1
2014 AP US History Review: Busch
A note… this is not a complete history…. just my observations of what has been tested on the Multiple choice in the past… use
this wisely 
A lot longer than I thought….  but I will work at eliminating and formatting this as the weekend progresses just keep checking
on the website 
Pre-Columbian Indigenous cultures and Spanish/ French/ Dutch Early colonization
Most Archaeologists believe the first peoples to colonize the Americas came from Asia across the Land-Bridge.
North America’s population @ the time of Columbus’s arrival, 1492, is most dense in areas that become New Spain. Other areas of interest are the
Eastern Woodlands (Iroquois Confederacy p. 40 in text) South Central ( five civilized tribes- Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole)
Southwest (Hopi, Navajo, [Pueblo]. Maize (corn) is a huge influence, over 2,000 different languages spoken, rich and sophisticated cultures
abound… Spanish Horses influence many of the formerly settled cultures and begin the Plains Indians nomadic existence.
The Spanish begin to settle their “Borderlands” area… New Mexico – California- Texas…. To protect their main concern to the South from French
and later English incursions… St. Augustine is settled in 1565, the oldest continuously inhabited European settlement in what is now the USA.
In New Mexico, Santa Fe is settled in 1610… following the example of the earlier southern settlements… they incorporate; Encomiendas, Presidios,
and Missions. The Battle of Acoma in 1599 defeats the native tribes… as an example the Spanish cut a foot off each survivor. By 1680, led by the
tribal healers, the “Pueblo Revolt” destroys the Spanish settlement in New Mexico and for 20 years the Spanish are gone.
California is settled by Father Junipero Serra, and the Catholic Church establishing missions along the coast beginning in the early 1700’s… San
Diego-San Francisco among many others.
San Antonio…Texan is settled later in the 1700’s with the Alamo among the earliest Missions settled.
The French begin with Quebec in 1608. Samuel de Champlain, Father of New France, and others such as Jesuit Priests (black robes) , couriers de
bois (runners of the woods), Marquette. La Salle, and Joliet begin to explore the Great Lakes, Ohio River Valley, and eventually down the
Mississippi River and throughout the west. The Huron Indians become their closest allies, thus the Iroquois their enemy, and they foster very good
relationships with the indigenous cultures (best of all euro invaders) Only Catholics could settle in New France and the Government was very
autocratic so the French have the smallest group of the Big Three euro’s. The fur trade becomes a very profitable venture for the French…as the
English find out later.
The Dutch, Netherlands, Holland ? – The Dutch East India Co. sends Henry Hudson to explore he finds what today is called the Hudson River… New
Netherlands and New Amsterdam are settled in 1626 for a profit, very autocratic government… huge plantations are granted called patroonships.
By 1664 the English take the colony and rename it New York….
Other facts:
Three sister farming: beans, squash, corn… Southern Central tribes
Matriarchal Societies in Iroquois and Cherokee
Political and Linguistic differences hinder natives ability to resist settlers
English Colonization 1607 – 1700
many failed attempts..ie… Roanoke by Sir Walter Raleigh.
Southern Colonies by 1775 are Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.
Jamestown 1607 – settled by Virginia co. (joint stock co. for profit) with all men…temporary…however, the Va. Co. Charter promises
all settlers, applied to all future settlers, the same rights as if they were in England…1st Africans sold in Jamestown 1619, House of
Burgesses created 1619 (property qualifications to vote in a County system, John Rolfe introduces tobacco which saves colony
economically…. Obviously has huge influence over development… 70% of early settlers are indentured servants who serve for an
agreed period of years… Life was certainly difficult… The 1 st and 2nd Anglo-Powhatan wars led by Lord de la Warr… beginning in the
2
1620’s eventually virtually exterminate and push all remaining natives into back country… the end of these wars creates the model
for the “reservation system.” Neighboring Maryland is founded in 1630 for Lord Baltimore as a haven for Catholics, persecuted in
England, and they too look to Tobacco for economic salvation… as more non Catholics move to Maryland … in 1649 the Act of
Toleration is passed, which actually allows for Catholicism, yet makes Maryland LESS religiously tolerant than before. In 1618, the
Headright system was begun to encourage settlers to Virginia… the person who paid for the passage of the indentured servant was
entitled to usually 50 acres of land… for each servant brought over… eventually this eliminated the land included in “Freedom Dues”
and some say led to Bacon’s Rebellion in 1676, when Farmer Bacon led a mixed race, Africans were not initially property in
perpetuity, rebellion due to the lack of protection from the Indians in the backcountry… after burning and looting Bacon eventually
dies and many are hanged…This led to a push to make African slavery permanent and bring in more African slaves due to the fact
they would not be trouble like the newly freed indentured servants…. The Barbados Slave code became a viable model… and African
Slavery became permanent in Virginia in 1705. Schools and Churches are limited due to vast distances between communities and
individuals… Women initially scarce … lifespan shorter than in New England.
New England Colonies by 1775 are Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, and Rhode Island.
Plymouth is settled in 1620 on the coast of what is now Massachusetts by appx. 100 settlers, SEPERATIST PILGRIMS, on the
Mayflower. Before departure they agree to the “Compact” not a constitution, just an agreement on some ideas. William Bradford,
who writes the earliest of “American lit” of Plymouth Plantation, is elected Gov. in annual elections 30 times.
The Bay colony, Boston is hub, is settled in the 1630’s… by PURITAN NON-SEPERATISTS, The Great Puritan Migration brings an
astounding 30,000+ settlers to the Bay colony. Most famously, John Winthrop, on board the Arabella, gives the “City upon a Hill
Speech,” to the new arrivals asking to create a “Beacon to the World,” of a model community. The Puritans spread out across the
New England countryside creating numerous townships based on this ideal. See p. 51 in text for the map of Rowley, Mass. for a
visual of a typical NE town… Calvinism was the focus of their faith and they ESTABLISH the Congregational church in their
communities…. The “Elect” or Visible Saints could be members of the Church… and only Church members could initially vote or hold
public office… After the initial settlers began to become less pious and older the “halfway covenant” was established to allow
children and “Grandchildren” of members to be baptized and attend church. This greatly expands the role of Women in New
England Churches in 1662. NE women produced goods for the family and did a large amount of farm labor and when married were
restricted from owning property to protect marriage…Each township with a resident of 50 beginning in the 1630’s were required by
law to have primary schools, beginning the expectation of free public education, in 1636 the 1 st Corporation is founded, Harvard
University to train young men to become ministers. Town Meetings were the focus of each community with Direct democracy
established, Jefferson calls these the “schools of political liberty”… the economy of NE was very diverse due to the weather and
rocky soil… They came for religious freedom and found hard work paid off… the beginning of the “Puritan Work Ethic.” Dissent
occurs from most notably Anne Hutchinson in 1637 and Roger Williams in 1636, They advocate for a “liberty of conscience”, both
challenge the governance of the Bay colony believing it was improper for them to judge matters of faith…they wanted religious
freedom to practice their faith… both are expelled and RW goes on to found the Colony of Rhode Island, a haven for “free thinkers.”
Conn. Founded by Joseph Hooker and puritans from the Bay Colony write the 1 st written Constitution in the colonies called the
Fundamental Orders. The First attempt at Unification or alliance was the New England Confederation which grouped together
various puritan settlements for the main purpose of a common defense against the Indians and Dutch… Later, in 1689, a forced
unification is attempted briefly called the Dominion of New England led by tyrannical Sir Edmund Andros and foreshadowing the
brutish conditions that will lead to the revolution some 80 years later… after a 2 year experiment…it is trashed, however, some
significant changes are brought to the colonies such as eliminating the church membership requirement for voting in Massachusetts
and putting all of the NE colonies under Royal Control.
The Middle Colonies are by 1775 Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, and Delaware.
Pennsylvania, founded by William Penn as a haven for Quakers ( Society of Friends… unique due to their anti-Slavery stance, 1st anti
slavery society in Philly 1775,-Women can speak at church- great relationship with the natives- and an anti-war stance), becomes the
best planned and advertised of all of the colonies… NYC and Philadelphia are major seaports and thus become very cosmopolitan
fairly quickly… Delaware is part of Penn…until the revolution. The Middle colonies take characteristics from both NE and S colonies…
New York with its established Anglican church and large landholdings (patroonships) is most similar to the S, wheras Penn, and NJ
become economically very diverse similar to NE… they together are called the Bread Colonies… The only 4 colonies without
“Established Churches,” (meaning all citizens regardless pay taxes to that particular church…congregational in NE and Anglican in
S/NY) are the Quaker colonies of Penn., NJ, and Delaware and the NE colony of Rhode Island.The future Bill of Rights has an
establishment clause as part of the Freedom of Religion… that forbids states from having “established churches,” although Mass.
does not disestablish the church until the 1830’s officially.
3
Other Facts:
Salem Mass. had the witch trials in 1692…reflecting jealousy of the rural young women who struggled financially…in that they charge
some town women who were much better off..
90% of ALL COLONISTS were farmers…
SLAVERY existed in ALL colonies by 1700.
Colonists were LOYAL British subjects for the most part until late… 1776, due to: Commerce with England and the British Goods they
used, Warfare against and protection from neighboring Indians, French, and Dutch over the years, and the consistent
communication with London through Newspaper etc…
MERCANTILISM is the economic foundation of the English colonies… That the colonies exist for the sole benefit of enriching
England… this concept is legally applied with the various Navigation laws… 1 st passed in the 1650’s and continuing to be adjusted
until they are a main cause (being enforced finally, previously a condition of ”Salutary Neglect “ is in effect) of the Revolution.
1700 -1754 IN THE ENGLISH COLONIES
By 1700 the 12 (Ga. founded 1733) are coming upon their 100th anniversary… Firmly planted and successful the individual colonies in
the next 100 years are going to experience dramatic change… a middle class develops, towns and cities especially along the coast
become trading centers with the growth of the Atlantic trade(Triangle Trade) and the growth of the backcountry trade intermixing at
the coastal cities to disseminate not just trade but news and information from around the world. Ben Franklin begins his
