram
electr/o + my/o + -gram
 Record of muscle electricity
• Electromyography
electr/o + my/o + -graphy
 Process of recording muscle electricity
• Biopsy
bi/o + -opsy
 To view life
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Surgical Procedures
carpal tunnel
release
cutting of ligament in wrist to relieve
pressure caused by carpal tunnel
syndrome
fasciotomy
surgically cutting into fascia
myoplasty
surgical repair of a muscle
myorrhaphy
to suture together a muscle
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Surgical Procedures
tendoplasty
surgical repair of a tendon
tendotomy
to cut into a tendon
tenodesis
surgical stabilization of a joint by
anchoring down tendons of muscles
that move the joint
tenoplasty
surgical repair of a tendon
tenorrhaphy
to suture together a tendon
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Surgical Terms
• Myoplasty
my/o + -plasty
 To surgically repair a muscle
• Myorrhaphy
my/o + -rrhaphy
 To suture a muscle
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Surgical Terms
• Tenodesis
ten/o + -desis
 To stabilize a tendon
• Tendotomy
tend/o + -otomy
 To cut into a tendon
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Muscular System Pharmacology
skeletal muscle relax skeletal muscle
relaxants
spasms
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Flexeril, Soma
Muscular System Abbreviations
CTS
carpal tunnel syndrome
CPK
creatine phosphokinase
DTR
deep tendon reflexes
EMG
electromyogram
IM
intramuscular
MD
muscular dystrophy
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Combining Forms Match Up
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
duct/o
extens/o
flex/o
my/o
vers/o
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
bend
muscle
turn
stretch
bring
Classroom Response System
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 1
The point where two bones meet is called
a(n):
A. Ligament
B. Joint
C. Ossification
D. Periosteum
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 1
The point where two bones meet is called
a(n):
A. Ligament
B. Joint
C. Ossification
D. Periosteum
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 2
Another name for spongy bone is:
A. Cartilaginous
B. Cancellous
C. Cortical
D. Medullary
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 2
Another name for spongy bone is:
A. Cartilaginous
B. Cancellous
C. Cortical
D. Medullary
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 3
Which of the following is the opposite
muscle action to flexion?
A. Abduction
B. Pronation
C. Circumduction
D. Extension
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 3
Which of the following is the opposite
muscle action to flexion?
A. Abduction
B. Pronation
C. Circumduction
D.Extension
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 4
The shaft of a long bone is called the:
A. Periosteum
B. Epiphysis
C. Medullary canal
D. Diaphysis
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 4
The shaft of a long bone is called the:
A. Periosteum
B. Epiphysis
C. Medullary canal
D.Diaphysis
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 5
Cardiac muscle is found:
A.
B.
C.
D.
In internal organs
Attached to bones
In the heart
Around joints
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 5
Cardiac muscle is found:
A.
B.
C.
D.
In internal organs
Attached to bones
In the heart
Around joints
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 6
The anatomical name of the shoulder
blade is:
A. Scapula
B. Sternum
C. Coccyx
D. Patella
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 6
The anatomical name of the shoulder
blade is:
A. Scapula
B. Sternum
C. Coccyx
D. Patella
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 7
Freely moving joints are called:
A. Cartilaginous joints
B. Synovial joints
C. Articulation joints
D. Fibrous joints
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 7
Freely moving joints are called:
A. Cartilaginous joints
B. Synovial joints
C. Articulation joints
D. Fibrous joints
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 8
Which term refers to stabilizing a joint by
fusing the bones together?
A. Arthroclasia
B. Arthritis
C. Arthrodesis
D. Arthroplasty
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 8
Which term refers to stabilizing a joint by
fusing the bones together?
A. Arthroclasia
B. Arthritis
C. Arthrodesis
D. Arthroplasty
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 9
Which term means having an insufficient
amount of movement?
A. Hypokinesia
B. Dyskinesia
C. Bradykinesia
D. Hyperkinesia
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 9
Which term means having an insufficient
amount of movement?
A. Hypokinesia
B. Dyskinesia
C. Bradykinesia
D. Hyperkinesia
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 10
Which term is also known as humpback?
A. Scoliosis
B. Exostosis
C. Lordosis
D. Kyphosis
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 10
Which term is also known as humpback?
A. Scoliosis
B. Exostosis
C. Lordosis
D.Kyphosis
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 11
Which term refers to an artificial device
used to replace a body part?
A. Cast
B. Orthotic
C. Orthopedic
D. Prosthesis
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 11
Which term refers to an artificial device
used to replace a body part?
A. Cast
B. Orthotic
C. Orthopedic
D.Prosthesis
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 12
Which type of fracture is caused by lowimpact repetitive forces?
A. Simple
B. Stress
C. Greenstick
D. Spiral
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 12
Which type of fracture is caused by lowimpact repetitive forces?
A. Simple
B. Stress
C. Greenstick
D. Spiral
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 13
Which of the following is commonly called
a ruptured disk?
A. Herniated nucleus pulposus
B. Ankylosing spondylitis
C. Osteomalacia
D. Spina bifida
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 13
Which of the following is commonly called
a ruptured disk?
A. Herniated nucleus pulposus
B. Ankylosing spondylitis
C. Osteomalacia
D. Spina bifida
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 14
Which type of injury involves
overstretching of the ligaments around a
joint?
A. Strain
B. Subluxation
C. Sprain
D. Talipes
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 14
Which type of injury involves
overstretching of the ligaments around a
joint?
A. Strain
B. Subluxation
C. Sprain
D. Talipes
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 15
Carpal tunnel syndrome is a type of:
A. Repetitive motion disorder
B. Muscular dystrophy
C. Muscle strain
D. Rotator cuff injury
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 15
Carpal tunnel syndrome is a type of:
A. Repetitive motion disorder
B. Muscular dystrophy
C. Muscle strain
D. Rotator cuff injury
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 16
Which type of arthritis is an autoimmune
disease?
A. Osteoarthritis
B. Rheumatoid arthritis
C. Subluxation arthritis
D. Paget’s arthritis
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 16
Which type of arthritis is an autoimmune
disease?
A. Osteoarthritis
B. Rheumatoid arthritis
C. Subluxation arthritis
D. Paget’s arthritis
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 17
Dual-energy absorptiometry is used to
diagnose which condition?
A. Osteoarthritis
B. Ewing’s sarcoma
C. Osteoporosis
D. Rickets
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 17
Dual-energy absorptiometry is used to
diagnose which condition?
A. Osteoarthritis
B. Ewing’s sarcoma
C. Osteoporosis
D. Rickets
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 18
Which term refers to realigning bone
fragments in a fracture?
A. Fixation
B. Myelography
C. Reduction
D. Amputation
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 18
Which term refers to realigning bone
fragments in a fracture?
A. Fixation
B. Myelography
C. Reduction
D. Amputation
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 19
Which of the following medications has
strong anti-inflammatory properties?
A. Corticosteroids
B. Vitamin D therapy
C. Muscle relaxants
D. NSAIDs
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 19
Which of the following medications has
strong anti-inflammatory properties?
A. Corticosteroids
B. Vitamin D therapy
C. Muscle relaxants
D. NSAIDs
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 20
Which of the following is a diagnostic test
of muscle function?
A. IM
B. EMG
C. FX
D. THA
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 20
Which of the following is a diagnostic test
of muscle function?
A. IM
B. EMG
C. FX
D. THA
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht