Period 6: 1865-1898
Key Concept
• The rise of big business in the United
States encouraged massive migrations
and urbanization, sparked government
and popular efforts to reshape the U.S.
economy and environment, and renewed
debates over U.S. national identity.
Key Terms
• Gilded Age, Trusts, monopolies, holding
companies, Social Darwinism,
Period 6: 1865-1898
Large-scale production caused…
• massive technological change,
expanded international
communication networks, and
influenced the change of
government policies
Key Terms
• Alexander Graham Bell
• Thomas Edison
• Wright Brothers
Period 6: 1865-1898
Large-scale production fueled…
• the development of a “Gilded Age”
marked by an emphasis on
consumption, marketing, and
business consolidation.
Key Terms
• Standard Oil Company
http://www.history.com/topics/john-d-rockefeller/videos/john-drockefeller-oil-money-and-power
Period 6: 1865-1898
Large-scale production fueled…
• government subsidies for
transportation and communication
systems opened new markets in
North America after the Civil War.
Key Terms
• Morrill Tariff
Period 6: 1865-1898
Large-scale production fueled…
• technological innovations that
redesigned financial and
management structures such as
monopolies, that sought to
maximize the exploitation of natural
resources and a growing labor force.
Key Terms
• Pools, vertical integration,
horizontal integration, monopoly
http://www.history.com/topics/john-drockefeller/videos/the-men-who-built-americamonopoly?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=f
alse
Period 6: 1865-1898
Large-scale production caused…
• corporate consolidation into trusts
and holding companies
Key Terms
• Trust, holding company
Period 6: 1865-1898
Large-scale production caused…
• businesses and foreign policymakers
to increasingly look outside U.S.
borders in an effort to gain greater
influence and control over markets
and natural resources in the Pacific,
Asia, and Latin America.
Key Terms
• Bessemer Process
http://www.history.com/topics/john-d-rockefeller/videos/blackgold?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=false
Period 6: 1865-1898
Large-scale production caused…
• Business owners to defend their
resulting status and privilege
through theories such as Social
Darwinism.
Key Terms
• Social Darwinism, Herbert Spencer
• Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller,
J.P. Morgan, Cornelius Vanderbilt
• The Gospel of Wealth
Period 6: 1865-1898
Large-scale production caused…
Key Terms
• Andrew Carnegie
• http://www.history.com/topics/andrew-carnegie/videos/the-men-who-builtamerica-andrew-carnegie
• John D. Rockefeller,
• J.P. Morgan
• http://www.history.com/topics/john-pierpont-morgan/videos/the-rise-of-j-pmorgan
• Cornelius Vanderbilt
• http://www.history.com/topics/john-d-rockefeller/videos/the-men-who-builtamerica-the-rise-of-corneliusvanderbilt?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=false
Period 6: 1865-1898
Large-scale production fueled…
• the substantial growth of cities in
both size and in number, leading to
some segments of American society
that enjoyed lives of extravagant
“conspicuous consumption,” while
many others lived in relative
poverty.
Key Terms
• Gilded Age
Period 6: 1865-1898
Key Concept
• As leaders of big business and their
allies in government aimed to create a
unified industrialized nation, they
were challenged in different ways by
demographic issues, regional
differences, and labor movements.
Key Terms
• Laissez faire
Period 6: 1865-1898
The nation was challenged during the Industrial Era
because…
• increased migration lead to a more
diverse workforce, lower wages, and
an increase use of child labor.
Period 6: 1865-1898
The nation was challenged during the Industrial Era
because…
• labor and management battled for
control over wages and working
conditions
Key Terms
• Karl Marx
Period 6: 1865-1898
The nation was challenged during the
Industrial Era because…
• workers organized local and national
unions and/or directly confronted
corporate power.
Key Terms
• The Great Railroad Strike
• Knights of Labor, Terence V. Powderly
• American Federation of Labor, Mother Jones, Samuel Gompers
• Jacob Coxey
• Eugene V. Debs
Period 6: 1865-1898
The nation was challenged during the Industrial Era
because…
• leaders of the “New South”
promoted agrarian sharecropping,
and tenant farming systems, which
dominated the region and prevented
the South from industrializing.
