Roman Expansion, 396 to 146 BC
1. Roman Republic Army
a. Make up of Army
i. Landowning ____________________________
ii. Provided …
iii. Mainly infantry =>
iv. Citizens were on call for up to _________________ years of service =>
b. Tactics =>
2. Rome leaves the Seven Hills, 396-310 BC
a. First expanded eastward, to ________________________ coast
b. Romans then expanded northward and …
c. Genius of the Romans
i. Rather than enslave the conquered people, Romans …
ii. Their allies gave them ___________________ and _____________________ to help Rome
fight and conquer more!
d. Romans also established ______________________ to claim land
3. Roman control of all of Italy
a. By 310 BC, Rome controlled all of Italy except the heel =>
i. By 290 BC, however, most of the …
ii. This provoked war with _______________________
b. Consolidation of Southern Italy, 280-271 BC
i. Five year war with _______________, a Greek King
ii. Greeks used ____________________________ phalanx, which the Romans had never seen
iii. Although Romans lost the battles, they won the war =>
4. Punic Wars (264-146 BC)
a. Background to Punic Wars
i. By 265 BC, Rome controlled _________________ & _______________________________
ii. Brought them into conflict with ______________________
1. Former colony of ________________________
2. As an independent state, they dominated . . .
iii. Punic Wars defined the Romans, just as the Persian Wars defined the Greeks
1. Persian Wars led to …
2. Punic Wars led to …
b. First Punic War (264-241 BC)
i. Cause
1. Sicily was divided between…
2. Carthage invaded Greek side =>
3. Inevitable conflict – Yes or No? =>
ii. Romans won land battles but…
iii. Developed _____________ to fight on sea, based on shipwrecked Carthaginian ship
iv. Tactics
1. Turned naval battles into land battles
2. Corvus =>
v. Outcome of First Punic War
1. Romans lost . . .
2. BUT Carthage suffered …
a. Forced off _____________________
b. Forced to pay reparations =>
c. Forced to free . . .
c. The Second Punic War (218-201 BC)
i. Causes of the Second Punic War
1. Continued …
2. Rome expanded north of Italy and …
3. Carthage expanded its holdings in ______________
4. Alarmed, a Greek city state in Spain . . .
ii. Carthaginians on a rampage
1. Hannibal =>
a. Defeated Romans in ____________
b. Then invaded Italy through Alps =>
2. For ten years, he defeated every Roman Army he fought
3. But he couldn’t take _______________! =>
4. Rome ______________________ survived
5. Finally, Hannibal retreated to Carthage and was ___________________________
iii. Outcome of Second Punic War
1. Carthage forced to give up ________________ and all __________________ in Med
2. Numidia (African kingdom) became ___________________ of Rome
3. Rome invaded & conquered _________________________ in retaliation for their
allying with Carthage
4. Carthage forced to pay . . .
5. Carthage agreed never to wage war …
d. Third Punic War (149-146 BC)
i. Cause of Third Punic War
1. Over time, Carthage recovered from war =>
2. Perceiving threat, Roman Senator Cato ended every speech . . .
3. Rome ordered Carthage to . . .
4. Rome then ordered Carthage to . . .
5. Rome provoked the war to ____________________ Carthage
ii. 146 BC – Carthage was besieged
1. Citizens fought …
2. Romans conquered city
a. Destroyed city…
b. Enslaved ...
c. Sowed salt in ground =>
d. Made north Africa a _____________________
e. Legacy of Punic Wars
i. Rome was …
ii. Maintained overseas possessions in Spain . . .