World History
Junior Blitz
Day 1 Agenda
• Welcome
• Expectations
• Review of the Renaissance
Test Taking Tips #1
Read everything Carefully- many of the
GHSGT questions involve short articles,
tables, charts, and graphs. All test
questions require careful reading of the
directions and the questions and four
answers.
Test Taking Tip # 2
• There are NO Trick Questions- while it is
important to read each question carefully,
we have not included any trick questions.
You should not spend too much time trying
to figure out what we really mean. If you
read the entire questions (including all
accompanying material), then the real
meaning should be clear. We do not
consider requiring a careful reading of the
entire question to be a trick.
Test Taking Tip # 3
• Consider Every Question- You must
choose, from the four alternatives, the
answer that best addresses the question.
Some of the alternatives (distractors) will
be attractive because they include an
irrelevant detail, a common misconception,
or apply the right information in the wrong
way.
Practice Question
•
A)
B)
C)
D)
While both Italian and Northern
Renaissance writers held humanist
views, Northern Renaissance writers
such as Desiderius Erasmus focused
more on
nature.
politics.
religion.
science.
Correct Answer: C
• Northern Renaissance writers such as
Erasmus focused more on religion than
on other worldly ideas. Erasmus, for
example, believed that people should
study the Bible and wrote The Praise of
Folly, an essay which ends with an outline
of true Christian ideals.
Practice Question
•
A)
B)
C)
D)
What was an important impact of the astrolabe
in Europe during the 1500s and 1600s?
It helped engineers use Newton’s laws to
invent new machines.
It improved the ability of explorers to navigate
across far distances.
It increased the efficiency of book printing
through the use of movable type.
It provided new evidence that supported
Kelper’s laws of planetary motion.
Correct Answer B
• The astrolabe is an astronomical
instrument used by European explorers
during the 1500s and 1600s to determine
the ships latitude. This improved the
ability of explores to navigate far distances
during this time.
SSWH13. The student will examine the
intellectual, political, social, and economic
factors that changed the world view of
Europeans. [QCC standards WH10, WH12,
WH13]
1
What Was the Renaissance?
• The Renaissance was a time of creativity and
change in many areas–political, social, economic,
and cultural. Perhaps most important, however,
were the changes that took place in the way people
viewed themselves and their world.
• Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the here and now. They emphasized
individual achievement.
• The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in
many fields.
a. Explain the social, economic,
and political changes that
contributed to the rise of
Florence and the ideas of
Machiavelli.
1
Renaissance Italy
1
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy?
The Renaissance was marked by a new interest in the culture of
ancient Rome. Italy had been the center of the Roman empire.
The cities of Italy had survived the Middle Ages and grown into
prosperous centers of trade and manufacturing.
A wealthy merchant class in the Italian city-states stressed
education and individual achievement and spent lavishly on the
arts.
Florence produced an amazing number of gifted poets, artists,
architects, scholars, and scientists.
Machiavelli
• The Prince is an intensely practical guide to the exercise
of raw political power over a Renaissance principality.
• Allowing for the unpredictable influence of fortune,
Machiavelli argued that it is primarily the character or
vitality or skill of the individual leader that determines the
success of any state.
• The book surveys various bold means of acquiring and
maintaining the principality and evaluates each of them
solely by reference to its likelihood of augmenting the
glory of the prince while serving the public interest.
• It is this focus on practical success by any means, even
at the expense of traditional moral values, that earned
Machiavelli's scheme a reputation for ruthlessness,
deception, and cruelty.
b. Identify artistic and scientific
achievements of Leonardo da
Vinci, the “Renaissance
man,” and Michelangelo.
Three Geniuses of Renaissance
Art
1
LEONARDO
MICHELANGELO
Renaissance Man
Made sketches of nature and
of models
Dissected corpses to learn
how the human body worked
Masterpieces include Mona
Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany, anatomy,
optics, music, architecture,
and engineering
Made sketches for flying
machines and undersea
boats
Renaissance Man and,
less commonly, Homo
Universalis (Latin for
"universal man" or "man of
the world") are related and
used to describe a person
who is well educated or who
excels in a wide variety of
subjects or fields.
Talented sculptor,
engineer, painter,
architect, and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and
statue of David
Painted huge mural to
decorate the ceiling of the
Sistine Chapel in Rome
Designed the dome for St.
Peter’s Cathedral in Rome
c. Explain the main
characteristics of humanism;
include the ideas of Petrarch,
Dante, and
Erasmus.
1
Humanism
At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an
intellectual movement known as humanism.
Humanism was based on the study of classical culture
and focused on worldly subjects rather than on
religious issues.
Humanists studied the humanities, the subjects
taught in ancient Greece and Rome. They believed
that education should stimulate creativity.
2
Northern Humanists
Like their Italian counterparts, northern humanists stressed
education and classical learning. At the same time, they
believed that the revival of ancient learning should be used
to bring about religious and moral reforms.
Desiderius Erasmus called for reform of the church and for
the bible to be translated from Latin into the vernacular, or
language of ordinary people.
• The writings of Dante, and particularly the
doctrines of Petrarch and humanists like
Machiavelli, emphasized the virtues of
intellectual freedom and individual
expression.
d. Analyze the impact of the Protestant
Reformation; include the ideas of Martin Luther
and John Calvin.
3
The Protestant Reformation
In the 1500s, calls for reform unleashed
forces that would shatter Christian unity.
The movement is known as the
Protestant Reformation.
People who joined the movement for
reform called themselves Protestants,
for those who “protested” papal
authority.
3
Abuses in the Church
Beginning in the late Middle Ages, the Church had become
increasingly caught up in worldly affairs.
• Popes competed with Italian princes for political
power.
• Popes fought long wars to protect the Papal States
against invaders.
• Some clergy promoted the sale of indulgences.
• Popes led lavish lifestyles and spent a great deal of
money on the arts.
• The Church increased fees for services such as
weddings and baptisms to finance worldly projects.
3
The Teachings of Martin
Luther
• Salvation is achieved through faith alone.
Luther rejected Church doctrine that good deeds were
necessary for salvation.
• The Bible is the sole source of religious truth.
Luther denied other authorities, such as Church
councils or the pope.
• All Christians have equal access to God through
faith and the Bible.
Luther rejected the idea that priests and Church
officials had special powers.
3
Why Did Lutheranism Receive Widespread Support?
Luther’s ideas spread quickly in
northern Germany and Scandinavia.
• Many clergy saw Luther’s reforms as the answer
to Church corruption.
• German princes hoped to throw off the rule of
both the Church and the Holy Roman emperor.
• Germans supported Luther because of feelings of
national loyalty.
• Peasants hoped that Luther would support social
and economic change.
3
John Calvin
The most important Protestant reformer to follow Martin Luther
was John Calvin.
• Calvin followed most of the teachings of Martin Luther. He
also preached predestination, the idea that God had long
ago determined who would gain salvation.
• In 1541, Calvin set up a theocracy in Geneva. A theocracy
is a government run by Church leaders.
• By the late 1500s, Calvinism had taken root in Germany,
France, the Netherlands, England, and Scotland.
• In several of these countries, Calvinists faced opposition and
persecution from other religious groups.
Causes and Effects of the
Protestant Reformation
4
Immediate Effects
Long-Term Effects
Peasants’ Revolt
Religious wars in Europe
Founding of Lutheran, Calvinist,
Anglican, Presbyterian, and
other Protestant churches
Catholic Reformation
Weakening of Holy Roman
Empire
Jewish migration to Eastern
Europe
Luther calls for Jews to be
expelled from Christian lands
Increased anti-Semitism
Strengthening of the Inquisition
4
Widespread Persecution
During this period of heightened religious passion, both
Catholics and Protestants fostered intolerance.
Catholics killed Protestants and Protestants killed Catholics.
Between 1450 and 1750, tens of thousands of people, mostly
women, died as victims of witch hunts.
In some places, Jews were forced to live in ghettos, or
separate quarters of the city. In other places, they were
expelled from Christian lands and their books and synagogues
were burned.
e. Describe the Counter
Reformation at the Council of
Trent and the role of the Jesuits.
4
The Catholic Reformation
Pope Paul III led a vigorous reform movement within the
Catholic Church.