Key Terms
• “New South”
• Sharecropping, crop-lien system
• George Washington Carver
Period 6: 1865-1898
Key Concept
• Westward migration, new systems of
farming and transportation, and
economic instability led to political
and popular conflicts.
Period 6: 1865-1898
Political conflicts flared because…
• government agencies and
conservationist organizations
contended with corporate interests
about the extension of public
control over natural resources,
including land and water.
Key Terms
• U.S. Fish Commission, Sierra Club, Department of the
Agriculture, Department of the Interior, etc.
Period 6: 1865-1898
Political conflicts flared because…
• farmers adapted to the new realities
of mechanized agriculture and
dependence on the evolving
railroad system by creating local and
regional organizations that sought
to resist corporate control of
agricultural markets.
Key Terms
• Joseph Glidden
• Bonanza Farms, economies of scale
• the Grange, Las Gorras Blancas, Colored Farmers’ Alliance, etc.
Period 6: 1865-1898
Political conflicts flared because…
• The growth of corporate power in
agriculture and economic instability in
the farming sector inspired activists to
create the People’s (Populist) Party,
which called for political reform and a
stronger governmental role in the
American economic system.
Key Terms
• Populism
• Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890
• Economic Panic of 1893
• Western Federation of Miners
Period 6: 1865-1898
Political conflicts flared because…
• Business interests battled
conservationists as the latter sought to
protect sections of unspoiled
wilderness through the establishment
of national parks and other
conservationist and preservationist
measures.
Key Terms
• Caminetti Act
• Yellowstone / Yosemite National Park
Period 6: 1865-1898
Key Concept
• The emergence of an industrial culture
in the United States led to both
greater opportunities for, and
restrictions on, immigrants,
minorities, and women.
Period 6: 1865-1898
Changing population demographics
• International and internal migrations
increased both urban and rural
populations, but gender, racial, ethnic,
religious, and socioeconomic
inequalities abounded, inspiring some
reformers to attempt to address these
inequities.
Key Terms
• Horatio Alger, Mark Twain
• Women and Economics (1898)
Period 6: 1865-1898
Changing population demographics
• Increased migrations from Asia and
from southern and eastern Europe, as
well as African American migrations
within and out of the South,
accompanied the mass movement of
people into the nation’s cities and the
rural and boomtown areas of the
West.
Key Terms
• New Immigrants, Ellis Island,
• Burlingame Treaty, Angel Island
• Exodusters
Period 6: 1865-1898
Changing population demographics
• Cities dramatically reflected divided
social conditions among classes,
races, ethnicities, and cultures, but
presented economic opportunities
as factories and new businesses
proliferated.
Key Terms
• Louis Sullivan
• Metropolitan Opera House of New York, Scott
Joplin
Period 6: 1865-1898
Changing population demographics
• In a urban atmosphere where the access
to power was unequally distributed,
political machines provided social services
in exchange for political support,
settlement houses helped immigrants
adapt to the new language and customs,
and women’s clubs and self-help groups
targeted intellectual development and
social and political reform.
Key Terms
• Settlement House, Jane Addams, Lillian Wald
• WCTU, Francis E. Willard, Carrie Nation
Period 6: 1865-1898
Threatened Native American Culture & Identity
• As transcontinental railroads were
completed, bringing more settlers west,
U.S. military actions, the destruction of
the buffalo, the confinement of American
Indians to reservations, and
assimilationist policies reduced the
number of American Indians and
threatened native culture and identity.
Key Terms
• Union Pacific RR, Central Pacific RR, Promontory Point, UT
• Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonor
• Curtis Act (1898)
Period 6: 1865-1898
Threatened Native American Culture & Identity
• Post–Civil War migration to the American
West, encouraged by economic
opportunities and government policies,
caused the federal government to violate
treaties with American Indian nations in
order to expand the amount of land
available to settlers.