experiments in electricity and a new stove…Newspapers develop that begin to create and discuss a “public opinion”… The Zenger
case illustrates the power of the “press” in that at that time one could not criticize the gov’t even if it were true… “Deference” to
your leaders was important… however, the verdict in the Zenger case showed that the people of America did not follow that Idea
and ruled that there should be a freedom of speech… ideas… especially if it is true, regardless of the current law and yet still, under
“Salutary Neglect” enjoys being part of the British Empire up until the beginnings of Independence. The Navigation Acts…Iron, wool,
Molasses(1650’s – 1733) acts as well attempt to stop the colonies from trading with other nations or to allow them to create their
own industries, however, from 3,000 miles away it is difficult to enforce and smuggling is commonplace… A Unique American
character begins to develop due to a lack of a rigorous aristocracy…. One that allows anyone to be successful… (unless you were a
woman, black, or native American) . Socially in the colonies we see a dramatic occurrence the 1st great awakening… the 1st mass
movement within the colonies… and it led to; separation and secession from established churches (Methodists and Baptists grow), a
growth in Universities ( many “new light” schools Dartmouth, Yale, Penn, etc…) , a flourishing of missionary spirit, and a greater
appreciation for the emotional experiences of faith… George Whitefield traveled through the colonies spreading the word with
EMOTION… Hellfire sermons like Jonathan Edwards, “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,” “The path to hell is littered with skulls
of unbaptized children , emotionally inspired many to convert . Generally by 1750; all colonies had slavery, there was no hereditary
aristocracy, there was a growing group of non-english settlers (esp. Africans becoming 20% the largest of the non-english immigrant
groups by 1775 and permanently slaves… the first recorded slave rebellion “Stono Rebellion” in SC in 1739 where a mixed group
tried to make it to Spanish Florida and freedom), and the growth of many religious denominations. Another feature of the 18th
century is war… the colonists participate in many battles with the French as conflict grows along the long boundary separating the
FR and BR… this sets the stage for the ultimate conflict the 7years war or French and Indian war which will dramatically change the
Americas beginning in 1754. Politically by 1775 all of the colonies had their own elected legislatures most with two houses, one
based on population-one based on property ownership, all restricted voting to white males who owned a various amounts of
property, and all paid the salaries of their Royal Governors (power of the purse). On the eve of the American Revolution all of the
colonies had similarities such as; they were English in customs, Protestant in Religion with some degree of ethnic and religious
freedom, social mobility, self-gov’t, and communication and transportation among the colonies was improving…. Setting the stage
for a conflict largely based upon not necessarily self-rule …but WHO of the selfs should rule… and based on a fundamental idea from
the Va. Co. Charter… that ALL who came here would have the same rights here that they had in England, citizens …. But… how ….
4
When Mercantilism rears its ugly head… so were they citizens or slaves to an imperial mercantilistic mother country to exist only to
enrich England….
1754-1789…Crisis…. French and Indian War (7 years War) through the Revolution, Articles of Confederation, Constitutional
Convention, and ratification and 1st Gov’t under the Constituition.
1754, In the Ohio Valley, George Washington commanding a small force of Virginia Militia and surveyors is sent to western Virginia
to survey the area just below a confluence of three rivers where the French had built Ft. Duquesne… Modern day Pittsburgh ( named
after leader of Britain during their victory). GW defeats a small French and indian force and builds Ft. Necessity in a hasty manner….
Later the French come back with a much larger force and crush the Virginians… the Va.’s surrender and are allowed to leave as long
as they promise not to return…. They lie and a World War begins…
Immediately the British want to make sure their allies the Iroquois are ready to fight… so they call they Albany congress in 1754 with
the short term goal of gaining the indian allies agreement to fight the French and the long term goal of also uniting the individual
colonies behind them as well. Ben Franklin comes up with the Albany Plan of Union with the representatives from 5 colonies… (1st
unification attempt since the NE confederation in the 1650’s) This plan would give the colonies a form of home rule… and they
agree to this… however, individually in their congress’s they refuse to sign. BF does an early political cartoon with a snake in
pieces…stating… Join or DIE..the British when they received news of this plan also reject the idea of limited home rule….
The F&I war took place from 1754 -1763 across the world… Initially the war in America went poorly, Gen. Braddock with Washington
as an aide is routed by the French and their indian allies, and the colonials are treated like crap by the British… the colonials notice
that the British are not invincible and the unique fighting styles of the Indians that at times is successful….William Pitt comes to
power after the early fiasco’s of the British and put the focus on taking Montreal and Quebec… The Battle of Quebec, on “the plains
of Abraham,” The British defeat the French and later take Montreal… leaving the French cut off… thus victory goes to the British and
the colonists… and the French in the Treaty of Paris 1763 are moved completely off the North American Continent…. The colonists
rejoice, however a rebellion by Chief Pontiac and a coalition of Tribes causes chaos on the Frontier and due to the ENORMOUS DEBT
Britain is in after another world war… after the Pontiac is crushed… the British beginning their NEW COLONIAL POLICY(NCP)… passes
the Proclamation of 1763 with forbids the colonist from moving across the Mountains into the new territory evacuated by the
French… thousands of colonists respond by gathering in Salisbury, NC and follow Daniel Boone across the mountains disrespecting
the new law… foreshadowing their actions upcoming…
1764 Br. NCP now has to ask the colonies to pay their own way…. And passes REVENUE ACTS…and attempts to enforce for the first
time the NAVIGATION LAWS… Note: Revolution Not inevitable until after the Dec. Of Ind. In July, 1776…certainly not after Stamp
Act in 1765….
The Sugar Act is passed in 1764, 1st ever for revenue… the Stamp Act and Quartering Acts in 1765 as well…. The colonists raise
hell….creating the Stamp Act Congress, Boycotting English goods, creating the Sons and Daughters of lIberty, wearing homespun
clothes… “ No Taxation Without Representation,” ….Britain due to their dependence on trade from the Americas eventually in 1766
repeals the Stamp Act…. Yet in response to the colonies claim….No Taxation etc….Parliament passes the DEClaratory act… stating
“Virtual Representation”… all subjects of the crown worldwide are virtually represented by Parliament… and in 1767 the BP passes
the Townshend Duties, an indirect tax collected at ports on certain goods…. Including TEA….. now there is not as fervent a response
to these but… the colonists learn that the revenue from the duty will go to pay gov’s…they worry about losing the power of the
purse…which they had used to control their royally appointed gov’s… combined with the creation of the Admiralty courts…. Taking
accused smugglers to England for trial where THEY HAVE TO PROVE THEIR INNOSENCE (violation of English bill of rights)…. Protest
begins again… the Townshend duties not very successful are repealed except for a tax on TEA…. With the quartering act and more
and more troops coming to Boston …conflict is bound to occur and in 1770 the Boston Massacre happens… combined with the TEA
TAX and the colonists are looking for a fight. Meanwhile as Samuel Adams and others sensing trouble they create the Committees of
Correspondence in 1772 so that they colonies through their legislatures can communicate effectively about events. In 1773, Gov.
Hutchinson of Boston ignites the TEA PARTY by a letter of his becoming public where he states that taking away the colonists rights
is important to regain control…the Sons of Liberty respond with a TEA PARTY(remember the parties took place in all colonial
seaports north and south)… and the BR. GOV”T responds with the Intolerable, Coercive, or Boston Port Acts in 1774 closing the Port
and putting Boston under harsh martial law until the damages are paid…. In response the colonists call together the 1 st Continental
Congress and form the Association to organize boycotts across the colonies…. BP also in 1774 passes the Quebec Act which takes
away all rights from anyone living in Quebec which now is all of the Former French possessions including in the neighboring Ohio
Valley… and approves Catholicism as the official religion of Quebec… always on guard (Whiggism) the colonists are worried that their
rights are next to be lost and that POPERY is coming…. With a huge influx of troops to Boston they begin to single out rebel
5
troublemakers Samuel Adams and John Hancock… and go to Lexington and Concord with troops to capture them and a weapons
cache…
The American Revolution 1775-1783
Most Revolutionary Soldiers were volunteers, not paid well and had little food or clothes….
Remember that 90% of the Colonists were still LOYAL British Subjects until July 4, 1776…..
The Revolution is broken up into 3 eras… The War of Inconsistency (asking for Peace, claiming allegiance to England [Olive Branch
Petition] 1775-1776, The War in the North 1776-1780 [beginning with the Declaration of Independence], and The War in the South
1780 – 1783 [concluding with the Treaty of Paris, 1783 which ends the War].
Women during the AR contributed by….collecting medicine, food, and supplies for the Continental Army and many on the frontier
defended their homes and families and kept them running for 8-9 years in some cases…whew…
France secretly helps us with gunpowder and weapons before they formally sign on to fight with us in 1778… without their support
we LOSE for sure…obviously they wanted to see the British defeated and embarrassed…
Also remember some of the rebellions of the past and some to come such as; Bacon’s Rebellion, 1676, The Paxton Boys marching on
Philadelphia in 1764, The Regulators in North Carolina in the 1770’s, Shay’s Rebellion in Western Mass after the Rev. and The
Whiskey Rebellion in Western Penn in the early 1790’s… They all are in some form rebellious against DISTANT AUTHORITY… and
also the control of Gov’t by the wealthy easterners along the coasts in their colonies… In Shay’s, which leads to the ending of the
Aritcles and the Const. Conv… , and in the Whiskey Rebellion in opposition to the Excise Tax (tax on goods made in USA diff than a
TARIFF, a tax on goods made outside the USA) on Whiskey…part of Hamilton’s Financial plan under GW’s 1 st government under the
Constitution…
The War of Inconsistency- Phase 1 – April 1775 until Declaration of Independence July, 1776.
Inconsistent due to attacking offensively (Canada Dec. 1775) and asking for peace, stating loyalty to England (Olive Branch
Petition, July 1775)….
April, 1775… Looking for Hancock, S. Adams, and weapons, the British March to Lexington and Concord…. At Lexington green the
‘shot heard round the world,’ is shot… and war begins… The british do not find either..nor weapons… and upon return are attacked
by colonials hiding behind trees etc… like Indians, and the british are routed… many injuries.
Sig. Events:







Lexington and Concord, April 1775
Meeting of the 2nd Continental Congress (most sig.
early act to appoint GW commander of Army)
Battle of Bunker Hill, June 1775…
Olive Branch Petition, July 1775
Hessians (mercenaries)
Burning of Falmouth, Maine and Norfolk, VA
Battles of Quebec and Montreal, Dec. 1775




Common Sense, 1776..Thomas Paine….criticized
Monarchies…praises Democracy
France gives Secret Support
Evacuation of Boston by British, March 1776
Declaration of Independence, June 1776-July 4, 1776
– natural rights borrowed from philosopher John
Locke….Life, liberty, Pursuit of Happiness ( Locke said
Property instead), 27 grievances against the King.
War in the North 2nd Phase… 1776 -1780
This phase of the War begins with the British coming back to the colonies in Force from Nova Scotia (where they went from Boston)
and land in Long Island chasing GW through NY and force him to escape to New Jersey… by Dec. GW suprises the Hessians at
Trenton and the British at Princeton (battles of NJ) swinging the momentum back to the colonists… VERY IMPT. After NY…
New British Strategy is a three-pronged invasion of the north with all armies ending in Albany… then they would cut New England off
from the rest of the colonies…. (most patriots in NE) Least in South…
Br. Strategy fails…. Howe defeats GW at Germantown and Brandeywine outside Philly (GW gives 2CC time to leave Philly and get to
safety) GW then winters at Valley Forge where Army suffers but is trained by Von Steuben into a better fighting force by the Spring…
St. Leger fails from the West… and Burgoyne marches to Saratoga where, in the most sig. battle of the Am. Rev., the Rebels crush
6
him and he is forced to surrender…. Due to out victory: France signs the Treaty of 1778… publicly supporting the colonies…. Spain
and Holland both declare war in 1779… making a WORLD WAR…Russia (Catherine the Great in 1780 forms a list of countries (p. 155
in text) in ARMED NEUTRALITY.
War in the South 3rd phase 1780 -1783
British strategy changes for a final time… and begins well. Gen. Cornwallis takes Charleston, SC and then meets the Continental Army
led by the “hero of saratoga” (not in reality but… ) Gen. Horatio Gates. The Rebels are crushed and Gates quits…. Nathaniel Greene is
sent by GW to take over and he meets with Francis Marion (swamp fox – movie “patriot”) and they entice the British away from the
coast and beat them at Kings Mountain and draw with them at Guilford Courthouse…NC…. Cornawallis then goes to Wilmington to
Resupply and then decides on destroying Virginia… marching to Charlottesville, but is out of supplies… meanwhile the French have
arrived and team up with GW (30,000 + soldiers led by gen Rochambeau) and they secretly leave NJ and march to Virginia… as
Cornwallis retreats to the coast to resupply… (Yorktown, 1781) a surprise is waiting… expecting the Br. Navy to resupply him… he is
shocked when they are defeated by the French fleet led by Admiral deGrasse… so he is trapped by Sea and by land by GW and the
French Army…. Cornwallis surrenders… sporadic fighting continues for a couple of years… but in essence the WAR is OVER AND THE
PATRIOTS HAVE WON!
Some facts:
John Paul Jones… is considered to be the only naval hero during the American Rev. for the US
Gen. George Rogers Clark (USA) is key in a victory in “Illinois Country” and due to this we have sig. larger borders agreed to in the
treaty.
The Treaty of Paris, 1783
John Jay (one of the future authors of the Federalist papers, and 1 st Supreme Court Chief Justice), Ben Franklin, and John Adams are
instructed by the 2nd CC (now our US Gov’t under the Articles of Confederation finally ratified 1777- 1781 [took 4years to agree due
to disputes over western land claims] ) to not sign anything without the approval of France…However, BF senses the French want to
give much to the Spanish and get something for themselves…. So he sends Jay to GB and secretly they sign a very generous treaty
(they want our trade again)… and Jay returns to France with the Treaty and the French have no choice to agree…. Boundary’s are
set; North- the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence river… South – Florida, and West – Miss. River. Two conditions the USA agrees to which
will haunt them (Br. Keeps troops on US soil in Western great lakes forts until after the War of 1812) they agree to 1) pay their
previous debts to GB (we don’t) and 2) we agree to return land confiscated from Loyalists living in the USA during the war (we don’t)
these issues cause problems in the future and are a part of why we go to war in 1812 with the BR. Again..
1754 -1789 ideas continued… [FROM THIS POINT FORWARD … STUDENTS HAVE TYPED MY RANDOM NOTES INTO THIS FORM] I
will revise as needed ….  A BIG THX TO MINE AND TINUCCI’S 1ST BLOCKS !
-All of these Rebellions were protesting the dominance of these individual state governments by wealthy eastern distant coastal
interests and to PROTEST DISTANT AUTHORITY.
Bacon’s Rebellion, 1676, western Virginia
•
Paxton boys 1764 – West Pennsylvania
•
Whiskey rebellion 1790’s- in west Penn
•
Regulator movement 1770’s- in west NC
•
Shays Rebellion 1786- in west Mass.
YOU NEED TO LOOK OVER THE HANDOUT ON ARTICLES, CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION AND AMENDMENTS TO BOLSTER THIS
INFO!
Successes under the Articles of Confederation: Orderly process to settle west => land Ordinance 1785? (Survey) 16th section sold
for support of Free Public Schools =>NW Ordinance 1787? (Territorial process to become states/ banned slavery) => Jefferson map
of expansion
Weaknesses- no power to levy taxes or control interstate commerce
Shay’s Rebellion - 1786
7
•
•
Effect? => led to constitutional convention (too
much democracy)
Why/Cause (farmer’s problems?)
Constitutional Convention 1787 – in Philadelphia, in Secret, a bundle of “Compromises”
•
•
Remember no bill of rights yet under 1st congress
and GW
Free- slave states comp. (3/5)
•
Large-Small states comprise for representation (VA.
& NJ plan) -“Great Comp”
•
Strong Central Gov’t over states
•
Balance between branches of Gov’t
•
Strong pres.
•
Electoral College created
•
No political parties exists for another 5 years or so
(founding fathers dislike)
•
Senators chosen by state legislature until 1913 (17th
amendment)
Ratification fight: Will the States approve the Constitution 1787-88
•
5 of 13 states vote in favor only after a promise of a
future bill of rights to be included (1st 10 amendments)
•
Anti –Fed worried about giving new gov’t powers it
had denied parliament, lack of Bill of Rights, too much power
to federal gov’t…
•
Fed (merchants and veterans) V. Anti- Fed (farmers
and the poorer class)
Federalist papers are key… make sure to note the contents of # 10 and # 51…(on You to do)
Federalist Papers - John Jay, James Madison, alexander Hamilton – written to persuade states to approve ratification of constitution,
states vote individually by state… Note: In the NY debate… a promise is made to add a BILL OF RIGHTS …from this point on … pretty
routine.
George Washington (1789-1797)
(not a member of a political party , although the 1st Parties are created during his presidency)
Washington’s Farewell Address (2 Ideas)
•
No political Parties
•
No Permanent foreign Alliances
Alexander Hamilton’s (Sectary of Treasury) policies favored which social class?
Hamilton’s Financial Plan- improve credit and financial stability assumption of state debts from revolutionary war funding
bonds sold during war at par(face value)
-Jefferson deal to allow D.C. inva.
-Jefferson primarily opposes Hamilton’s vision of an the dev. Of a British like Industrial mercantile interests instead of his vision of an
agricultural focused nation of small Ind. Farmers
-Hamilton’s use of “Elastic clause” (necessary &proper) to support a Bank of USA—leads to creation of 1st political parties
Dem-Rep’s (Jeff & Madison)
Federalists (Hamilton & Adams)
Whiskey Rebellion
•
Favor France
-Favor Britain
•
Agriculture
-cities
•
Rural
-merchants
8
•
Middle-lower class
-wealthy
Pinckney Treaty w/Spain- allows western farmers to use New Orleans to shop goods
1st action(in NYC) of Congress was to craft a “Bill of Rights” – Madison led effort….
Protected citizens from Federal Government not state government until 14th amendment
Neutrality Proclamation, 1793- Repuse to acknowledge French Treaty of 1778
-Due to French Revolution….
Many Northern States some Immediate begin to free slaves---- some gradual manumission occurs (owners freeing slaves) G. W. does
on his death bed
1st Cabinet- Organized Executive
o
Secis of : Brand….
 Tressury- Hamiltion
 War- Knox
 State- T Jeff
2nd term tradition (not law until 1950’s)
Genet Affair?
Jay Treaty? 1794- Tensions w/GB- Further cerements
NY Stock Exchange 1792
1794 Lancaster T-pike
John Adams 1797-1801 [Federalist]
(weaken Dem-Rep’s)
Alien and Sedition Act- purpose? Target?
TJ and JM response (VA & KY Resolutions- which introduce the concept of “nullification” in which states could “nullify” laws of fed
gov’t the ind. state thought unconstitutional (before judicial review established by Marbury v. Madison))
Appoints John Marshall chief justice of Supreme Court
-serves 36 years--> see Marshall Case handout
Gabriel Prosser Slave Rebellion
Jay Treaty
Appointment of “midnight” judges just before he leaves as president leads to Marbury v. Madison, SC case
XYZ Affair- undeclared war with France, later settled by Convention of 1800 signed w/ Napolean
-Not one cent for “bribes” but millions for war
9
Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809) (Democratic-Republican) Believed In:
•
Small/weak standing army
•
Simple dress
•
Farmer/agriculture is back bone of America
•
Freedom of speech/religion
•
Small national gov’t
Purchas of Louisiana from France, 1803
•
Opened Mississippi River/Farmer’s Paradise… Future of USA
Small Independent Farmers
•
Showed Jefferson as inconsistent but flexible--previous (strict view of Const.)--- this is not in const. bus he
does it anyway
•
Remove threat of Napoleon from Continent
Election of 1800--•
“Revolution of 1800”-TJ--- First peaceable transfer of power
Federalists step down when Dem.-Rep.’s win election
•
House of Rep’s decided election between Burr-Jeff--Led to 12th Amendment
•
“We are Republicans, we are all Federalists”
Lewis and Clark
•
Continues National Bank and Hamilton’s Plan
•
Embargo Act, 1807 disrupted Am. shipping
“consistently inconsistent”
•
Macon’s Bill No. 2- (Madison)
•
Strict view of const. before becoming pres--- actions
were “worse” at times
•
Home @ Monticello
•
Ex. Of his architectural brilliance
•
War in north Africa--- barbury states
•
Burr trial…
•
Robert Fulton- steamboat 1807
•
Left many Fed. Officeholders in place…(Above party
politics)
Other Info.
•
•
Constitutional compromise banning international
slave trade, begins in 1808
•
To avoid war w/ Britain & France during French
Revolution:
•
Embargo Act- no trade w/world
•
Fr.
Non-intercourse act- trade w/ everyone except Br. &
10
James Madison 1809-1817