Pope Paul III set out to revive the moral authority of the
Church and roll back the Protestant tide. To accomplish
these goals, he:
• Called the Council of Trent to establish the direction that
reform should take;
• Strengthened the Inquisition;
• Recognized a new religious order, the Jesuits, to combat
heresy and spread the Catholic faith.
f. Describe the English
Reformation and the role of
Henry VIII and Elizabeth I.
4
England and the Church
In 1528, King Henry VIII asked the pope to annul, or
cancel, his marriage.
The pope refused Henry’s request.
Henry took the Church from the pope’s control and
created the Church of England.
Protestant King Edward VI brought Protestant reforms
to England.
Queen Mary wanted to restore Catholicism to England. She
had hundreds of English Protestants burned at the stake.
Queen Elizabeth forged a compromise between
Protestants and Catholics.
g. Explain the importance of
Gutenberg and the invention of
the printing press.
2
The Printing Revolution
A printing revolution took place when:
• In 1456, Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible using
the first printing press and printing inks.
• Movable type was developed twenty years later.
IMPACT:
• Printed books were cheaper and easier to produce.
• With books more readily available, more people
learned to read.
• Readers gained access to a broad range of
knowledge and ideas.
• Jacques Cartier and Samuel de
Champlain are MOST associated with the
exploration and settling of
• A) Quebec and New France.
• B) Jamestown and Roanoke.
• C) Haiti and New Orleans.
• D) St. Augustine and Miami.
Correct Answer A
• Though their time periods span a range of
nearly 100 years, Jacques Cartier and
Samuel de Champlain are MOST
associated with the foundation of French
settlements in Quebec and New France.
They were active in the 1530s, and early
1600s respectively.
Correct Answer A
• The work by people such as Nicolaus
Copernicus, Andreas Vesalius, and
William Harvey in the Scientific Revolution
was made possible by advances during
the
• A) Renaissance.
• B) Enlightenment.
• C) Age of Exploration.
• D) Protestant Reformation
• The advances of the Scientific Revolution
would not have been possible if not for the
work of people like Galileo in the
Renaissance. Scholars of the
Renaissance rediscovered the works of
Greek and Roman scientists and began
improving upon them. This led to the
period that historians eventually called the
Scientific Revolution.
SSWH10. The student will
analyze the impact of the age
of discovery and expansion
into the Americas, Africa, and
Asia. [QCC standard WH11]
Why Did Europeans Cross the
Seas?
1
• As Europe’s population recovered from
the Black Death, the demand for trade
goods grew.
• Europeans wanted spices.
• European merchants wanted to gain
direct access to the riches of Asia.
• Some voyagers still wanted to crusade
against the Muslims.
• Others were inspired by the Renaissance
spirit to learn about distant lands.
1
Early Voyages of European Exploration,
1487–1609
a. Explain the roles of explorers
and conquistadors; include
Vasco da Gama, Christopher
Columbus, Ferdinand Magellan,
and Samuel de Champlain.
Portugal’s Voyages to the East
1
In 1497, Vasco da Gama reached the
spice port of Calicut in India.
In 1502, da Gama forced a treaty on
Calicut.
The Portuguese seized key ports around the
Indian Ocean to create a vast trading
empire.
1
Columbus’s Voyages to the West
Backed by Spain, Christopher Columbus tried to reach
the Indies, in Southeast Asia, by sailing west across
the Atlantic.
Columbus believed that the land that he reached was
the Indies. In fact, he had found a route to continents
previously unknown to Europeans. These lands later
became known as the West Indies.
When Columbus returned,
Spain and Portugal both
rushed to claim the lands
Columbus had explored.
Pope Alexander VI set a
Line of Demarcation,
giving to Spain rights to
any land west of the line
and to Portugal, rights to
any land east of the line.
1
Exploring the Americas
Europeans continued to seek new routes
around or through the Americas.
Ferdinand Magellan charted a passage
around the southern tip of South America
and gave the Pacific Ocean its name. His
crew became the first people to
circumnavigate, or sail around, the world.
Samuel de Champlain founded New France
in the Americas. In modern times New
France is called Quebec.
b. Define the Columbian
Exchange and its global
economic and cultural impact.
5
The Columbian Exchange
When Columbus returned to
Spain in 1493, he brought
with him “new” plants and
animals. Later that year, he
returned to the Americas
with some 1,200 settlers and
a collection of European
animals and plants.
In this way, Columbus began
a vast global exchange that
would have a profound effect
on the world.
5
A
Commercial
Revolution
The opening of direct links with Asia, Africa, and the Americas had farreaching economic consequences for Europeans.
Prices began to rise in Europe, as part of the cycle of inflation.
European inflation had several causes:
•
•
•
As the population grew, the demand for goods and services rose.
Because goods were scarce, sellers could raise their prices.
The increased flow of gold and silver from the Americas led to more
money in circulation.
Expanded trade and the push for overseas empires spurred the growth of
European capitalism, the investment of money to make a profit.
Entrepreneurs and capitalists made up a new business class. Together
they helped change the local European economy into an international
trading system.
5
Mercantilism
European monarchs adopted a new economic
policy, known as mercantilism, aimed at
strengthening their national economies.
According the mercantilism, a nation’s real wealth
is measured in its gold and silver treasure. To
build its supply of gold and silver, a nation must
export more goods than it imports.
Overseas empires and colonies existed for the
benefit of the parent nation. Rulers needed to
adopt policies to increase national wealth and
government revenues.
To achieve these goals, European
governments
•
passed strict laws regulating trade with their
colonies.
•
exploited natural resources, built roads, and
backed new industries.
•
sold monopolies to large producers in certain
areas.
•
imposed tariffs, or taxes on imported goods.
How Did Economic Changes Affect
Europeans?
5
The impact of economic change depended on a
person’s social class.
• Merchants who invested in overseas ventures
acquired wealth.
• Nobles, whose wealth was in land, were hurt by the
price revolution.
• Hired workers in towns and cities faced poverty and
discontent when their wages did not keep up with
inflation.
• Peasants, the majority of Europeans, were not
affected until centuries later.
Within Europe’s growing cities, there were great differences in
wealth and power.
c. Explain the role of improved
technology in European
exploration; include the
astrolabe.
1
Tools of Ocean Navigation
Astrolabe
This device was used to measure
the angles of the sun and stars
above the horizon. It was difficult to
use accurately in rough seas.
Caravel
This ship combined the square sails of
European vessels with the lateen
(triangular) sails of their Arab
counterparts. The new rigging made it
easier to sail across and into the wind.
SSWH13. The student will
examine the intellectual,
political, social, and economic
factors that changed the world
view of Europeans. [QCC
standards WH10, WH12, WH13]
a. Explain the scientific
contributions of Copernicus,
Galileo, Kepler, and Newton and
how these ideas changed the
European world view.
These scientific discoveries called into question
various religious teachings. Thus weakening the
Roman Catholic Church Authority.
In 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus proposed a heliocentric,
or sun-centered, model of the universe.
Johannes Keppler proposed that each planet moved
around the sun in an oval-shaped orbit called an ellipse.
Galileo Galilei built a telescope and confirmed the
heliocentric model. This discovery caused an uproar
and Galileo was tried before the Inquisition.
Isaac Newton proposed the law of gravity.
b. Identify the major ideas of the
Enlightenment from the writings
of Locke and Rousseau
and their relationship to politics
and society.
Political Thinkers of the
Enlightenment
1
ROUSSEAU
JOHN LOCKE
People are basically
reasonable and moral.
Believed that people were
basically good.
Argued that government
controls should be minimal
People have certain
and should only be imposed
natural rights.
by a freely elected
A government has a duty government.
to the people it governs.
If a government fails, the Felt the good of the
people have the right to community should be placed
overthrow it.
above individual interests.
SSWH14. The student will
analyze the Age of Revolutions
and Rebellions. [QCC standards
WH13, WH14]
England 1689
3
The Glorious Revolution
When James II angered his subjects and clashed with Parliament,
parliamentary leaders invited William and Mary to become rulers of
England. When William and Mary landed in England, James II fled
to France. This bloodless overthrow of a king became known as the
Glorious Revolution.
Before they could be crowned, William and Mary had to accept the
English Bill of Rights, which:
• ensured superiority of Parliament over the monarchy.
• gave the House of Commons “power of the purse.”
• prohibited a monarch from interfering with Parliament.
• barred any Roman Catholic from sitting on the throne.
• restated the rights of English citizens.
