26. The eighteenth-century philosophes believed that society could best achieve progress
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
through
prayer and contemplation
intuition
hard work and self-denial
scientific empiricism
analysis of Greek and Latin texts
33.
“The salon was a weekly gathering held in the home of one of the dominant ladies of the
society, at which dinner was
usually served, cards usually played, but conversation led by
the hostess predominated. A few salons were known as having the ideal
mixture of leading intellectuals, open-minded nobles, and clever, elegant women.”
The passage above describes an important aspect of social life in which of the following?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
47.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
Geneva during the Reformation
Florence during the Renaissance
London during the Glorious Revolution
Paris during the Enlightenment
Berlin during the Kulturkampf
Mary Wollstonecraft and John Stuart Mill both wrote
critiques of the French Revolution
tracts on liberty and the rights of women
Utopian novels
polemics against alcohol consumption
satires of George III of England
6. Hobbes and Rousseau would have agreed that
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
a monarch has absolute power
the state is based on a social contract
the state of nature is peaceful and harmonious
political authority should be shared by the monarch and representatives of the people
citizens have a right to revolt
42.
The group most severely criticized in the works of Voltaire, the French philosophe, was the
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
75.
English people
French middle class
German peasantry
Roman Catholic clergy
Italian ruling class
The eighteenth-century Enlightenment philosophes were primarily concerned with
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
the advancement of theological and metaphysical knowledge
the setting of limits on the human ability to change
pure skepticism and the negation of reason
mystical sciences such as numerology and astrology
critical and inquiring approaches to knowledge
13. Which of the following is most characteristic of Voltaire's ideas?
(A) Empiricism and religious toleration are to be celebrated.
(B) The branches of government should be balanced.
(C) Future progress is inevitable and limitless.
(D) The General Will is the ideal basis for good government.
(E) Sensory experience can never be verified
51. Jean-Jacques Rousseau differed significantly from other Enlightenment philosophes in his:
(A) emphasis on emotions and his admiration for the “noble savage”
(B) emphasis on the importance of science to social progress
(C) belief in traditional religious customs
(D) belief in determinism
(E) belief in the divine right of kings
Written by Voltaire in English and later translated to French, this book praised the virtues of the English, especially their religious liberty and
implicitly criticized the abuses of French society
a.
Letter on the English
b. Improvements on the Island
c.
Critiques and Criticisms of Modern French Society
d. Faults of France
e. The Spirit of the Law
Philosophes criticized the Christian church for all of the following EXCEPT
a.
Inciting wars
b. Encouraging more concern with the afterlife than with life on earth
c.
Taking too limited a role in national politics
d. Doctrinal disputes and intolerance
e. Teaching that humans were fundamentally sinful
The philosophes used reason to address
A.
British taxes.
B.
social issues.
C.
abusive rulers.
D.
all of the above.
Which of the following is NOT true of the philosophes
a.
They used their positions as university professors to influence society
b. They aimed to educate the public
c.
Their ultimate goal was a society governed by reason
d. They wrote in many different genres
e. They were often guests of and correspondents with the women who hosted salons
The style of the Enlightenment literature made famous by Voltaire was
a.
the philosophical treatise
b. the satire
c.
the play
d. the pamphlet
e. the novel
Voltaire’s greatest concern was
a.
that governmental power be shared with the nobility
b. for universal male suffrage
c.
for freedom of religion and the press
d. the rights of the poor
e. the advancement of the Encyclopedia
Voltaire’s Candide reveals that the Englightenment thought was not always
a.
Tolerant
b. Clearly focused on philosophical matters
c.
Light-hearted
d. Opposed to traditional ideas
Optimistic
“When popes and priest define their dogmas and discipline their followers, corruption is the rule and abuse is the result? Crush the infamous
thing! The simple beauty of Christ’s message has been lost in ignorance and encrusted in superstition”.
The speaker above would probably adhere to the views of
a.
Bishop Bossuet
b. Voltaire
c.
Montesquieu
d. Baron Holbach
e. Diderot
Many philosophes, such as Voltaire, believed that governmental reform would be accomplished by
a.
The introduction of democracy
b. Benevolent absolutist monarchs
c.
Empowering the nobles at the expense of the kings
d. Revolution
e. Trusting the masses
Voltaire and Montesquieu had a similar outlook in their opinions about
a.
Who should rule
b. The parlements
c.
Separation of powers
d. England
e. A social contract
The main purpose of the French salons was to
a.
Honor men like Voltaire and Rousseau
b. Provide a forum where men of letters could exchange ideas
c.
Give aristocratic women an important societal role
d. Give foreigners like Franklin and Jefferson opportunities to meet the French
e. Avoid censorship in France
The main purpose of the French salons was to
a.
Honor men like Voltaire and Rousseau
b. Provide a forum where men of letters could exchange ideas
c.