Orders in council/ Napoleon Berlin decree
•
Hartford Convention – 1815 (Federalists from New
England proposed war listed of changes to Constitution)
•
Macon’s Bill No. 2
•
War of 1812 – Hawks supported war due to:
-
Our broken promise to give loyalist back lands
•
Beginning of big western migration – postwar…especially south to cotton lands in Virginia “Mississippi
Region” defeat of Creeks at Horseshoe Bend Opens up
beginning of huge influx in Gulf south for cotton
-
GB stays in forts despite treaty of Paris 1783
•
Dolly 1st real influential first lady
-
Annex Canada
•
D.C. burned to the ground by British
-
Britain claims for repayment of loyalist debt
sailors
Defend honor of the USA – stop impressment of US
•
Jackson becomes hero @ N.O. (after treaty of Ghent)
signed ending war
-
-
half man half alligator
Safeguard frontier
•
Post-war – nationalism
-
Indian settler conflict
-
American life – Knickerbockers
-
Tecumseh
-
Hudson river valley school of art – landscapes
-
Noah-Webster > standardizes American language
•
Second great awakening…
•
Embargo – non-intercourse – (Macon’s Bill no.2) >
leads to war with Britain, not France
•
Adams-Onis Treaty – Florida Purchase Treaty 1819
from Spain
-
John Quincy Adams secretary of State
•
1st American industrial revolution > textile mill
workers
Dem-Rep: James Monroe (1817-1825)
•
Missouri Compromise 1820? Clay’s 1st compromise,
36’30 line, Maine as free state/Mississippi slave state >
BALANCE [*Be Familiar w/ map of US after Act 1820*]
(Louisiana Land purchase (Maine))
•
Monroe Doctrine (2 parts)? Nonintervention – non
colonization of Western Hemisphere; As a warning to
European Imperialistic Countries; Europe & West had diff.
political systems
•
1st Economic panic since Rev. panic of 1819; only
POTUS elected after
•
Rush-Bagot, 1817? Formalizes us; Canadian Border
•
American Colonization Society – Freely Send Former
slaves back to Africa “Liberia” – Monroeville (Cap)
•
Adams-Onis Treaty? (Fl. Purchase 1815)
•
Am. System? Henry Clay
•
Oregon Treaty, 1818?
•
Mexico Encourages “American” settlement of Texas by
granting Moses Austin & Sen. Stephen F. Austin; Huge land
grants if migrants promise to become Roman Catholic &
“Mexicanized”
Dem-Rep. John Quincy Adams 1825-1829
•
Era of Good Feelings… One party (Dem. Am) left;
Federalists become extinct; Emma Willard Tory Seminary, NY
1st HS for women
11
•
Black Tariff or Tariff of abomination, 1828 let to? Nullification
crisis in S.C. and Clays Compromise Tariff of 1833 to save it
•
Morgan Affair-1826 led to 1st 3rd party in U.S.
History, anti-masonic party 1832 election
•
Election of 1824- Goes to House “corrupt bargain”
election; Jackson gets most votes but… John Quincy Adams
and Henry Clay team up in house, JQA wins. Becomes the 1st
minority president, Clay is appointed secretary of state.
Atlantic ocean NYC. Ties western agricultural regions to
eastern manufacturing dramatically and drops prices of
agricultural goods in growing cities.
•
Great Triumvirate in U.S. legislature for many years
during Antebellum Period. Henry Clay-Kentucky, Daniel
Webster-Massachusetts, John C. Calhoun-S.C. [“Exposition
and Protest”]
•
Samuel Slater, Cumberland-National road
•
Erie Canal opens in 1825. NY State Gov. Dewitt
Clinton funds build. Connects great lakes to Hudson River to
Democrat Andrew Jackson
1829-1837
Why were many people, including Jackson, suspicious of 2nd Bank of the U.S.?
•
(Bank users)
Indian Removal Act 1832- Trail of Tears (later)
•
•
John Marshall & US Supreme Court Worchester v.
GA 1832
“Pet Banks”-removed deposits from bank of USA
•
(Controlled by elite/wealthy)- vetoed by Jackson led
to panic of 1837
•
Paper $ crashes in value-specie circular
•
Ruler in favor of Cherokee- But… Jackson does not
support
Election of 1828- Jackson wins as hero in war of 1812
•
it…”
“Nullification” crisis- 1832? Overwhat?
A.J. vetoed Bank Bill party because
•
Great Compromiser? (Henry Clay)
•
He believed it was controlled by the few wealthy
elite and put too much power in the hands of too few people
(Nicholas Biddle)
•
Miss Comp. 1820?
•
Denmark vesey
•
Null. Comp. 1833?
•
Webster-Hayne debate
•
Comp of 1850?
•
Comp. Tariff 1833
Tariffs in S.C. Force Act
“Marshall has made his decision now let him enforce
Jacksonian Democracy•
Expanded white suffrage… led to reforms?
•
Increased political political participation by the
“common man” – ending of proper qualification for voting…
•
Alexis de Tocquerilles book “Democracy in America”
absence of aristocracy allows for rise of American
individualism
Texas revolution 1836…
Textile mills growth in N.E.
•
•
Boston Associates 1st major corp.
•
Young women off farms initial employees
Alamo, Santa Anna, Goliad, San Jacinto
•
Jackson does NOT annex texas into USA for fear of
raising the slavery issue… (9 yes) voters
Jackson Changes more- (Democratic Party 1828)
“Spoils system”
12
•
Whig Party is created in opposition to Jackson
•
Ed Horaceman
•
Beginning of 2nd party system
Abolitionism- Garrison
o
End of Era of good feelings
Women- Stanton
2nd great awakenings Reforms…
Temperance- Neil Dow, Maine
•
Peter Curtwright
Nat Turner Slave Rebellion- VA. 1831
•
George Whitefield
1st 3rd party- Antimasonic
Democrat Martin Van Buren 1837-1841
•
Independent Treasury bill, 1840
•
1837 Financial Panic – Began due to Jackson’s Bank
wars spices (gold/silver) circle
o
all government Bills paid in specie not paper money
•
Trail of Tears (5 civilized tribes) moved beyond
Mississippi river
•
Indian removal act of 1832; 4000-14000 – marched
to Indian territory
•
Split of Abolitionist; American anti-slavery society
o
Due to Garrison’s advocacy of women’s rights
o
And pacifism (not wanting to use political measures)
•
Amistad Case 1839; Roger Taney Chief Justice
•
Mormon – joseph smith
•
Dorothea Dix –mental heath
•
Oregon Trail
William Henry Harrison/ John Tyler
•
Whig- president after 30 days
•
Oneida Community
•
Election of 1840- rise of the common man
•
2nd Great Awakening
o
“Tippecanoe and Tyler, too”
o
All citizens can vote for first time
•
Entire cabinet resigns due to conflict with Tyler’s on
anti-American system policies…
o
Regardless of property ownership…
o
So officials have to appeal to “common man”
•
Irish German Immigration Huge
•
American Temperance Union
•
Dorothea Dix
•
Webster- Ashburn Treaty-Aroostook war
•
Texas annexed by joint resolutions “manifest
Destiny”- 1845 1st used
•
1841, 1st Jim Crow laws passed in Massachusetts
segregates railroad cars
James K. Polk
•
Mexican-American War at Santa Anna 1846-1848.
•
Goal: Gain California from Mexico
•
Zachary Taylor General Hero Mexican-American War
•
Wilmot Proviso-1946
•
Spot Resolutions- Abraham Lincoln (Whig candidate
who opposed manifest destiny)
•
Texas Annexed by Joint Resolution of Congress &
President John Tyler
•
Happened after Polk’s victory in the Election of 1844
•
“Manifest Destiny”- completed after MexicanAmerican War and Treaty with Great Britain for 49o borders
of Oregon Territory with Britain & Gadsden Purchase-1854
13
•
Henry David Thoreau goes to jail ( Transcendentalist
with Emerson) to protest the Mexican-American War
•
Writes “Civil Disobedience “ about “Non-violent”
protest
•
Elizabeth Cady Stanton/ Lucretia Mott
•
Rights for women
•
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo-1848- Ends MexicanAmerican War
•
Horace Mann- Education reform- Minimum school
year 6 months
•
US gains California and most of the South West
•
Seneca Falls Conference- 1848
•
3rd Party-1844-Liberty Party (Anti-Slavery)
•
Declaration of Sentiments
•
Edgar Allan Poe- “Raven” published
California gold rush
o
Bessemer – Kelley Process
•
Compromise of 1850-
o
Carnegie steel
o
Parts?
Nathaniel Hawthorne – Scarlett Letter published
o
Most controversial part?
•
1850
o
New fugitive slave law
Brigham Young leads Mormons west to desert-Utah-1846
Whig-Zachary Taylor / Millard Fillmore 1849-1853
•
•
Popular sovereignty: Settlers in a territory have the
right to decide whether or not to have slavery by vote.
•
Kelly – Steel 1851
•
Bessemer process 1856 – steel
•
Southern “Fine Eater” convention in Nashville to
discuss secession 1850
•
Uncle Tom’s Cabin published 1852
•
Harriet Tubman–underground Railroad
•
Frederick Douglass – “Northstar”
•
3rd party – Free soil party M.V.B
o
Purchase or take Cuba to make slave state
o
Filibustero’s – Slave power Conspiracy
o
Commodore Perry to Japan
•
Protests in Boston over Fugitive slave law 1854
o
Personal Liberty laws
Franklin Pierce 1853-1857
•
Gadsden Purchase 1853 To build Trans-continental Railroad
in south
•
Kansas – Nebraska act 1854
o
Stephen Douglas – Sen. From Illinois “Little Giant”
Repealed 36-30 line of Missouri compromise 1820
•
North Eastern Abolitionists furious
Passed in several states to protect fugitive slaves
Popular sovereignty’s purpose? – To move
Transcontinental railroad from Intended southern route to
the North with Chicago
•
Whig party collapses over dispute on extension of
slavery
o
•
Churches
o
Methodists
o
Baptists
Formation of Republican party 1854
Opposed to Expansion of Slave Territory in the west
“Free soil”
•
Ostend Manifesto-
14
o
Presbyterians
James Buchanon (Old Buck) 1857-1861 Democrat
•
Dred Scott Decision 1857
•
Lecompton constitution- sep. 1857
•
Panic of 1857- cotton kingdom-cottonocracy
•
Crittenden Compromise – 1860-61
•
1860
CSA is created in Alabama, 7 states after election of
•
Succession of South Carolina.. Immigration after
Lincolns victory in 1860 election..
•
John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry 1859 and
subsequent execution… Martyr, founded by “secret six”,
abolitionists in New England… attempted to create slave
uprising…
•
Election of 1856… first republican party candidate
for president- John C. Fremont
•
Know nothing (American) party- Millard Fillmore
•
Sumner/Brooks incident in congress 1856
•
Lincoln- Douglas debates 1858 for Illinois senate seat
•
Invention of Sewing machine combination – 1856
transformed the clothing industry
•
“Freeport Doctrine”
•
Comstock lode- silver gold Nevada- 1859
Clara Barton – Red Cross
•
Confiscation Acts
•
Economic Legislation passed by Republicans during
Civil War included: (No trusts yet)
o
1861-1862
•
Draft Riots NYC 1865
•
Support for Union in Mountainous South
•
Abolitionists:
o
William Lloyd Garrison – “The Liberator” newspaper
o
Frederic Douglas – “The North Star” newspaper
Davis/Lincoln
•
o
Pacific Railway Act, 1862 (TCRR)
o
Homestead Act, 1862]
o
National Banking System
o
First Income Tax (Later ruled unconstitutional)
o
High tariffs to protect American industry
•
Southern inflation huge 9000%
•
Immediate purpose of Civil War (Border States to
consider)
•
1865 – Sherman’s General Order Number 15
o
1861 – To save the union
o
40 acres and a mule in FL/SC
o
After 1863 – Free Slaves and Save Union
•
Construction of 1st Transcontinental Railroad was
done primarily by immigrants from Ireland (Union Pacific) and
China (Central Pacific)
•
Biggest threat to union: British recognition of CSA…
Cotton diplomacy
•
Monitor vs. Merrimack : First Battle of Ironclads
•
1865 Lincolns Assassination – John Wilkes Booth /
South suffers
•
Jefferson Davis CSA / Abraham Lincoln 1861-1865
•
Civil War Draft policies:
•
Gettysburg Address
o
“Rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight” Why?
o
November 1863
15
•
Emancipation Proclamation of 1863, Jan First
o
Antietam, Gettysburg, Vicksburg, Bull Run I
o
Only freed slaves where?
•
Strategies:
o
Strengthened moral cause of union – freed slaves
only in CSA not border states
o
war”
Anaconda Plan, Blockade, Cut South in two, “total
o
•
Generals:
Allows for US of black troops.
•
Forestalled possibility of European invasion and gave
Lincoln victory to which he could issue prelim. EP September
1862 go in effect Jan 1st 1863
o
General US Grant, General Robert E Lee, General
Sherman (Atlanta)
•
“Trent Affair”
•
Exemptions for Draft
o
“Rich man’s war, Poor man’s fight”
o
Union pulls CSA Reps off British Ship; almost leads to
British going to war with USA; Lincoln returns CSA Reps.
o
1863 NYC Draft Riots
•
Secretary of State Seward’s purchase of Alaska 1867
•
1861-1863 Disrupted by union army
•
10% Plan – 13th Amendment
•
1864 1st Income Tax
•
Election of 1864 – V McClellan
o
Later rule and consent
•
Union Part with Johnson
o
1st Greenbacks issued.
•
Various causes of Civil War
•
1860 – R`epublican Platform – Abraham Lincoln:
o
Clash of interests between Agriculture and Industry
regions
o
High tariffs to protect American business
o
Government subsidies for TCRR
o
Homestead Act ( Free land in West)
o
west.
Leave slavery alone where it is but do not expand it
•
o
States’ rights vs. Fed. Power
o
Difference in view of morality and future of slavery
o
Agitators and irresponsible politicians.
•
Pacific Railway Act, 1862
John Bell Constitution – Union
•
Morrill Land Grant Act, 1862
•
Stephen Douglas – North Democrat
•
FT. Sumter – volunteers – Last 4 states secede –
Capital moved to Richmond, VA
•
John Breckenridge – South Democrat
•
Abraham Lincoln – Republican
•
Wars:
•
Copperheads.
•
Peninsula Plan
Black codes in Southern States? Passed to control black labor
o
Executive Branch in control
•
Military Reconstruction Act 1867 – Huge…
o
Rapid Restoration in Southern States
•
Johnson declares all states back in…. Congress says
no… 1866 Election
o
Planter Pardons
o
10% Plan (borrowed from Lincoln)
Andrew Johnson – 1865-1869
Union Party
•
•
AJ’s views on Reconstruction
16
•
o
Amendment – 1868
Citizenship for the 1st time
o
Bill of Rights applied to state governments for the
1st time
o
Vote in Senate
•
Political & Legal states of southern states… How
would they be re-admitted to Union…
•
Lincoln – 10% Plan…
o
Equal Protection
•
Johnson – 10% Plan w/planter pardon
o
“Male” used to define voting in South
o
13th amendment ratified
•
Post-Civil War Southern Economy
•
Radical Congress – Military reconstruction
•
dominated by sharecropping & Tenant Family
o
Ratify 13th, 14th, and 15th amendment
•
***”New South” – Textile mills moving South along
with manufacturing of cigarettes and Industry develops post
1880’s like Jim Crow Laws
•
Radical Republicans
•
KKK Founder…
•
Henry Grady editor of Atlanta Constitution
newspaper – Chief Supporter
•
Share Cropping – Crop Lein System
•
crops
A mixed economy no longer dependent on cash
•
Johnson’s Impeachment
o
Tenure of Office Act
•
Blanche K. Bruce –
from Mississippi
•
Thaddeus Stevens
o
Republican, Pennsylvania
Leads Radical Rep’s in House of Representative
Ulysses Grant
1869-1877
Republican
•
Republican Radical Reconstruction – KKK in south
•
Invention of Telephone by Alexander Graham Bell
•
All white Democratic Southern Parties – “Solid
South” until 1980’s
•
The Grange
•
Promontory point, Utah 1869 – connects TCRR
•
15th amendment 1870 – suffrage cannot be denied
based on race, color, or previous servitude
•
8hr. workday for Gov’t employees
•
New Constitution in southern States
•
1872 – Yellowstone – 1st National Park
•
Credit Mobilier
•
Panic of 1873 : led to decrease in protection of
African Americans in South
•
Whiskey ring – 1875
•
Boss Tweed – 1871 (Thomas Nast Pictures)
•
Gould Fisk – 1869
•
Civil Rights Act – ruled unconstitutional 1882
•
Battle of little Big Horn – Custer – 1876
o
“Liberal Republicans”
o
Call for end to military Reconstruction
•
Liberal Republicans
o
Corruption
•
Completion of 1st TCRR
17
•
Indian wars in west
•
1872 – Amnesty Act
•
Cattle drives in west
o
ALLOWS returns voting rights to most confederates
•
1876 – Twain publishes “Tom Sawyer”
•
Southern states legislature’s scalawags and carpet
baggers V. South Dems. With paramilitary support
Rutherford B. Hayes
1877-1881 (Republican)
African Americans who leave violent Reconstruction South 1879-80 to go to Kansas were known as…
Darwin-Evolution:
Edison-electric light bulb, 1879
Knights of Labor Founded, 1879
Great RR Strike, 1877
Exodusters- to Kansas 1879-80/ 25,000 Blacks left South b/c of Jim Crow Laws
Election of 1876: Tilden wore pop. Votes and loses LA/SC/FL disputed elec. Votes. Commission agrees that Hayes wins if he pulls the
last remaining troops out of South ending reconstruction. (Compromise of 1877)
James Garfield/ Chester A. Arthur
1881-1885
•
Stalwarts V. half breeds for patronage
•
•
Indian wars
•
Chinese exclusion act, 1882-
•
Pendleton Act begins to end … 1883- civil service an
attempt to modify spoils system after Garfield’s Assassination
•
1881- Book T. Washington becomes head of the
Tuskegee Institute, Alabama vocational training
John D. Rockefeller forms standard oil trust
•
1884- Twain publishes huckleberry Fin
Grover Cleveland (1st Term)
1885-1889