The Glorious Revolution did not create democracy, but a type of
government called limited monarchy, in which a constitution or
legislative body limits the monarch’s powers.
US Revolution
4
The 13 Colonies
By the mid 1700s, the colonies were home to
diverse religious and ethnic groups. The
colonists felt entitled to the rights of English
citizens, and their colonial assemblies exercised
much control over local affairs.
Although the ways of life between the colonists
of New England and those in the south differed,
the colonists shared common values, respect for
individual enterprise, and an increasing sense of
their own identity separate from that of Britain.
4
Growing Discontent
After 1763, relations between Britain and the 13 colonies grew
strained.
George III wanted the colonists to help pay for the Seven Years’ War
and troops still stationed along the frontier.
“No taxation without representation.”
The colonists protested that since they had no representation in
Parliament, the British had no right to tax them.
British troops fired on a crowd of colonists in the “Boston Massacre.”
Colonists protested by dumping British tea into Boston Harbor in the
Boston Tea Party.
Representatives from each colony met in a Continental Congress.
War broke out between Britain and the colonists.
The Second Continental Congress declared independence from
Britain and issued the Declaration of Independence.
The American Revolution in the
East
4
4
A New Constitution
The new constitution reflected the Enlightenment ideas of Locke,
Montesquieu, and Rousseau.
• The framers of the Constitution saw government in terms of a social
contract. They provided for an elective legislature and an elected
president.
• The Constitution created a federal republic, with power divided
between the federal government and the states.
• The federal government was separated among the legislative,
executive, and judicial branches. Each branch was provided with
checks and balances on the other branches.
• The Bill of Rights, the first 10 amendments to the Constitution,
recognized that people had basic rights that the government must
protect.
France
Causes and Effects of the
French Revolution
4
Long-Term Causes
Immediate Causes
Corrupt, inconsistent, and insensitive
leadership
Huge government debt
Prosperous members of Third Estate
resent privileges of First and Second
estates
Failure of Louis XVI to accept financial
reforms
Spread of Enlightenment ideas
Storming of Bastille
Immediate Effects
Poor harvests and rising price of bread
Formation of National Assembly
Long-Term Effects
Napoleon gains power
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the
Citizen adopted
Napoleonic Code established
France adopts its first written constitution
French conquests spread nationalism
Monarchy abolished
Revolutions occur in Europe and Latin
America
Revolutionary France fights coalition of
European powers
Reign of Terror
French public schools set up
Haiti 1791
HAITI 1791
• Haiti was the first republic in modern history led by people of African
descent.
• It went directly from being a French colony to governing itself.
• The pattern established under colonial rule had powerful and longlasting effects, though, having established a model of minority rule
over the illiterate poor using violence and threats.
• Colonialism and slavery were outlived by the racial prejudice that
they had contributed to; the new post-rebellion racial elite (referred
to as mulattoes) had African ancestry, but many were also of
European ancestry as descendants of white planters.
• Some had received educations, served in the military, and
accumulated land and wealth.
RESULTS
• The Haitian Revolution was influential in slave rebellions in America
and British colonies.
• The loss of a major source of western revenue shook Napoleon's
faith in the promise of the western world, encouraging him to unload
other French assets in the region including the territory known as
Louisiana.
• In the early 1800s, many refugees, including free people of color
and white planters, of whom some in both categories had owned
slaves, settled in New Orleans, adding many new members to both
its French-speaking mixed-race population and African population.
• In 1807 Britain became the first major power to permanently abolish
the slave trade.
• The Haitian Revolution stood as a model for achieving emancipation
for slaves in the United States who attempted to mimic Toussaint
Louverture's actions. Louverture remains a hero to this day.
Latin America 1808-1825
• The Hispanic American wars of
independence refer to the numerous wars
against Spanish rule in Hispanic America
that took place during the early 19th
century, from 1808 until 1829 and resulted
in the creation of a chain of newly
independent countries stretching from
Argentina and Chile in the south to Mexico
in the north.
c. Explain Napoleon’s rise to
power, and his defeat; and
explain the consequences for
Europe.
4
The Rise of Napoleon
1769
Born on island of Corsica
1793
Helps capture Toulon from British; promoted to
brigadier general
Crushes rebels opposed to the National Convention
Becomes commander in chief of the army of Italy; wins
victories against Austria
Loses to the British in Egypt and Syria
Overthrows Directory and becomes First Consul
of France
Crowns himself emperor of France
1795
1796–1797
1798–1799
1799
1804
4
France Under Napoleon
Napoleon consolidated his power by strengthening
the central government. Order, security, and
efficiency replaced liberty, equality, and fraternity as
the slogans of the new regime.
Napoleon instituted a number of reforms to restore
economic prosperity.
Napoleon developed a new law code, the
Napoleonic Code, which embodied Enlightenment
principles.
Napoleon undid some of the reforms of the
French Revolution:
•
Women lost most of their newly gained
rights.
•
Male heads of household regained
complete authority over their wives and
children.
4
Building an Empire
As Napoleon created a vast French empire, he
redrew the map of Europe.
• He annexed, or added outright, some areas to
France.
• He abolished the Holy Roman Empire.
• He cut Prussia in half.
Napoleon controlled much of Europe
through forceful diplomacy.
• He put friends and relatives on the thrones
of Europe.
• He forced alliances on many European
powers.
Britain alone remained outside Napoleon’s
empire.
Napoleon’s Power in
Europe, 1812
4
5
Challenges to Napoleon’s Empire
The impact of nationalism
Many Europeans who had welcomed the ideas of the French
Revolution nevertheless saw Napoleon and his armies as
foreign oppressors.
Resistance in Spain
Napoleon had replaced the king of Spain with his own brother,
but many Spaniards remained loyal to their former king.
Spanish patriots conducted a campaign of guerrilla warfare
against the French.
War with Austria
Spanish resistance encouraged Austria to resume hostilities
against the French.
Defeat in Russia
Nearly all of Napoleon’s 400,000 troops sent on a campaign in
Russia died, most from hunger and the cold of the Russian
winter.
5
Downfall of Napoleon
1812—Napoleon’s forces were defeated in Russia.
Russia, Britain, Austria, and Prussia form a new alliance against a weakened
France.
1813—Napoleon was defeated in the Battle of Nations in Leipzig.
1814—Napoleon abdicated, or stepped down from power, and was exiled to
Elba, an island in the Mediterranean Sea.
1815—Napoleon escaped his exile and returned to France.
Combined British and Prussian forces defeated Napoleon at Waterloo.
.
Napoleon was forced to abdicate again, and was this time exiled to St. Helena,
an island in the South Atlantic.
1821—Napoleon died in exile.
5
Legacy of Napoleon
The Napoleonic Code consolidated many changes of the
revolution.
Napoleon turned France into a centralized state with a constitution.
Elections were held with expanded, though limited, suffrage.
Many more citizens had rights to property and access to education.
French citizens lost many rights promised to them during the
Convention.
On the world stage, Napoleon’s conquests spread the ideas of the
revolution and nationalism.
Napoleon failed to make Europe into a
French empire.
The abolition of the Holy Roman Empire
would eventually contribute to the creation
of a new Germany.
Napoleon’s decision to sell France’s
Louisiana Territory to America doubled the
size of the United States and ushered in
an age of American expansion.
5
What Were the Goals of the
Congress of Vienna?
The chief goal of the Congress was to create a lasting peace by
establishing a balance of power and protecting the system of
monarchy.
To achieve this goal, the peacemakers did the following:
•
They redrew the map of Europe. To contain French
ambition, they ringed France with strong countries.
•
They promoted the principle of legitimacy, restoring
hereditary monarchies that the French Revolution or Napoleon
had unseated.
•
To protect the new order, Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great
Britain extended their wartime alliance into the postwar era.
Europe After the Congress of
Vienna, 1815
5
The Columbian Exchange was
• A) the first great banking and trading house in
South America.
• B) the exchange of precious metals between the
old and new worlds.
• C) the exchange of plants, animals, and
diseases between the old and new worlds.
• D) the movement of the army of Simon Bolivar
across Gran Columbia, exchanging Spanish
prisoners for valuable weapons he would later
use to free most of Latin America.
Correct Answer C
• The Columbian Exchange was the
exchange of plants, animals, people,
and diseases between the "old" and
"new" worlds. This saw such things as
potatoes and tobacco introduced to
Europe and horses, coffee, and small pox
introduced to the "new world."