Key Terms
• Comstoke Lode, Pike’s Peak Gold Rush
• Joseph McCoy, Chisholm Trail
• Medicine Lodge Treaty (1867), Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)
• Transcontinental Railroad, Homestead Act (1862), Timber Culture Act (1873), General
Land Revision Act (1891), Morrill Act (1862), Hatch Act (1877)
Period 6: 1865-1898
Threatened Native American Culture & Identity
• The competition for land in the
West among white settlers, Indians,
and Mexican Americans led to an
increase in violent conflict.
Key Terms
• United States v. Reynolds, Edmunds-Tucker Act
• Juan Cortina
• Sioux Uprising (1862), Sand Creek Massacre (1864), Fetterman’s Massacre
(1866), Red River War (1874), Battle of Little Bighorn (1876), Nez Perce
War (1877)
Period 6: 1865-1898
Threatened Native American Culture & Identity
• The U.S. government generally
responded to American Indian
resistance with military force,
eventually dispersing tribes onto small
reservations and hoping to end
American Indian tribal identities
through assimilation.
Key Terms
• Dawes Severalty Act (1887)
• Ghost Dance, Wounded Knee Massacre
Period 6: 1865-1898
Key Concept
• The “Gilded Age” witnessed new
cultural and intellectual movements in
tandem with political debates over
economic and social policies.
Period 6: 1865-1898
Problems of the Gilded Age initiated political reform
• Gilded Age politics were intimately
tied to big business and focused
nationally on economic issues —
tariffs, currency, corporate
expansion, and laissez-faire
economic policy — that engendered
numerous calls for reform.
Key Terms
• Goldbugs, Resumption Act of 1875
• Silverites, Bland-Allison Silver Purchase Act (1877)
• McKinley Tariff Act (1890), Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)
• William Jennings Bryan, “Cross of Gold Speech”
• Dingley Tariff (1897), Gold Standard Act of 1900
Period 6: 1865-1898
Problems of the Gilded Age initiated political reform
• Corruption in government—especially as it
related to big business—energized the public
to demand increased popular control and
reform of local, state, and national
governments, ranging from minor changes to
major overhauls of the capitalist system.
Key Terms
• Crédit Mobilier
• William “Boss” Tweed, Tammany Hall, Thomas Nast
• Stalwarts, Halfbreeds, Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act
• Interstate Commerce Act, Socialist Party
Period 6: 1865-1898
Problems of the Gilded Age initiated political reform
• Increasingly prominent racist and
nativist theories, along with Supreme
Court decisions such as Plessy v.
Ferguson, were used to justify
violence, as well as local and national
policies of discrimination and
segregation.
Key Terms
• Nativism, American Protection Association
• Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
• Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Period 6: 1865-1898
Cultural and Intellectual Movements
• New cultural and intellectual
movements both buttressed and
challenged the social order of the
Gilded Age.
Key Terms
• James B. Duke, Louis Pasteur, Joseph Lister
• Pragmatism
• Library of Congress
Period 6: 1865-1898
Cultural and Intellectual Movements
• Cultural and intellectual arguments
justified the success of those at the
top of the socioeconomic structure
as both appropriate and inevitable,
even as some leaders argued that
the wealthy had some obligation to
help the less fortunate.
Key Terms
• Henry George, Progress and Poverty (1879)
• Lester Frank Ward, Dynamic Sociology (1883)
• Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward (1888)
Period 6: 1865-1898
Cultural and Intellectual Movements
• A number of critics challenged the
dominant corporate ethic in the
United States and sometimes
capitalism itself, offering alternate
visions of the good society through
utopianism and the Social Gospel.
Key Terms
• Social Gospel, Salvation Army, YMCA
Period 6: 1865-1898
Cultural and Intellectual Movements
• Challenging their prescribed “place,”
women and African American
activists articulated alternative
visions of political, social, and
economic equality.
Key Terms
• NAWSA, Susan B. Anthony, Alice Paul
• 14th Amendment, Civil Rights Cases of 1883
• Ida B. Wells, National Association of Colored Women
• Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. Dubois, NAACP