Dawes Severalty Act 1887 (Indians) – (effects)?
Until new deal
Forced assimilation into white culture.. gave
individual needs of families 160 acres of area and
improved for (division of land among tribal
members) 25 years they would get ownership and
become citizens of USA
 Loss of millions of acres
 Loss of tribal autonomy
Benjamin Harrison 1889-1893





Interstate Commerce Act 1887 (Railroads regulated)
1886 Hay Market Riot.. Knights of Labor
Farmers Alliance
Greenback Labor Party
AFL- founded 1886 a union of local unions
o Samuel Gompers
o To bring skilled workers and craft unions
together in order to achieve economic gains
•
Sherman Anti-Trust Act 1890- 1st used against labor unions –
little immediate impact on corporations
•
Wounded Knee Massacre 1890- “Ghost Dance” loss
of tribal autonomy
18
- Freedom
•
Jane Adams Founds Hall House- Chicago 1889
- End of Indian Wars
•
Yosemite National Park Founded 1890
•
Helen Hunt Jackson’s Book- “A century of dishonor”
•
Populist Party Founded 1891
-documentary wrongs of American government on American
Indians
•
Great Northern Rail Road – James T Hill
•
Booker T Washington’s Atlanta Compromise Speech
-5th transcontinental RR completed, first without any
government subsidies
Grover Cleveland (2nd Term) 1893-1897
•
Omaha Platform 1892 Populist Party
•
Gold in Alaska
•
•
Acquisition of Philippines:
Panic of 1893 Coxeys Army
•
Pullmans strike- Chicago 1894, Eugene debbs head
of union- cut wages and increased rent on company housing
o
Purchased/ captured after Armistice… McKinley’s
prayer…
•
American protective association (apa)
o
Platt and Teller Amendments (Cuba)
•
Ash can school of art
o
Rough riders
•
Social gospel
o
Emilio Aguinaldo helps/ then fights us
•
Coxeys army
•
Failed annexation of Hawaii
o
“Insurrection”- Filipinos fighting us for freedom- an
ugly event in us History/ ”Kill every one over 10”
•
After While planter revolt
o
Taft-Government/ “benevolent” assimilation “our
little brown brothers”
•
“it’s the people’s job to support the government not
the governments job”, From veto of bill to help texas farmers
o
Anti- Imperialist league opposed due to its own
history… it is incompatible…
•
1895 booker t washingtons, Atlantas compromise
speech “we can be as separate….”
•
William McKinley
•
Spanish- American War 1898 “Splendid Little War”John Hay: Sec of State
John Hay – Secretary of State- devises the Open Door,
“splendid little war” about Spanish American War…
•
“Jingoism”- Extreme nationalism yellow journalism
of Hearst
•
Why does the US devise the open door policy? 1899
•
Alfred Thayer book
•
“ Wizard of Oz”- 1896 election…
o
The influence of sea power upon history
o
William Jennings Bryan’s
o
Social Darwinism
“Cross of Gold” speech- supporting sliver…
o
Example of European imperialist (we got to
compete)
Populist and democratic parties candidate…
•
Racism strains populists
•
Improvement in economic conditions favored
McKinley
Successful annexation of Hawaii
o
Sinking of USS Maine 1898
o
Treaty of Paris, 1898
o
Mark Hanna- The “Wizard”
19
o
Twain- Literary realism
Teddy Roosevelt
1901-1909
As president TR addressed 4 issues
1.
Meat Packaging
•
30’s-Conservation legacy
2.
Monopolization of RR Industry
“Good trusts and bad trusts”… not all bad- Busted
3.
RR- Foreign Rates
•
way
•
4.
Unsafe Drug Products
Ford motor company founded-1903
Model-T -1908
Roosevelt’s corollary to the Monroe Doctrine?
•
Pure food and drug act- 1906
•
Financial Instability in Latin America… (Democratic
republican for example)
•
W.E.B Dubois-1903 publishes “Souls of Black Folk”expanding on two ness
•
Could give European’s an excuse to bring forces into
western hemisphere—to collect debts (US intervention) … a
threat then would exist that they might stay and setup
colonies—so the USA pledges to collect debts for euro’s…
they stay out.. US becomes an “International ” police power
•
Elkins and Hepburn Acts-1903-RR regulation gave
teeth to ICC.. Rules/No rebates
•
1906-upton Sinclair’s- The jungle published
•
Panama Canal, 1903-1905
•
1901-JP Morgan buys Carneigie steel and creates U.S
steel – the USA’s 1st Billion Dollar Co.
•
Niagara Movement- NAACP 1909
William Howard Taft 1908 – 1913
•
W.E.B Dubois
•
1904-Nothern Securities Busted 1st big bust
•
“Dollar Diplomacy” – Using American foreign policy
to benefit American business interests.
•
San Francisco earth quacke-1906
•
SF settlement’s agreement
•
1st progressive president
•
Bellinger - Pinchot Affair
•
Dept. of Labor, 1913
•
Triangle Shirt Waist Fire, 1911.
•
Wins the Nobel peace prize for negotiating an end to
the Russo-Japanese war preserving a “balance of power” in
Asia, also Algeria’s Confederation in North Africa
Woodrow Wilson 1913- 1921
•
Keaty Union Child Labor Act, 1916
o
Ruled unconstitutional.
o
Hammer vs. Dgentan
•
Great African American migration to Northern Cities
from Jim Crow South for Jobs
•
I.W.W Union Poster
o
Shows union as heroic champion of workers and
ordinary people.
•
WW1 1914
o
US enters 1917-1918
o
US Home front was characterized by voluntary
programs unlike WW2
20
o
Limited individual liberties i.e. Schenk vs. US /
Sedition Act
o
Jailing of Eugene Debbs
•
USS Buford and Deportation to USSSR –
Radicals/Labor Leaders/Socialists/Anarchists
•
Treaty of Versailles ends WW1
o
Included a league of nations
o
Promoted the right of national self – determination
•
WW1 / Committee on Public information – George
Creel mobilize support arms people for WW1
o
Senate (irremailables) objects to Article X of League
Treaty that requires us to join our armed forces in support of
League. Senators felt this was taking war making power from
our Congress.
o
Propaganda – 4 Minute Men
•
•
Prohibition -18th amendment – 1919 – Temperance
•
Growth of:
•
Henry Cabot Lodge and 14 reservations ended up
influencing Wilson to call for vote against treaty with
reservations and defeat.
o
Anti –Saloon League
o
W.T.C.U – Largest Women’s group: Main focus for
the majority of women (not women’s sits)
“Limit US Sovereignty”
•
Sent soldiers to México 1916 under Black Jack
Pershing to capture Pancho Villa
•
D.W. Griffith; Movie
Birth of a nation
o
State laws
o
o
Anti-German
o
Social reform progressive movement
o
Glorifying KKK after Civil War premiers and White
House.
•
Triple Wall of Privilege:
o
Books trusts tariffs
•
Clayton Anti-Trust Act / Fed. Trade Commission
•
1913 Fed. Reserve Act – protected Labor unions
(Magna Carta of Labor)
•
Less federal government enforces laws and treaties
existing.
•
T.R.
“New freedom” of WW vs. “New Nationalism” of
•
Election of 1912:
o
TR – Bull moose
•
Gompers AFL
o
Taft – Old Guard Rep
•
tax
Underwood Tariff – Lowers Tariff; First legal Income
o
WW – Dem
•
Made currency more elastic
o
Debs – Socialist.
•
Moral diplomacy – 14 points speech WW1
•
Zimmerman Telegram –
o
14th point – A league of nations
o
No secret treaties
o
Self Determination (End Imperialism Colonies)
o
Freedom of Seas
•
16th Income Tax – 1913
•
17th – Direction Elections – 1913
•
18th Prohibition – 1919
•
19th – Women’s Suffrage – 1920
o
Germany offers Mexico returns of Southwest USA if
invades USA to keep USA out of WW1.
•
Bull Moose Party – Election 1912: 17% of Vote most
succ. 3rd Party.
•
Clayton Anti-Trust Act, 1914
•
Moral – Missionary Diplomacy
•
Unrestricted submarine warfare Sussex Pledge
•
Lusitania
•
Federal Reserve Act, 1913
21
•
4 million men drafted
•
NY British control league
•
AEF Pershing
•
Espionage Act 1917
•
Armistice 11/11/18 11 am.
•
Sedition Act 1918
•
Debs Imprisoned
•
Schenk vs. US
•
Huge Mexican Immigration to the USA during WW1
due to the Revolution in Mexico which had caused social
upheaval and dislocation
•
Margaret Sanger begins Planned Parenthood; USC of
Contraception’s.
Warren G. Harding 1921-1923
•
Prohibition Begins-
•
Organized Crime-
•
Washington Naval Conference- Disarmament 9
power, 5 powers, 4 power treaties. 5:5:3 battleship ratios.
Keep open door to China , and Japan could fortify islands
•
1925 Scopes Trial-urban/rural, Traditional/modern
conflict
•
•
Harlem Renaissance
•
Marcus Garvey-U.N.I.A
•
A Return to “Normalcy” End of Progressive EraReturn to Gilded age. Focus on Big business corruption,
regulatory agencies aided business.
•
1920- 1st radio broadcast of Harding’s election
•
By 1920, over ½ of Americans live in cities for the 1st
time. The wealthy begin to move to suburbs for the 1st time.
Cities are divided by ethnicity and purpose (Industry) parks,
neighborhoods, shopping, etc.
Scandals: Teapot Dome (oil)
•
(Attorney General A. Mitchell) Palmer Raids- 1st
“Red” scare, against communism- (1950’s 2nd McCarthy)
•
National origins Act 1921 (changed 1924-1929)
Calvin Coolidge 1923-1929
-“the business of Am. is business”
-“The man who builds a factory builds a temple, the man
who works there worships there..”
National Origins Act 192119241929Ford’s model T assembly plants result in mass produced autos
available to everyone due to their low price…paid workers
more so they could afford auto’s…in black only
Dawes Plan- US lend $ to Germany to pay $ (reparations from
Versailles Treaty) to Britain and France could pay USA back…
Economic Boom- flappers- speakeasies
Mencken Fitzgerald Gatsby 25
Kellogg-Briand Pact 1926 – return to isolationism
Lindburgh crosses Atlantic solo flight 1927
Sacco & Vanzetti executed 1927
1st talkie movie- The Jazz Singer 1927
Secretary of Treasury Mellon dramatically cuts taxes on the
wealthy, “trickle down”…and corporations
Herbert Hoover 1929-1933