Which of these had the GREATEST impact
on the success of the Northern
Renaissance?
• A) funding from wealthy patrons
• B) approval of the Catholic Church
• C) the works of da Vinci and Michelangelo
• D) the discoveries resulting from
Columbus’ voyage
Correct Answer A
• The Northern Renaissance would not have
been possible without funding from
wealthy patrons. The artists, writers, and
philosophers of the day would not have
had time to "do their thing" had people
with money not funded them.
SSWH16. The student will
demonstrate an understanding
of long-term causes of World
War I and its global impact.
[QCC standards WH19, WH21,
WH22]
a. Identify the causes of the war;
include Balkan nationalism,
entangling alliances, and
militarism.
4
Balkan Nationalism
A complex web of competing interests contributed to a series of
crises and wars in the Balkans.
Serbia and Greece had won independence in the early 1800s.
However, there were still many Serbs and Greeks living in the
Balkans under Ottoman rule.
The Ottoman empire was home to other national groups, such
as Bulgarians and Romanians.
During the 1800s, various subject people staged revolts against
the Ottomans, hoping to set up their own independent states.
European powers stepped in to divide up Ottoman lands,
ignoring the nationalist goals of various Balkan peoples.
4
The Balkans, 1878
Nationalism and International
Rivalries
1
Aggressive nationalism was one leading cause of
international tensions.
• Nationalist feelings were strong in both Germany and
France.
• In Eastern Europe, Pan-Slavism held that all Slavic peoples
shared a common nationality. Russia felt that it had a duty
to lead and defend all Slavs.
Imperial rivalries divided European nations.
• In 1906 and again in 1911, competition for
colonies brought France and Germany to the
brink of war.
The 1800s saw a rise in militarism, the
glorification of the military.
• The great powers expanded their armies and
navies, creating an arms race that further
increased suspicions and made war more likely.
Causes and Effects of European
Alliances
1
Distrust led the great powers to sign treaties
pledging to defend one another.
These alliances were intended to create powerful
combinations that no one would dare attack.
The growth of rival alliance systems increased
international tensions.
1
European Alliances, 1914
b. Describe conditions on the
war front for soldiers.
3
The Western Front
German forces swept through Belgium
toward Paris.
Russia mobilized more quickly than expected.
Germany shifted some troops to the east to
confront Russia, weakening German forces in the
west.
British and French troops defeat Germany in the Battle of the Marne. The
battle of the Marne pushed back the German offensive and destroyed
Germany’s hopes for a quick victory on the Western Front.
The result was a long, deadly stalemate, a deadlock in which
neither side is able to defeat the other. Battle lines in France
remained almost unchanged for four years.
3
Europe at War, 1914–1918
3
World War I Technology
Modern weapons added greatly to the destructiveness of the
war.
Airplane
A one- or two-seat propeller plane was equipped with a machine
gun. At first the planes were used mainly for observation. Later,
“flying aces” engaged in individual combat, though such
“dogfights” had little effect on the war.
Automatic machine gun
A mounted gun that fired a rapid, continuous stream of
bullets made it possible for a few gunners to mow down
waves of soldiers. This helped create a stalemate by making
it difficult to advance across no man’s land.
Submarine
These underwater ships, or U-boats, could launch torpedoes, or
guided underwater bombs. Used by Germany to destroy Allied
shipping, U-boat attacks helped bring the United States into the
war.
How Did the War Become a Global
Conflict?
3
EASTERN EUROPE
In August 1914, Russian armies
pushed into eastern Germany.
SOUTHERN EUROPE
In 1915, Bulgaria joined the Central
Powers and helped crush Serbia.
After Russia was defeated in the
battle of Tannenburg, armies in
the east fought on Russian soil.
OUTSIDE EUROPE
Japan, allied with Britain, tried to
impose a protectorate on China.
The Ottoman empire joined the
Central Powers in 1914.
Arab nationalists revolted against
Ottoman rule.
THE COLONIES
The Allies overran German colonies
in Africa and Asia.
The great powers turned to their
own colonies for troops, laborers,
and supplies.
c. Explain the major decisions
made in the Versailles Treaty;
include German reparations
and the mandate system that
replaced Ottoman control.
4
Campaign to Victory
In 1917, The United States declared war on Germany.
By 1918, about two million American soldiers had
joined the Allies on the Western Front.
The Germans launched a huge offensive, pushing the
Allies back.
The Allies launched a counteroffensive, driving German
forces back across France and Germany.
Germany sought an armistice, or agreement to end
fighting, with the Allies. On November 11, 1918, the
war ended.
4
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
President Woodrow Wilson issued the Fourteen Points, a list
of his terms for resolving World War I and future wars. He
called for:
• freedom of the seas
• free trade
• large-scale reductions of arms
• an end to secret treaties
• self-determination, or the right of people to choose their
own form of government, for Eastern Europe
• the creation of a “general association of nations” to keep
the peace in the future
5
The Costs of War
• More than 8.5 million people died. Twice that
number had been wounded.
• Famine threatened many regions.
• Across the European continent, homes, farms,
factories, roads, and churches had been shelled to
rubble.
• People everywhere were shaken and disillusioned.
• Governments had collapsed in Russia, Germany,
Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman empire.
5
Casualties of World War I
Deaths
in Battle
Wounded
in Battle
1,357,800
908,371
1,700,000
462,391
50,585
502,421
4,266,000
2,090,212
4,950,000
953,886
205,690
342,585
1,808,546
922,500
325,000
4,247,143
3,620,000
400,000
Allies
France
British empire
Russia
Italy
United States
Others
Central Powers
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman empire
5
The Paris Peace Conference
The delegates to the Paris Peace Conference faced many
difficult issues:
•
The Allied leaders had different aims.
• The Italians insisted that the Allies honor their secret
agreement to gain Austria-Hungary. Such secret
agreements violated Wilson’s principle of selfdetermination.
• Many people who had been ruled by Russia, AustriaHungary, or the Ottoman empire now demanded national
states of their own. The territories claimed by these people
often overlapped, so it was impossible to satisfy them all.
5
The Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty:
•
•
forced Germany to assume full blame for causing the war.
imposed huge reparations upon Germany.
The Treaty aimed at weakening Germany by:
•
•
•
•
limiting the size of the German military,
returning Alsace and Lorraine to France,
removing hundreds of miles of territory from Germany,
stripping Germany of its overseas colonies.
The Germans signed the treaty because they had no choice. But
German resentment of the Treaty of Versailles would poison the
international climate for 20 years and lead to an even deadlier
world war.
5
Europe in 1914 and 1920
1914
5
Europe in 1914 and 1920
1920
Summary World War I
5
World War I: Cause and Effect
Long-Term Causes
Immediate Causes
Imperialist and economic rivalries among
European powers
Austria-Hungary’s annexation of Bosnia and
Herzegovina
European alliance system
Fighting in the Balkans
Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand
Militarism and arms race
Nationalist tensions in Balkans
Immediate Effects
German invasion of Belgium
Long-Term Effects
Enormous cost in lives and money
Economic impact of war debts on Europe
Russian Revolution
Creation of new nations in Eastern Europe
Emergence of United States and Japan as
important powers
Requirement that Germany pay reparations
Growth of nationalism in colonies
German loss of its overseas colonies
Rise of fascism
Balfour Declaration
World War II
League of Nations
d. Analyze the destabilization of
Europe in the collapse of the
great empires; include the
Romanov and Hapsburg
dynasties.
Hapsburgs
• Oldest ruling house in Europe
• Conservative government suppresses
liberal demands
• Growing urban discontent
• Nationalist unrest in a multinational empire
• Military defeats led to growing demands
from liberals and nationalist
• Arrangement of dual monarchy satisfied
Hungarians, angered other nationalist
SSWH17. The student will be
able to identify the major
political and economic factors
that shaped world societies
between World War I and
World War II. [QCC standards
WH19, WH21, WH22]
b. Determine the causes and
results of the Russian Revolution
from the rise of the
Bolsheviks under Lenin to
Stalin’s first Five Year Plan.
1
Why Did Revolution Occur in
Russia in March 1917?
• Czars had made some reforms, but too few to
ease the nation’s tensions.
• Much of the majority peasant population endured
stark poverty.