Give aristocratic women an important societal role
d. Give foreigners like Franklin and Jefferson opportunities to meet the French
e. Avoid censorship in France
Which of the following was argued by John Locke in the Second Treatise of Government
a.
Peace requires an absolute ruler
b. A government must follow the “general will” of the people
c.
Democracy is the only legitimate form of government
d. The government must always protect the people’sright to property
Monarchy must always be opposed
The book System of Nature (1770), the Baron d’Hollbach, was one of the most radical texts of the Enlightenment because of its
a.
Advocacy of revolution
b. Materialism
c.
Liberalism
d. Support of the French Revolution
Advocacy of science
All of the following are examples of the philosophy of Jean-Jacques Rousseau EXCEPT
a.
Humans are essentially good
b. The education of children should concentrate on developing the senses, sensibilities, and sentiments
c.
“Man is born free; and everywhere he is in chains”
d. The proper role of government is to protect individual property
The virtuous citizen should be willing to subordinate his own self-interest to the general good of the community
In Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes said that government is a “contact”
a.
Between the ruler and those governed; those being ruled should turn over all authority to the ruler to ensure security and order
b. Between the government and people to protect the rights to life, liberty and property
c.
Among the people, determined by the “general will”
d. Between an elected parliament and a ruler for peace and justice
Among the nobility and the monarch to provide best for the kingdom
The philosophes were primarily
a.
Early scientific experiments
b. Journalists and popularizers of the Enlightenment
c.
Philosophers of the Enlightenment
d. Experimenters in new agricultural methods
e. Astronomers such as Galileo and Kepler
According to John Locke, the purpose of government is to protect
a.
Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
b. Freedom of thought and religion
c.
Economic security
d. Life, liberty and property
e. An uncensored press
In his political commentary, the French philosopher Montesquieu most admired England for its
a.
Democratic institutions
b.
c.
d.
e.
Freedom of the press
Division of power
Power of the monarchy
Freedom of religion
Rousseau can be considered an early Romantic thinker primarily because he
a.
Saw the world as a machine
b. Admired the peasant and, even more, the uncivilized
c.
Advocated reason over eomotion
d. Directly encouraged revolutionary thought
e. Had faith in an absolute monarch
Voltaire’s famous slogan “Crush the horrible thing” refers to
a.
nationalism
b. reason
c.
conservatism
d. absolute monarchy
e. religion
Montequieu, in his Spirit of the Laws, was inspired by the system of government in
a.
Venice
b. Russia
c.
Great Britain
d. France
e. The US
Voltaire’s famous slogan “Crush this horrible thing” refers to
a.
Nationalism
b. Reason
c.
Conservatism
d. Absolute monarchy
e. Religion rights of life, liberty, and protery
f.
rights of life, liberty, and protery
g.
In The Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes said that government is a “contract
a.
Between the ruler and those governed; those being ruled should turn over all authority to the ruler to ensure security and order
b. Between the government and people to protect the rights of life, liberty, and property
c.
Among the people, determined by the “general will”
d. Between an elected parliament and a ruler for peace and justices
e. Among the nobility and the monarch to provide best for the kingdom
Whose Spirit of the Laws, in 1748, served as a basis for the American Constitution’s “separation of powers”.
a.
Montesquieu
b. Voltaire
c.
Rousseau
d. Diderot
Quesnay
Rousseageu’s Emile influenced the way people viewed child
a.
By emphasizing the need to teach emotional restraint
b. By suggesting it as the time in which to install the benefits of a rational education
c.
By emphasizing that children were not merely small adults
d. By positioning it as the critical focus for the family dynamic
By framing it as a mirror to adult behaviors
Which is the most accurate statement pertaining to the philosophes of the 18th century
a.
The were exclusively French
b. They promoted radical revolution in the political sphere
c.
They were primarily reformers
d. They were universally condemned by the monarchs of Europe
e. They appealed only to the intellectual elite
Thomas Jefferson advocated which of the following ideas, which had its origins in the writing of John Locke, in the American Declaration of
Independence?
a.
People have the right to own property
b. The purpose of government is to protect individual rights
c.
The king was responsible for abuses of power
d. Governments may curtail certain freedom in time of crisis
e. People are entitled to pursue happiness
Which of the following presented the most radical challenge to the traditional ruling regimes of the 18th century .
a.
Locke’s notion that humans are born tabula rasa
b. Hobbes notion that human nature requires a ruler with absolute power
c.
Beccaria’s notion that the goal of the legal system should be rehabilitation and reintegration of the criminal to society
d. The concept of religious tolerance
e. Rousseau’s notion that a lawful government must be continually responsible to the general will of the people
Which of the following is NOT part of Rousseau’s thought?
a.
Humans are born essentially good and virtuous but are easily corrupted by society
b. The early years of a child’s education should be spent developing the senses, sensibilities, and sentiment
c.
“Man is born free; and everwhere he is in chains”
d. All religion is based on “hope and fear”