Underlying cause of the great depression or any
depression: (overproduction, overspeculation)
Hawley-Smoot Tariff: Too high/crushed international
trade

Great Depression: Stock Market crash 29’ Bonus
Army 32’- US Army attacks wanted early payment of
Insurance Policy… as GD begins H.H. requests Bus
leaders maintain levels of wages and production
22








Reconstruction Finance Corporation- RFC help for
banks states “not individuals” Private charities…
should help individuals. Repeals “clevelands quote”
from panic of 1893
Hoovervilles: “shanty” towns of homeless
Hoover Blankets: newspapers
Stimson Doc- Japan invades Manchuria
Bonus Army

Black Tuesday- 1929 Stock Market Crash Oct 29,1938
CIO Founded: sit-in strikes, John L Lewis
John Steinback’s Novel- 1939 (FDR) “Grapes of
Wrath” Farmers moving to California, Smuggle to
Survive
Democrat AL Smith runs against Herbert Hoover in
1928… Strong Anti-Catholic sentiment with evidence
of a democrats failure to carry “Solid South”
Franklin D. Roosevelt
1933-1945
•
Wife Eleanor > most influential first lady – first
republican to represent united nations in San Francisco after
war
•
New Deal agencies:
o
NIRA-Blue Eagle did what? Reduce competition
•
During the Second World War, Japanese-Americans
were relocated because of?
o
CCC- most popular> young workers sent money
home ex. Planted trees
•
Result of 1836 election campaign- shift of black
voters to which party?
o
WPA- do photographs of migrant farm workers,
paint murals across city, and make oral histories
•
“Rosie the Riveter” – huge increase in working
women during WWII
o
“Deficit Spending” Keynesian Economics to spur
economy
New skills/pay/government daycare…fireside chats
on radio
o
Dr. Townsend’s plan to give seniors money from gov.
> social security act
•
“Great Depression” – led to massive
migrations…especially from dust bowl areas too far west
o
TVA- dams rural electrification
•
Banks closed five days –“bank holiday”
•
1st 100 days of FDRs new deal congress (1933)
•
3 R’s: Relief, recovery, reform
Ends due to massive military/industrial spending
during WWII…Jobs…
•
WWII: African-American soldiers fought in
segregated units “ __” Double V. Campaign
•
1937 FDR’s court packing plan?
•
World War II draft begins before we declare war…
(unusual)
•
Charles Lindbergh (Hero for crossing part of America.
First Atlantic solo flight 1920’s)
•
Committee that attempted to restrict participation
in WWII – isolationists love GW farewell address – no
establishment of permanent foreign alliances
•
ABC Plan – attack Germany first
•
Unemployment = 25%
•
21st amendment appeals prohibition 1923
•
A. Phillip Randolph (black labor leader) + executive
order 8802 which creates the EEOC
•
Glass-Stegall Act (FDIC)
•
Passes banking regulation, unemployment relief, ag.
Adjustment (pay farmers not to farm which reduced acres
under cultivation), home owner mortgage support
•
Good neighbor policy with Latin America
•
AFL splits in 1935…why?
•
1932 election: a landslide – disagreed with Hoover
about direct federal aid to individuals. FDR yes Hoover no
•
signs Atlantic charter with Churchill
•
“New Deal Order” 1930-1980
o
Rise and fall
•
US government active role in regulating economy
and in mediating disputes between labor and migrant
•
1943 Zoot Suits Riots in LA
•
Francis Perkins – secretary of labor 1st woman
23
•
Lend-lease, bill #1776 – “arsenal of democracy”
•
Atlantic charter – just Churchill agree on long term
war strategy
•
Meetings at Casablanca – unconditional surrender
•
Tehran- plan D-Day
•
Yalta – makeup of post war Europe UN
•
Potsdam – Japanese surrender or be destroyed
(Truman’s)
•
Macarthur supreme commander in Pacific
•
Ad. Nimitz Navy Pacific commander
•
Joe Louis – black wins heavy weight boxing
championship against Germany
•
Jesse Owens – black sprinter wins four golds at 32
“Berlin Olympics”
•
Eisenhower’s letter – Manhattan project
Oppenheimer 1942 Los Alamos
•
Munich Conference
•
Bracero Program 1940-60 begins > bringing Mexican
temporary workers to USA
•
Japanese invades Beijing 1937
•
TVA
•
Cash and carry – destroyer for bases
•
Brain trust
•
Huey longs share our wealth plan
•
1st and 2nd new deal/ 3R’s
•
Father Coughlin 1934
•
Mandatory home mobilization return cards
•
Neutrality acts 35,36,37,39
•
Japanese internment
•
NYE committee
•
WPA
•
CIOs sit down strikes 1937
•
AAA
•
Appeasement
•
SEC, 1935
•
Double V campaign
•
National relations act (1935)
•
Island hopping
•
Reciprocal trade agreements – Cordell Hull
•
Battle of Midway
•
Fair labor standards act 1938 – minimum wage, 40
hr week, overtime
•
FEPC/EEOC executive order – 8802?
•
Hemingway…
•
Pearl harbor 12/7/1942
•
A Phillip Randolph…
•
Marshal chief of staff
•
day
Eisenhower supreme ally commander in Europe D
Harry S. Truman 1945-1953 (fair deal)
•
HUAC –suspected communist- algerhiss Nixon 1950
•
TAFT-HARTLEY act did what?
•
TRUMAN DOCTRINE 1947? Greece and Turkey
•
George C Marshall plan (main purpose)- economic
recovery in Europe
•
Civil rights commission- integration of us military
1948 of executive order
•
Jackie robinson intergrates baseball 1947
•
GI bill – financed huge increase in college
attendance- loans for small business – VA low cost home
loans (Subarbia expands) – servimanns readjustment act 1944
•
1948 election dixie crats- inopp. Too trumans civil
rights help… -close race with dewey- airlift 1948 – berlin
blockade –
•
Postdam conference
•
Atomic bomb
•
National sec. act 1947 – NSA 68
24
•
Cold war policy for 45 years for usa ; 1947 George F
Kennan’s “containment doctrine” contained expansion of the
ussr and communism
•
Ralph Ellison’s invisible man 1952
•
Rosensburgs 1953 executed for espionage “atomic
secrets”
•
Dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
“Japan 1945”
•
•
To save troops in invasion keep ussr on toes…. Force
surrender “emperor stayed”
•
Un 1945 –SCC. Council 5 nations with veto /Baruch
plan for atomic energy
•
Korean wars 1950 -1953 (ends in a armistice@ 38th
parallel under Eisenhower mccarthur removed 1951)
•
China falls to communism 1945
•
Mccarthurism begins 1950
•
Loyalty act
•
SEC. council approves military action against north
korea us leads (mccarthur)
•
Beginning on television
•
•
Livitown, LI –suburbs “planned community”
•
United nations
China invades – difficult for un forces later
NATO 1949
Dwight (Ike) D. Eisenhower (1953-1961)
•
Crisis during Eisenhower’s presidency: National
USSR/Sputnik – Def. Ed. Act $$$ For Science % Language Edu;
Egypt seizes Suez Canal; USSR shoots down U-2 Spy plane;
Castro gains control of Cuba
fight integration; Keep Fed Gov’t out of state matters, “States
Rights’ Ed policy
•
•
Eisenhower’s Farewell Address warns the nation of the
rising influence of the mil. Industry Complex fed by colossal
military budget; No one listens -> 60’s – 50% of Fed Budget
McCarthyism – 2nd Red Hunt:
Ends due to unsubstantiated charges against US Army
on T.V. Hearings
•
•
Played on Fears begins w/ accusations of zoo +
communists employed by US State Dept.
•
Greensboro, NC Sit-In 1960? Protest in Department
store lunch counters that were segregated; Led to student
meeting in Raleigh were Ella Baker, SLCC, and students form
their own org. (SNCC) ->
•
Little Rock 96 students & Fed Gov’t “Ike” Sent Us 101st
Airborne Div.; Reluctantly to school for a year to ensure
compliance w/ Brown Court decision
•
Two CIA Coups? Guatemala in 1954… Iran in 1953
•
Seato-1954-Diembienphu; Geneva Conference; 70th
Parallel
•
“Domino Theory” Elections?
Eisenhower Doctrine? Lebanon 1957
Rock & Roll? From Black musical traditions; 1956 Elvis
•
New Deal like Program? Unusual for Conservative Rep.
“Ike”; Fed Hwy Act, 1956 builds interstate hwys; Suburban
spread accelerated
•
Beats on the Road JR-1959
•
Not Just contain Communism but “Massive Retaliation”
– Cold War Strategy (John Foster Dulles – Sec. of State)
creates strategic Air Command w/ nukes airborne 24/7
•
Civil Rights Act, 1957; first since 1875
•
Suez Crisis; Sputnik; U-2 Affair 1960
•
1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott; Brown v. Board 1954;
Emitt Hill -1955
•
Ruska Haw. 1959
•
“Declaration of Constitutional Principles” – 1956; 199 S.
Congressmen sign pledge to fight Brown Court decision and
John F. Kennedy 1961-1963 “New Frontier”
•
Bay of Pigs Fiasco
•
Cuban Missile Crisis –Result
•
1962 Book –Environmental movement
o
Rachel Carson –Silent Spring
o
Removes missiles from turkey in exchange for Russia
missing from Cuba promised not to invade Cuba
25
•
Cut taxes on wealthy – to invigorate economy
•
American University “detente” speech after Cuban
missile crisis
•
Bay of Pigs
•
1963 march on Washington
•
CORE- 1942 union of Chicago students
•
SNCC- 1960 Raleigh students, Ella Baker
•
SCLC – 1957 Martin Luther King Jr. Ministers
•
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty -1963
•
JFK’s Administrations Achievements
o
Alliance for Progress (Latin American )
o
Peace Corp (world)
•
Defeats Nixon 1960 – 1st Televised debates
•
Massive retaliation not practical “Flexible Response”
•
Domino Theory in Vietnam
•
Robert Macuancra – Secretary of Defense
o
Ivy League Brain Trust
•
1861- Freedom Rides
•
Lee Harvey Oswald Kills Kennedy Nov. 22, 1963
•
Greensboro sit-ins 1960
L. B. Johnson 1963-1969 “Great society” “war on poverty”
Eventually lower the number of families living in poverty to its lowest levels ever
•
Deep divisions within American public in 1968 were
demonstrated by assassination RFK –MLK Jr.
Urban riots in cities
Antiwar demons at democratic convention in Chicago
•
WITCH
•
2nd wave feminism
•
Watts riots 1965
•
North Vietnamese… Ho Chi Minh… viet-cong
George Wallaces strong support in 1968 election in south and
come northern urban areas
•
Water quality act 1965
•
ship)
•
Thurgood marshall 1967 1st African American justice
in south Carolina
Gulf of Tonkin incident 1964 (Vietnam fires on US
Resolution – congress gives LBJ money and troops he wants
leads to “escalation in Vietnam”
[15,000-560,000]
•
(major) immigration act 1965 effect: immigration
from Asia increases significantly
•
Ed. Emp. Public acc.
•
Civil rights act 1964
•
Voting rights act 1965
•
Head start program
•
Medicaid and medicare 1965
•
Black panthers 1965 – Oakland
•
Black power movement
•
Pop art
•
N.O.W.
•
Cesar chavez – Delano grape strike California
Form workers union
•
N.O.W. – national organization of women (feminists)
Founded in order to challenge sex discrimination in the work
place
•
1964 election –V. Goldwater… conservative-states
rights … daisy tv commercial
•
Tet offensive 1968 – Vietnam (Vietnamese new
year) –began decline in popular support for war in USA (viet
cong was strong and could attack major cities in south
Vietnam)
•
Students for a democratic society (SDS) “new left” …
“pt. huron” statement
•
1964
Free speech movement… Mario savio…. Cal – berkely
26
•
Malcolm x breaks 1964 – assassination 1965… with
the nation of islam
•
24th amendment bans poll tax 1964
Richard Nixon (1969-1974)
•
1973 Yom Kippur War- OPEC- embargo- prices x 4
•
Kent St., Jackson St., Cambodia
•
Diplomacy under Nixon: ping- pong diplomacy
•
Spiro Agnew Resigns
•
China had become impt. Global power…
•
Ford V.P.
•
Visit to: China: 1972 and USSR--- Purpose: “Détente”