• Revolutionaries worked to hatch radical plots.
• World War I was producing disasters on the
battlefield for the Russian army, and food and fuel
shortages on the home front.
• Rasputin’s influence in domestic affairs weakened
confidence in the government.
Why Did Lenin and the Bolsheviks
Launch the November Revolution?
1
Lenin adapted Marxist ideas to fit Russian conditions. He
called for an elite group to lead the revolution and set up a
“dictatorship of the proletariat.”
Conditions were ripe for Lenin and the Bolsheviks to make
their move:
• The provisional government continued the war effort and
failed to deal with land reform.
• In the summer of 1917, the government launched a disastrous
offensive against Germany.
• The army was in terrible shape and growing numbers of
troops mutinied.
• Peasants seized land and drove off fearful landlords.
1
Russian Civil War
How did the Communists defeat their opponents in
Russia’s civil war?
• Lenin quickly made peace with Germany so that the
•
•
•
Communists could focus all their energy on defeating
enemies at home.
The Communists adopted a policy called “war
communism.” They took over banks, mines, factories,
and railroads, took control of food produced by
peasants, and drafted peasant laborers into military or
factory work.
Trotsky turned the Red Army into an effective fighting
force.
When the Allies intervened to support the Whites, the
Communists appealed to nationalism and urged
Russians to drive out the foreigners.
Turning Points in Russia,
1914–1921
2
1914
August
World War I begins.
1917
March
Revolution forces the czar to abdicate. A provisional government is formed.
April
Lenin returns to Russia.
July
Russians suffer more than 50,000 casualties in battle against German and Austro-Hungarian
forces.
November
A second revolution results in Bolshevik takeover of government.
December
Bolshevik government seeks peace with Germany.
1918
March
Russia signs treaty of Brest-Litovsk, losing a large amount of territory.
July
Civil war between the Reds and Whites begins.
The czar and his family are executed.
August
British, American, Japanese, and other foreign forces intervene in Russia.
1921
March
Communist government is victorious. Only sporadic fighting continues.
The Communist State Under
Lenin
2
The Communists produced a new constitution that:
•
•
•
set up an elected legislature, later called the Supreme Soviet
gave all citizens over 18 the right to vote
placed all political power, resources, and means of production in the
hands of the workers and peasants
The new government united much of the old Russian empire in
the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), or Soviet
Union.
Lenin adopted the New Economic Policy, or NEP.
•
•
It allowed some capitalist ventures.
The state kept control of banks, foreign trade, and large industries. Small
businesses were allowed to reopen for private profit.
2
Soviet Union, 1917–1938
2
Stalin’s Five-Year Plans
Once in power, Stalin set out to make the Soviet Union a modern
industrial power. He put into place several “five-year plans” aimed
at building heavy industry, improving transportation, and
increasing farm output.
• Stalin brought all economic activity under government
control. The Soviet Union developed a command
economy, in which government officials made all basic
economic decisions.
• Stalin also brought agriculture under government
control. He forced peasants to give up their land and
live on either state-owned farms or collectives, large
farms owned and operated by peasants as a group.
• Overall, standards of living remained poor. Wages were
low, and consumer goods were scarce.
2
The Great Purge
Stalin harbored obsessive fears that rival party leaders
were plotting against him. In 1934, he launched the Great
Purge.
• At least four million people were purged during
the Stalin years.
• The purges increased Stalin’s power.
• The victims of the purges included most of the
nation’s military leadership. This loss of military
leadership would weigh heavily on Stalin in 1941,
when Germany invaded the Soviet Union.
2
Soviet Foreign Policy
Between 1917 and 1939, the Soviet Union pursued two very
different goals in foreign policy.
As Communists, both Lenin and Stalin wanted to bring
about the worldwide revolution that Marx had predicted.
• Lenin formed the Communist International, or Comintern, which aided
revolutionary groups around the world.
As Russians, they wanted to guarantee their nation’s
security by winning the support of other countries.
•The Soviet Union sought to join the League of Nations.
The Comintern’s propaganda against capitalism made
western powers highly suspicious of the Soviet Union.
c. Describe the rise of fascism in
Europe and Asia by comparing
the policies of Benito
Mussolini in Italy, Adolf Hitler in
Germany, and Hirohito in Japan.
3
What Is Fascism?
In the 1920s and 1930s, fascism meant different
things in different countries. All forms of fascism,
however, shared some basic features:
• extreme nationalism
• glorification of action, violence, discipline, and, above
all, blind loyalty to the state
• rejection of Enlightenment faith in reason and the
concepts of equality and liberty
• rejection of democratic ideas
• pursuit of aggressive foreign expansion
• glorification of warfare as a necessary and noble
struggle for survival
Benito
Mussolini in Italy
3
How Did Conditions in Italy Favor
the Rise of Mussolini?
• Italian nationalists were outraged by the Paris peace
treaties.
• Inspired by the revolution in Russia, Italian peasants
seized land, and workers went on strike or seized
factories.
• Returning veterans faced unemployment.
• Trade declined and taxes rose.
• The government was split into feuding factions and
seemed powerless to end the crisis.
3
Mussolini’s Italy
POLITICAL
STRUCTURE
By 1925, Mussolini had
assumed the title Il Duce,
“The Leader.”
In theory, Italy remained a
parliamentary monarchy. In
fact, it became a dictatorship
upheld by terror.
The Fascists relied on secret
police and propaganda.
ECONOMIC
POLICY
SOCIAL
POLICIES
Mussolini brought the economy
under state control.
The individual was
unimportant except as a
member of the state.
Unlike socialists, Mussolini
preserved capitalism.
Men were urged to be ruthless
warriors.
Workers received poor wages
and were forbidden to strike.
Women were called on to
produce more children.
Fascist youth groups
toughened children and taught
them to obey strict military
discipline.
Adolf Hitler in Germany
4
The Weimar Republic
In 1919, German leaders set up a democratic government
known as the Weimar Republic. The republic faced severe
problems from the start.
• The government was weak because Germany had
many small parties.
• The government came under constant fire from both
the left and the right.
• Germans of all classes blamed the Weimar
Republic for the hated Versailles treaty.
• When Germany fell behind in reparations payments,
France occupied the coal-rich Ruhr Valley.
• Runaway inflation spread misery and despair.
4
Adolf Hitler’s Rise to Power
Hitler fought in the German army in World War I.
In 1919, he joined a small group of right-wing extremists.
Within a year, he was the leader of the National Socialist German
Workers, or Nazi, party.
In 1923, he made a failed attempt to seize power in Munich. He
was imprisoned for treason.
In prison, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (“My Struggle”). It would later
become the basic book of Nazi goals and ideology.
Nazi membership grew to almost a million.
In 1933, Hitler was made chancellor of Germany.
Within a year, Hitler was master of Germany. He made Germany a
one-party state and purged his own party.
4
The Third Reich
POLITICAL POLICIES
ECONOMIC POLICIES
Hitler repudiated, or rejected, the
hated Treaty of Versailles.
Hitler launched a large public works
program.
Hitler organized a system of
terror, repression, and totalitarian
rule.
Hitler began to rearm Germany, in
violation of the Versailles treaty.
SOCIAL POLICIES
CULTURAL POLICIES
The Nazis indoctrinated young
people with their ideology.
School courses and textbooks were
written to reflect Nazi racial views.
Hitler spread his message of
racism.
The Nazis sought to purge, or purify,
German culture.
The Nazis sought to limit women’s
roles.
Hitler sought to replace religion with
his racial creed.
Hitler’s Campaign Against the
Jews
4
Hitler set out to drive Jews from Germany.
In 1935, the Nuremberg Laws placed severe restrictions on Jews.
Many German Jews fled Germany and sought refuge in other
countries.
In 1938, Nazi-led mobs attacked Jewish communities all over
Germany in what came to be called Kristallnacht, or the “Night of
Broken Glass.”
Hitler sent tens of thousands of Jews to concentration camps,
detention centers for civilians considered enemies of the state.
Hitler planned the “final solution”—the extermination of all Jews.
Hirohito Japan
• The Army and the Navy are in command, that
militarism is lauded to the skies, that ‘dangerous
thought’ is suppressed, that there is persecution
of Socialists and Communists and that the
political parties have little power.
• They refer to the assassination of Cabinet
Ministers by groups of ‘Young Officers’ in whom
they see the nucleus of a coming Fascist
regime.
e. Describe the nature of
totalitarianism and the police
state that existed in Russia,
Germany, and Italy and how they
differ from authoritarian
governments.
RUSSIA
3
A Totalitarian State
Stalin turned the Soviet Union into a totalitarian
state. In this form of government, a one-party
dictatorship attempts to regulate every aspect of
the lives of its citizens.
• To ensure obedience, Stalin used secret
police, censorship, violent purges, and terror.
• The party bombarded the public with relentless
propaganda.
• The Communists replaced religion with their
own ideology.
3
Changes in Soviet Society
The Communists transformed Russian life.
• They created a society where a few elite
groups emerged as a new ruling class.
• The state provided free education, free
medical care, day care for children,
inexpensive housing, and public
recreation.
• Women were granted equality under the
law.
3
State Control and the Arts
Stalin forced artists and writers to conform
to a style called socialist realism. Its goal
was to boost socialism by showing Soviet
life in a positive light.
Government controlled what books were
published, what music was heard, and
which works of art were displayed.
Writers, artists, and composers faced
government persecution.
f. Explain the aggression and
conflict leading to World War II in
Europe and Asia.
How Did Dictators Challenge World
Peace?
1
Throughout the 1930s, dictators took
aggressive action but met only verbal protests
and pleas for peace from the democracies.
Mussolini and Hitler viewed that desire for
peace as weakness and responded with new
acts of aggression.
In 1935, Mussolini invaded Ethiopia.
The League of Nations voted
sanctions, or penalties, but had no
power to enforce the sanctions.
Hitler built up the German military in
defiance of the Versailles treaty.
Then, in 1936, he sent troops into the
demilitarized Rhineland bordering
France — another treaty violation.
Test Taking Tip # 4
• Try to stay awake- Rememeber that this is
a timed test. There will be time afterwards
to sleep. Get a good nights sleep the
night before, and be refreshed for the
morning exam.
• The period of European history that began
at the close of the Middle Ages and was
characterized by a cultural revival is
known as the
• A) Reformation.
• B) Renaissance.
• C) Baroque Period.
• D) Classical Period.
Correct Answer B
• The Renaissance was the period in
Europe that was characterized by a radical
development in the arts, medicine, politics,
and sciences. An intense development of
art and literature is associated with this
time.
• According to the Treaty of Versailles, what
country was expected to pay for the
damages in World War I?
• A) Austria-Hungary
• B) France
• C) Germany
• D) Russia
Correct Answer C
• Germany was blamed for the war and all
the damage. In the long run, this led to
massive resentment by the German
people and was a major cause of World
War II.
1
The Spanish Civil War
Although the Spanish Civil War was a local struggle, it
drew other European powers into the fighting.
• Hitler and Mussolini sent arms and forces to help
Franco.
• Volunteers from Germany, Italy, the Soviet Union, and
the western democracies joined the International Brigade
and fought alongside the Loyalists against fascism.
By 1939, Franco had triumphed. Once in power, he
created a fascist dictatorship like those of Hitler and
Mussolini.
1
German Aggression
In 1938, Hitler used force to unite Austria and Germany in the
Anschluss. The western democracies took no action.
Hitler annexed the Sudetenland, a region in western
Czechoslovakia.
At the Munich Conference, British and French leaders again
chose appeasement.
In 1939, Hitler claimed the rest of Czechoslovakia.
The democracies realized that appeasement had failed. They
promised to protect Poland, most likely Hitler’s next target.
Hitler formed a Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact with Stalin.
German forces invaded Poland.
Britain and France immediately declared war on Germany.
Aggression in Europe to
1939
1
1
Why War Came
• Historians see the war as an effort to
revise the 1919 peace settlement. The
Versailles treaty had divided the world into
two camps.
• The western democracies might have
been able to stop Hitler. Unwilling to risk
war, however, they adopted a policy of
appeasement, giving in to the demands
of an aggressor in hope of keeping the
peace.
SSWH18. The student will
demonstrate an understanding
of the global political,
economic, and social impact of
World War II. [QCC standards
WH21, WH22, WH25]
a. Describe the major conflicts
and outcomes; include Pearl
Harbor and D-Day.
2
Early Axis Gains
By 1941, the Axis powers or their allies controlled most of Western Europe.
Germany and Russia conquered and divided Poland.
Stalin’s armies pushed into Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.
Soviet forces seized Finland.
Hitler conquered Norway and Denmark.
Hitler took the Netherlands and Belgium.
France surrendered to Hitler.
Axis armies pushed into North Africa and the Balkans.
Axis armies defeated Greece and Yugoslavia.
Bulgaria and Hungary joined the Axis alliance.
The Battle of Britain and Operation
Barbarossa
2
THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN
OPERATION BARBAROSSA
In 1941, Hitler embarked on
In 1940, Hitler ordered Operation Operation Barbarossa, the conquest
Sea Lion, the invasion of Britain. of the Soviet Union.
The Germans first bombed
military targets, then changed
tactics to the blitz, or bombing, of
London and other cities.
The Nazis smashed deep into
Russia, but were stalled before they
could take Moscow and Leningrad.
London did not break under the
blitz. The bombing only
strengthened British resolve to
turn back the enemy.
Thousands of German soldiers froze
to death in Russia’s winter.
Russians also suffered appalling
hardships.
Operation Sea Lion was a failure. Stalin urged Britain to open a
second front in Western Europe.
Growing American
Involvement
2
When the war began in 1939, the United States declared its
neutrality.
Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act, which allowed the President
to supply arms to those who were fighting for democracy.
Roosevelt and Churchill issued the Atlantic Charter, which called for
the “final destruction of the Nazi tyranny.”
Japan advanced into French Indochina and the Dutch East Indies.
To stop Japanese aggression, the United States banned the sale of
war materials to Japan.
Japan attacked Pearl Harbor.
The United States declared war on Japan.
Germany and Italy, as Japan’s allies, declared war on the United
States.
3
Occupied Lands
While the Germans rampaged across Europe, the Japanese conquered an
empire in Asia and the Pacific. Each set out to build a “new order” in the
occupied lands.
• Hitler set up puppet governments in countries that were peopled
by “Aryans.”
• Eastern Europeans were considered an inferior “race,” and were
thus shoved aside to provide “living space” for Germans.
• To the Nazis, occupied lands were an economic resource to be
looted and plundered.
• German leaders worked to accomplish the “final solution of the
Jewish problem” — the genocide, or deliberate murder, of all
European Jews.
• Japan’s self-proclaimed mission was to help Asians escape
imperial rule. In fact, its real goal was a Japanese empire in Asia.
• The Japanese treated conquered people with great brutality.
b. Identify Nazi ideology, policies,
and consequences that led to the
Holocaust.
3
Turning Points
During 1942 and 1943, the Allies won several victories that would
turn the tide of battle and push back the Axis powers.
EL ALAMEIN
The British stopped Rommel’s advance
and drove the Axis forces back across
Libya into Tunisia.
(late 1942)
INVASION OF ITALY
From North Africa, the Allies invaded
Italy. The invasion weakened Hitler by
forcing him to fight on another front.
(mid-1943)
STALINGRAD
INVASION OF FRANCE
The Red Army took the offensive and
drove the Germans out of the Soviet
Union entirely. Hitler’s forces suffered
irreplaceable losses of troops and
The Allies opened a second front in
Europe with the invasion of Paris. They
freed France and were then able to
focus on defeating Germany and Japan.
equipment.
(mid-1944)
(late 1942)
World War II in Europe and North
Africa
3
4
Strategies in the Pacific
• At first, the Japanese won an uninterrupted series of
victories.
• Soon, however, the tide of the Pacific war began to
turn.
• The United States began an “island-hopping”
campaign. The goal of the campaign was to recapture
some Japanese-held islands while bypassing others.
The captured islands served as steppingstones to the
next objective.
4
World War II in the Pacific
4
Defeating Nazi Germany
To win the assault on Germany, the Allies had to use devastating
force.
As Allied armies advanced into Belgium in 1944, Germany launched
a massive counterattack.
Both sides suffered terrible losses at the Battle of the Bulge.
Hitler’s support in Germany was declining.
Germany faced round-the-clock bombing.
The Allies crossed the Rhine into western Germany.
Soviet troops closed in on Berlin.
Hitler committed suicide, and Germany surrendered.