(Relaxing of tension of Cold War)--- Help w/ N. Vietnam to set
peace and war
•
Stonewall Riots 1969?
•
Woodstock Festival 1969
•
Election 1968: while conservative support “silent
majority”--- “law and order”--- Labor union support grows
•
Counter culture
•
Man on the moon, 1969
•
War Powers Act, 1973
•
Democrats divided over Vietnam
•
S.A.L.T. (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) Ex: of
détente w/ USSR
•
Vietnamization Policy- Reducing #’s of us troops
•
Huge inflation & stagnation of incomes leads to
“stag-flation” due to huge spending on Vietnam War &
programs of great societies war on poverty
•
Nixon Doctrine- US cannot anymore be police force
of the world
•
Nixon worked against busing as a solution to school
integration reversing progress since 1960’s…
•
“silent majority”
•
Clean Air Act
•
Credibility gap
•
Endangered Species Act
•
26th Amend. –Voting age 18
•
End draft 73’?
•
Pentagon Papers, 1971
•
Watergate- C.R.E.E.P.- hearings on TV begin 73’Coverup- tapes- Nixon v. US
•
O.P.E.C.- energy crisis
•
Title IX
•
SSI
•
High inflation rages of 1970s were due in part to
spending on social welfare programs (great society)
•
Busing
•
And spending on Vietnam War
•
Helsinki Accords with USSR ‘75
•
Bi – Centennial Celebration 1976
Gerald Ford
1974 – 1977
•
“ Our Long National Nightmare Is Over” – Vietnam
Ends in 1975
•
Ford’s pardon of Nixon
Jimmy Carter
1977 – 1981
•
Peanut Farmer
•
From Georgia
•
Because of “Credibility” Gap (Vietnam-Watergate)
being an “outsider” from Government a positive
27
•
Jimmy Carter’s Foreign Policy problem with Iran
Hostage Crisis (444 days)
•
Selective Service act – 1980
•
1979 – 52 American Hostages
•
1979 – 3 mile Island nuclear Plant in Pennsylvania
near disaster
•
The economy under Carter :
•
Vietnam draft dodgers pardoned
o
Rising unemployment
•
Panama Canal given to Panama in 2000
o
High interest Rates (20%)
•
Camp David Accords – Israel – Egypt Peace
Agreement
o
Inflation
o
Increased Gov’t spending
•
Dept. of energy – 1977
•
Boycott 1980 Moscow Summer Olympics
•
USSR invades Afghanistan in December of 1979
•
Grenada Invasion
•
Anti- Drug Campaign
•
“Evil Empire”- USSR
•
Gorbachev- Perestroika & Glasnost
•
PLO/ Hezbollah – Lebanon Marine Bombing- 1982
•
Clean Water Act- 1987
•
Strategic Defense Initiative- (Star Wars)
Ronald Reagan
1981-1989
•
Reaganomics- Supply Side Economics- Voodoo
Economics (George Bush)
•
Cut taxes on wealthy to increase tax revenue for
Government & stimulate the economy
•
“Trickle Down Theory” (1st used in 1920s with
Secretary of Treasury Andrew Mellon
•
President Election Campaign 1980- Too many taxes
•
Iran-Contra Affair- Secretly selling arms to Iran to get
their help in releasing hostages in Lebanon
•
Money from sales sent to anti-communist
(Sardinista) Contra Rebels in Nicaragua despite the
Congressional Ban
•
Moral Majority &Neoconservatives
•
Southern Democrats (Conservatives) begin to switch
parties to Republican
•
Reagan Revolution: Tax Cuts for wealthy +Huge
increase in deficit spending
•
Cut Social Spending Dramatically
•
Election of 1984- Mondale/ Geraldine Ferraro- 1st
woman on major ticket for President
•
Sandra Day O’Connor- 1st woman Supreme Court
Justice
George H.W. Bush I (Senior)
1989-1993
•
End of Cold War… Revolution of 89… Berlin Wall Falls
“Read my lips no new taxes”…. Broke promise
•
Americans with Disabilities Act, 1990
•
•
Operation Desert Storm
•
Loses in election of 1992 to W. Clinton due to:
•
Clarence Thomas who is accused of sexual
harassment by law school professor Anita Hill on TV…. Vote in
senate confirms Thomas 52-48
o
Ross Perot’s Candidacy
•
Invasion of Panama
o
Promised:
•
CIS – Boris Yeltsin
Appoints 2nd African-American to Supreme Court
28
William (Bill) Clinton…..”Slick Willie”
1993-2001
•
Impeached – Monica Lewinsky Affair 1999
o
Welfare to Work
•
North American Free Trade Agreement, 1993
o
US, Canada, Mexico
•
Rep. Congress… passes “Contract w/America” to
balance Budget 1998
•
Oklahoma City Bombing 195
•
Family Medical Leave Act, 1992
•
Welfare Reform Act, 1996
•
Welfare Cuts
•
$ Help to cities (urban improvement)
•
Black Hawk Down – Somalia
•
US troops to Yugoslavia w/UN Peacekeepers
George W. Bush II (Jr.)
2001-2009
•
Patriot Act 2001
•
Persian Gulf War
•
No child left behind
•
Iraq
o
Education Act
•
September 11th – 2001… Twin Towers Attacked
•
Bush Doctrine
18th Century
British colonists wishing to settle west of Appalachian mtns were motivated by… Cheap or Free Land won fairly.
Republican motherhood- Elevate Women to be the person responsible for our democracy due to their responsibility to educate
Young boys to be valuable educated citizens in a democracy…a by product is that women in the 1800’s slowly gain the ability to
attend secondary and even universities by the end of the Civil War.
Cult of Domesticity- woman’s place is in the home… A “Separate Sphere” for Women.
Great Awakening of 1740’s- emotion increased, new light/old light, new universities created, splits in denominations,
Methodists/Baptists, 1st mass movement of a united people
Women in USA 1790-1810- critical to educate a Republican citizenry…ie…rep motherhood
Immigrants from England and non-English: Germans, Scots, Irish, Dutch
Deism?
1st Great Awakening- Hell Fire Sermons- Jonathan Edwards “sinners in the hands of an angry God”
-affected divisions in congregational and Presbyterian churches
Slave population grows due to natural born African Am. Pop.. and the Atlantic Triangle Trade until 1808 when it is banned by
agreement at the Constitutional Convention 1n 1787…
19th Century
•
Ante-bellum-growth of slave population due to natural
reproduction
•
Support for slavery in the south was based on? (3)
•
Most Irish immigrants of 1840’s settle in?
29
•
Distinguishing feature of American Society in early
19th century? (newspapers)
•
Reconstruction-Econ. Development in south was
spread of share cropping/crop-lein system
•
Last ½ of 19th century “new south” advocates
support expansion of?
•
Slave power conspiracy 1840-50 northers fear due
to: New fugitive slave law, Ostend manifesto, dread scott
case, gag rule in congress
•
City bosses- urban political machines in late 19th
early 20th century helped poor imm. In exchange for what?
•
1st ½ 19th century- central and western NY known
as “Burned-over” district… why?
•
Southern Economy before civil war (ante-bellum)
was still…
•
Republican party 1850’s-60’s-(1854 begins KS-NB
act) position on slavery
•
Settlement House workers- Jane Addams-Hull
House-purpose
•
Social Darwinism- “survival of the fittest”- William
Graham Sumer
•
Market Revolution 1815-1860 effects of-
•
Henry Clay’s American system? Designed to meet
Americans need for econ. Progress-bank tariff gov’t money
for internal improvements
•
Ida B. Wells anti-lynching campaign
•
Transcendentalism-Emerson/Thoreau-individual
conduct guided by truth found in conscience
•
Post civil war feminist reaction to 15th amendment?
•
Booker t Washington(Atlanta compromise speech,
“separate as our fingers”) v. w.e.b dubois- NAACP founder
Niagra movement , souls of black folk, immediate
immigration and rights
•
2nd great awakening- encouraged evangelical
Christianity
Econ. Specialization
•
Mass prod. With machines
•
Transportation revolution(1790’s-1830’s) canals and
turnpikes steamboat(1840’s-1850’s) railroads steamships
Income gap
Org. labor begins
•
Gilded Age: vertical, Horizontal>integration
•
U.S. Government sends troops against striking
workers
•
Deflationary monetary policy
•
Fundamental Christianity- Bibles completely
accurate in all ways
•
Antebellum argument of slaves being better off than
free “wage slaves” factory workers begin 1930’s- TJ’s idea
that slavery is evil
•
parts
Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin (1793) and interchangeable
•
Frederick Jackson turners-speech 1893- Colombian
exposition Chicago. “The influence of the frontier on
American History”
•
Gospel of Wealth-Carnegie (do not help individuals
but society as a whole)
•
Jacob Riis- “How the other half lives”discusses?(imm. Poverty and despair)
Jim crow laws- (1880’s-1960’s)
•
1896 election farmers protest lost momentum after
due to: loss in 1896 election, huge immigration to cities which
led to higher prices for crops, crop failures in Europe which
led to higher prices for crops, gold discovered in Alaska in
1898 which led to inflation and silver loss momentum
•
Ante-bellum-growth of slave population due to
natural reproduction
•
Support for slavery in the south was based on? (3)
•
Most Irish immigrants of 1840’s settle in?
•
Distinguishing feature of American Society in early
19th century? (newspapers)
•
Last ½ of 19th century “new south” advocates
support expansion of?
•
City bosses- urban political machines in late 19th
early 20th century helped poor imm. In exchange for what?
•
1st ½ 19th century- central and western NY known
as “Burned-over” district… why?
•
Southern Economy before civil war (ante-bellum)
was still…
30
•
Republican party 1850’s-60’s-(1854 begins KS-NB
act) position on slavery
•
Jacob Riis- “How the other half lives”discusses?(imm. Poverty and despair)
•
Settlement House workers- Jane Addams-Hull
House-purpose
•
Reconstruction-Econ. Development in south was
spread of share cropping/crop-lein system
•
Social Darwinism- “survival of the fittest”- William
Graham Sumer
•
Slave power conspiracy 1840-50 northers fear due
to: New fugitive slave law, Ostend manifesto, dread scott
case, gag rule in congress
•
Market Revolution 1815-1860 effects of-
Econ. Specialization
Mass prod. With machines
Income gap
•
Henry Clay’s American system? Designed to meet
Americans need for econ. Progress-bank tariff gov’t money
for internal improvements
•
Ida B. Wells anti-lynching campaign
Org. labor begins
•
Transcendentalism-Emerson/Thoreau-individual
conduct guided by truth found in conscience
•
•
Gilded Age: vertical, Horizontal>integration
•
U.S. Government sends troops against striking
workers
•
Deflationary monetary policy
•
Fundamental Christianity- Bibles completely
accurate in all ways
•
Antebellum argument of slaves being better off than
free “wage slaves” factory workers begin 1930’s- TJ’s idea
that slavery is evil
•
parts
Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin (1793) and interchangeable
•
Frederick Jackson turners-speech 1893- Colombian
exposition Chicago. “The influence of the frontier on
American History”
Post civil war feminist reaction to 15th amendment?
•
Booker t Washington(Atlanta compromise speech,
“separate as our fingers”) v. w.e.b dubois- NAACP founder
Niagra movement , souls of black folk, immediate
immigration and rights
•
2nd great awakening- encouraged evangelical
Christianity
•
Jim crow laws- (1880’s-1960’s)
•
Transportation revolution(1790’s-1830’s) canals and
turnpikes steamboat(1840’s-1850’s) railroads steamships
•
1896 election farmers protest lost momentum after
due to: loss in 1896 election, huge immigration to cities which
led to higher prices for crops, crop failures in Europe which
led to higher prices for crops, gold discovered in Alaska in
1898 which led to inflation and silver loss momentum
•
Gospel of Wealth-Carnegie (do not help individuals
but society as a whole)
1820’s-1850’s