4
The Atomic Bomb
Dropping the atomic bomb brought a quick end to
the war. It also unleashed terrifying destruction.
Why did President Truman use the bomb?
• Truman was convinced that Japan would not
surrender without an invasion that would
result in enormous losses of both American and
Japanese lives.
• Truman also may have hoped that the bomb
would impress the Soviet Union with American
power.
5
The Cold War
As the United States and the Soviet Union
became superpowers, they also became tense
rivals in an increasingly divided world.
The Cold War was a state of tension and
hostility among nations, without armed conflict
between the major rivals.
At first, the focus of the Cold War was Eastern
Europe, where Stalin and the western powers
had very different goals.
Casualties of World War
II
5
Military
Dead
Military
Wounded
Civilian
Dead
389,000
211,000
7,500,000
292,000
475,000
400,000
14,102,000
671,000
65,000
108,000
15,000,000
**
2,850,000
77,500
1,576,000
7,250,000
120,000
500,000
5,000,000
100,000
300,000
Allies
Britain
France
Soviet Union
United States
Axis
Powers
Germany
Italy
Japan
** Very small number of civilian dead.
Source: Henri Michel, The Second World War
c. Explain the military and
diplomatic negotiations between
the leaders of Great Britain
(Churchill), the Soviet Union
(Stalin), and the United States
(Roosevelt/Truman) from
Teheran to Yalta and Potsdam
and the impact on the nations of
Eastern Europe.
Teheran
• The key Allied leaders—Roosevelt, Stalin, and
Churchill—were known as the "Big Three"
because of the might of the nations they
represented and their peaceful collaboration
during World War II.
• The chief discussion was centered on the
opening of a second front in Western Europe.
• Most importantly the conference was organized
to plan the final strategy for the war against Nazi
Germany and its allies.
Major Decisions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
An agreement was made stating that the Partisans of Yugoslavia should be
supported by supplies and equipment and also by commando operations.
It was agreed that it would be most desirable if Turkey should come into war
on the side of the Allies before the end of the year.
If Turkey found themselves at war, the Soviet Union was to support them.
Took note on November 30 that Operation Overlord would be launched
during May 1944, in conjunction with an operation against southern France.
It was agreed that the military staff of the Three Powers should from then on
keep in close touch with each other.
Britain and the U.S. promised Stalin that they would send troops to Western
Europe. It was agreed that they would arrive in the spring of 1944.
At the insistence of Stalin, the borders of post-war Poland were determined
along the Oder and Neisse rivers and the Curzon line.
A United Nations Organization was tentatively agreed to.
The Soviet Union agreed to wage war against Japan once Germany was
defeated.
Yalta
• The Big Three (Churchill, Roosevelt,
Stalin) met in Yalta for the purpose of
discussing Europe's postwar
reorganization.
• Mainly, it was intended to discuss the reestablishment of nations conquered by
Germany.
Major Decisions
• There was an agreement that the priority would be the
unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany. After the war
Germany would be split into four occupied zones.
• Stalin agreed that France might have a fourth occupation
zone in Germany and Austria but it would have to be
formed out of the American and British zones.
• Germany would undergo demilitarization and
denazification.
• German reparations were partly to be in the form of
forced labor of German soldiers, to be used to repair
damage Germany inflicted on its victims.
Potsdam
• Stalin, Churchill, and Truman had
gathered to decide how to administer the
defeated Nazi Germany, which had
agreed to unconditional surrender nine
weeks earlier, on May 8 (V-E Day).
• The goals of the conference also included
the establishment of post-war order, peace
treaties issues, and countering the effects
of war.
Potsdam Agreement
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Issuance of a statement of aims of the occupation of Germany by the Allies:
demilitarization, denazification, democratization, decentralization and decartelization.
Division of Germany and Austria respectively into four occupation zones (earlier
agreed in principle at Yalta), and the similar division of each's capital, Berlin and
Vienna, into four zones.
Agreement on the prosecution of Nazi war criminals.
Reversion of all German annexations in Europe, including Sudetenland, AlsaceLorraine, Austria and the westernmost parts of Poland
Germany's eastern border was to be shifted westwards to the Oder-Neisse line,
effectively reducing Germany in size by approximately 25% compared to her 1937
borders.
Expulsion of the German populations remaining beyond the new eastern borders of
Germany.
Agreement on war reparations to the Soviet Union from their zone of occupation in
Germany. It was also agreed that 10% of the industrial capacity of the western zones
unnecessary for the German peace economy should be transferred to the Soviet
Union within 2 years. Stalin proposed and it was accepted that Poland was to be
excluded from division of German compensation to be later granted 15% of
compensation given to Soviet Union
d. Explain allied Post-World War
II policies; include formation of
the United Nations, the
Marshall Plan for Europe, and
McArthur’s plan for Japan.
5
The United Nations
World War II Allies set up an international organization
to ensure peace.
Under the UN Charter, each of the member nations had
one vote in the General Assembly. A smaller body, the
Security Council, was given greater power. Its five
permanent members were the United States, the Soviet
Union (today Russia), Britain, France, and China.
The UN’s work would go far beyond peacekeeping.
The organization would take on many world problems.
Marshall Plan
• The Marshall Plan is also called the
European Recovery Plan. It was enacted
by the US in 1947 as a way to help rebuild
Europe after World War II.
McArthur’s Plan
• MacArthur oversaw the Occupation of Japan
from 1945 to 1951.
• Although criticized for protecting Emperor
Hirohito and the imperial family from prosecution
for war crimes, MacArthur is credited with
implementing far-reaching democratic reforms in
that country.
• During the Allied occupation of Japan, he
demilitarized the former enemy power and
implemented a comprehensive policy of social,
economic, and political reforms with the goal of
liberalizing that nation.
SSWH19. The student will
demonstrate an understanding
of the global social, economic,
and political impact of the Cold
War and decolonization from
1945 to 1989. [QCC standards
WH22, WH25, WH26]
a. Analyze the revolutionary
movements in India (Gandhi) and
China (Mao Zedong).
India (Gandhi)
1
Why Was India Partitioned?
After World War II, Britain finally agreed to Indian demand for
independence.
Muslims insisted on their own state, Pakistan.
Riots between Hindus and Muslims persuaded Britain to
partition, or divide, the subcontinent.
In 1947, British officials created Hindu India and Muslim
Pakistan.
As Hindus and Muslims crossed the borders, violence erupted
in Northern India.
Ten million refugees fled their homes. At least a million people,
including Mohandas Gandhi, were killed.
Even after the worst violence ended, Hindu-Muslim tensions
persisted.
1
Partition of India, 1947
1
Cause and Effect: Partition of India
Long-Term
Causes
Short-Term
Causes
Muslim conquest of northern
India in 1100s
World War II weakens European
colonial empires
British imperialism in India
Pressure from Indian nationalists
increases
Nationalists organize the
Indian National Congress in
1885
Muslim nationalists form
separate Muslim League in
1906
Insistence by Muhammad Ali
Jinnah and the Muslim League
that Muslims have their own
state
Rioting between Hindus and
Muslims throughout northern
India
Effects
Violence erupts as millions
of Hindus and Muslims
cross the border between
India and Pakistan
Gandhi is assassinated by
Hindu extremists
India and Pakistan
become centers of Cold
War rivalry
Establishment of the state
of Bangladesh
Connections
to Today
Continuing clash between
India and Pakistan over
Kashmir
Nuclear arms race as both
India and Pakistan refuse to
sign Non-Proliferation Treaty
India: Political, Economic, and Social
Change
1
POLITICAL
India’s constitution set up a
federal system.
For 40 years after
independence, the Nehru
family led India.
India’s size and diversity
have contributed to religious
and regional divisions.
Today, India is the world’s
largest democratic nation.
ECONOMIC
India adopted a socialist
model to expand agriculture
and industry.
Rapid population growth hurt
efforts to improve living
conditions.
An economic slowdown forced
India to privatize some
industries and make foreign
investment easier.
SOCIAL
Urbanization undermined
some traditions, but most
Indians continued to live in
villages.
The government tried to
end discrimination based
on caste. However, deep
prejudice continued.
1
Pakistan and Bangladesh
PAKISTAN
BANGLADESH
After independence, military leaders
seized power and ruled as dictators.
In 1971, Bengalis declared
independence for Bangladesh.
When civilian leaders were finally
elected, the military continued to
intervene.
Geography has made it difficult to
rise out of poverty.
The country lacked natural resources
for industry.
Explosive population growth has
further strained resources.
Ethnic rivalries fueled conflicts.
Severe economic problems and
corruption plagued the government.
Since the early 1990s, civilian
governments have worked to
encourage foreign investments.
Forty percent of the nation’s budget
goes to repaying foreign debt.
How is South Asia Linked to
World Affairs?
1
• India and Pakistan achieved their independence
as the Cold War began.
• Pakistan accepted military aid from the United
States, while India signed a treaty of friendship
with the Soviet Union.
• When the Cold War ended, both India and
Pakistan sought aid from the western powers.
• Regional conflicts bred global concern after both
India and Pakistan acquired nuclear weapons.
Mao Zedong- China
• Mao Zedong (also Mao Tse-Tung) was the world's most
prominent Chinese communist during the 20th century.
• Mao's Red Army overthrew Chiang Kai-Shek in 1949,
and the communists seized power of mainland China.
• Ruthless and ambitious, Mao turned China into a world
military power and created a cult of personality, forcing
the distribution of his image and his "Little Red Book" (a
collection of political maxims) upon the Chinese people.
• His campaign to export communism made China a threat
to the West and led to confrontations in Southeast Asia
and Korea
b. Describe the formation of
the state of Israel.
• The United Nations created Modern Israel
by taking Palestine and partitioning it.
• Fighting between the Arab and Jewish
communities of Palestine began in
November 1947, immediately after the UN
decision to create a Jewish state. The
Arab States declared they would greet any
attempt to form a Jewish state with war.
c. Explain the arms race; include
development of the hydrogen
bomb (1954).
• arms race, describes a competition between
two or more parties for real or apparent military
supremacy.
• Each party competes to produce larger numbers
of weapons, greater armies, or superior military
technology in a technological escalation.
Nowadays the term is commonly used to
describe any competition where there is no
absolute goal, only the relative goal of staying
ahead of the other competitors.
• In the 20th century, the United States and the Soviet Union
developed more and better nuclear weapons during the Cold War
• Immediately after World War II, the United States was behind the
Soviet Union in the area of intermediate range missiles, but they
managed to catch up with the help of German scientists.
• The Soviet Union committed their command economy to the arms
race and, with the deployment of the SS-18 in the late 1970s,
achieved first strike parity.
• However, the strain of competition against the great spending power
of the United States created enormous economic problems during
Mikhail Gorbachev's attempt at , the transition to a consumer based,
mixed economy, and hastened the collapse of the Soviet Union.
Because the two powers were competing with one another instead
of aiming for a predefined goal, both nations soon acquired a huge
capacity for overkill.
Hydrogen Bomb
• Both nations quickly began work on hydrogen bombs
and the United States detonated the first such device on
November 1, 1952.
• Again the Soviets surprised the Americans by exploding
a deployable thermonuclear device of their own the next
August, though it was not actually a "true" multi-stage
hydrogen bomb (that would wait until 1955).
• The Soviet H-bomb was almost completely a product of
domestic research, as their espionage sources in the
USA had only worked on very preliminary (and incorrect)
versions of the hydrogen bomb.
SSWH20. The student will
examine change and continuity
in the world since the 1960s.
[QCC standard WH26]
a. Identify ethnic conflicts and
new nationalisms.
c. Analyze terrorism in the 20th
century and analyze the impact
of terrorism on daily life;
include travel, world energy
supplies, and financial markets.
1
Europe After the Cold War
• Russia and the nations of Eastern Europe turned to
the West for loans and investments to build capitalist
economies.
• Ethnic clashes, especially in the Balkans, created
conflicts that threatened European peace.
• The nuclear peril, although reduced, still remained.
• NATO faced the debate as to whether it should
become Europe’s peacekeeper and protector of
human rights.
Economic and Political
Trends
1
Postwar governments in France, Italy, and Germany adopted
many policies favored by the left.
THE WELFARE
STATE
After 1945, governments
extended the welfare
state.
Governments took on a
larger role in national
economies.
Conservatives condemned
the drift from the free
enterprise system toward
socialism.
THE OIL SHOCK
In 1973, OPEC cut oil
production and raised prices.
The higher prices caused
inflation and slowed economic
growth.
In 1979, OPEC again raised
prices, triggering a severe
recession, in which business
slowed and unemployment
rates rose.
ECONOMIC SHIFTS
The West faced growing
competition from other parts
of the world, causing many
factories to close.
Economies changed when
most new jobs were created
in service industries.
The gap between the rich
and the poor grew.
Welfare-State Spending in Britain,
1975 – 1980
1
1
Toward European Unity
• In 1952, six nations — France, West Germany, Belgium, Italy, the
Netherlands, and Luxembourg — set up the European Coal and Steel
Community. This agency set prices and regulated the coal and steel
industries of member states.
• In 1957, the same six nations formed the European Community (EC)
or Common Market. Its goal was free trade. It also set up the
European Parliament.
• In 1973, Britain, Denmark, and Ireland were admitted to the Common
Market.
• In the 1980s and 1990s, the Common Market expanded and took on
the name European Union (EU). The EU pushed for complete
economic unity and greater political unity.
1
European Union, 1957 – 2000
1
Social Trends
Social change speeded up after 1945.
SOCIAL CLASSES
Class lines blurred as prosperity
spread.
More and more people joined the
middle class.
Most people faced greater
opportunities.
WOMEN
ETHNIC DIVERSITY
Since the 1950s, many immigrants from
former colonies in Asia, Africa, and the
Caribbean had settled in Europe.
Some Europeans resented the
newcomers.
Many immigrants faced discrimination
and segregation.
FAMILY LIFE
Women in the West made progress
toward legal and economic equality.
Western families had fewer children
than in the past.
Women narrowed the gender gap in
hiring, promotion,and pay.
Children stayed in school longer.
The divorce rate climbed.
1
Migration to Western Europe
Soviet Domination of Eastern
Europe
5
1945 After World War II, Soviet armies occupy much of
Eastern Europe.
1949 Most Eastern European countries are under
communist rule.
1956 Hungary withdraws from Warsaw Pact and ends oneparty rule; Soviet troops crush Hungarian uprising.
1968 Czechoslovakia introduces reforms; Soviets use force
to restore communist dictatorship.
1980 Polish government, under Soviet pressure, cracks
down on trade union movement and arrests its
leaders.
Fall of Communist
Governments
5
• Eastern European countries withdrew from the Warsaw Pact and
requested that Soviet troops leave.
• Eastern European nations set out to build stable governments
and free-market economies.
• The many changes contributed to rising inflation, high
unemployment, and crime waves.
• Consumer goods became more plentiful, but many people could
not afford them.
• Former communists were sometimes returned to office when
people became disillusioned with reform.
• In the 1990s, Eastern European nations looked to the West for
aid.
• Ethnic tension arose is some areas.
New Nations in Eastern
Europe
5
5
Civil War in Yugoslavia
CAUSES
EFFECTS
Yugoslavia consisted of a
broad mixture of ethnic and
religious groups.
Tens of thousands of Bosnian
Muslims were killed in a campaign
of ethnic cleansing.
Tito had silenced nationalist
and religious unrest for
decades. When he died,
nationalism tore Yugoslavia
apart.
The Balkan region remained
unstable.
Communism fell.
Four of the six republics
declared independence.
New nations needed massive aid
to rebuild.
Large numbers of refugees
remained in temporary shelter for
years after the war.
Ethnic feuds were hard to contain.
The Role of World
Organizations
1
International organizations deal with issues of global concern.
The UN was set up as a forum for settling world disputes. Its
responsibilities have expanded greatly since 1945. UN agencies
provide services for millions of people worldwide.
Many nations formed regional groups to promote trade or meet
common needs. Examples include the European Union and the
North American Free Trade Association.
The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) play a
large role in the world economy.
Other types of nongovernmental organizations have forged valuable
global networks. Examples include the International Olympic
Committee and the International Red Cross.
a. Describe the cultural and
intellectual integration of
countries into the world economy
through the development of
television, satellites, and
computers.
Computers
• Creates new jobs
• Links people,
businesses, nations
• Makes more
information available
• Threatens some jobs
• Available only to
those who can afford
equipment
• Widens gap between
global north and
global south