“Lowell System” – Farm girls move to mill’s to work.
A group of mills in and around Lowell, Mass expand.
Women have 1st strike in 1830’s… Commonwealth v.
Hunt in Mass. supreme court rules unions legal in
Mass. 1st time legal anywhere in USA.
Remember: Largest source of Government revenue
from 1789 – 1913 is the TARIFF –taxes collected on
Imported, foreign goods, Income tax briefly appears
during civil war, but is ruled unconstitutional soon
after and only becomes the major source of revenue
for the government after 1913 when the 16th
amendment is passed in 1913 and is applied to the
nation within the Underwood Tariff Bill. ????year



Irish-german imm. (old Imm) 1840’s and 50’s …. Irish
stay in cities ….take the place of many women
working in textile mills, Catholic in huge #’s, create
Urban political machines to support new imm. in
exchange for votes…. Nativism rises against catholics
and imm. Know-Nothing Political Party is created in
1850’s which want to restrict Roman Catholics from
holding political office.
Cattle Drives in West end with Fencing (Barbed Wire
invented by Joseph Glidden) late 1870’s 1880’s
Free African Americans during the Ante-bellum
period (1812-18600 # 250,000 in both north and
South, could own limited property and vote in some
areas…
31









Antebellum education reforms…Horace Mann-head
of Mass . schools… Noah Webster- 1st American
dictionary:
Compulsory school attendance, State/Local taxes to
finance schools (in North primarily), Teacher Training
schools, Standardize the length of the school year
(6mths –Mann)
Women’s Suffrage before 1900 in West…. Wyoming
1st in 1869, Jeanette Rankin , 1st woman
congressperson from Montana, 1914.
2nd Great Awakening 1790 – 1850’s… Charles
Grandison Finney (Methodist Minister travels
extensively across the US leading revivals)… expands
women’s roles in church… “Burned over District” –
Western NY so many revivals… , Based on Love not
fear…that people can do something, not powerless
due to predestination (Calvinism), to accept Christ
…their actions do matter. Issues such as Slavery and
Alcohol, lead to split in churches North and South
foreshadowing the coming split in Political Parties
and then the nation.. Leads to a host of reforms…
mentally ill (dorothea dix) Women’s rights (Seneca
falls conference , 1848) Utopian communitiesOneida, Harmony, Brook Farm, Transcendentalism,
end of Debtor’s Prisons, etc…
Gilded Age 1865 -1900 questions of monopolist
corporations are the owners Robber Baron’s or
Captains of Industry…JP Morgan, Carnegie,
Rockefeller, Vanderbuilt…..Vertical v. Horizontal
Integration…
Thomas Nast’s Political Cartoons in gilded age… puts
away Boss Tweed for municipal
corruption…Tammany Hall…NYC.
Most Common Form of Slave Resistance in the
1800’s: took place on plantations by slaves slowing
work and sabotaging tools etc..
Pulitzer and Hearst…Publishing giants of Gilded
Age…begin Yellow Journalism, a sensationalist and
sometimes misleading reporting to sell newspapers.
After War of 1812, begins the 1st era of “American
Literature” stories about America by Americans…







such as; Washington Irving’s – Legend of Sleepy
Hollow, William Cullen Bryant – Poet (Thanatopisis)
and Newspaper Editor in NYC, James Fennimore
Cooper – Last of the Mohicans… the 3 are called the
“Knickerbockers”…
Sewing Machine’s perfection begins the “ReadyMade Clothing Industry”… mass produced cheaper
clothes, fashion trends, sizes come during civil war
(for uniforms) …
Biggest problem for cities… purified Water.. Boston
and NYC before the civil war most cities after… less
death from disease… until solved it is one of the
leading causes of death in urban areas… impure
water.
Unions –post civil war…violent strikes… Knights of
Labor- a inclusive union, all but Chinese, works for
workers eventually becoming owners, cooperatives.
Suffers decline after “haymarket square bombing “
in Chicago 1880’s.. AF OF L American Federation of
Labor, Samuel Gompers, a union of unions… worked
just for more for workers simple goals, more
money, hours, better labor conditions etc.. IWW –
International Workers of the World… mostly in West
and Urban NE… Most Radical, Big Bill Haywood,
violent experiences in Colorado, California,
Washington… eventually many deported as
anarchists, communists on SS Buford in 1919 (year of
strikes following ww1… Seattle General Strike,
Boston Police Strike etc… )
1862 Morrill Land Grant Act… Gives states land in
west to sell, with money they are to create
Universities that focus on Agriculture, Sciences,
Engineering… A&M’s…
John Dewey – education reformer, “learn by doing”
late 19th century early 20th century, Hands On
Learning…
Unique American Philosophy develops in the late
19th early 20th century… PRAGMATISM--1st Graduate Schools are founded after the Civil War
in America, Johns Hopkins (Maryland) based on
German graduate school model.
19th Century Cont.




William Lloyd Garrison (liberator)- American AntiSlavery Society advocated immediate and
uncompensated emancipation.
Antebellum 1830’s – 1840’s development of new
“middle class” – urban development begins
separation of economic production from home &
family to factory
Gage Rule- 1830’s
Automatically tabled all anti- slavery tabled all anitslavery petitions in Congress (to avoid discussion
becoming tense)





Antebellum white Southerners fear of the spread of
anti-slavery sentinemtin1850’s was increased by:
o -Uncle Tom’s Cabin’s success
o -Blood Kansas- New England Emigrant air co
send’s “Becchers Bibles” to KS
Northern intellectual’s praise from John Brown’s
Raid on Harper’s Ferry
The New (1854) Startling success & growth of
republican (anti-slavery expansion west) Party
Grimke’s Sisters woman’s rights & Abolition
John Jacob Astor (1800’s- 1840’s)- 1st millionaire
“fur trade”
32




Morse code
Samuel F.B. Morse- Telegraph
Brigham Young Leads Mormons to “Deserts” –
Caterletah, 1890’s
 “Separate Spheres” for sexes cult of DomesticityHome appropriate place for a woman
 Manifest Destiny:
Jeff & Madison



KY & VA Resolutions -1790’s
Hartford Convetion-1814
SWC Exposition & Protest- 1830’s JC Calhoun
Use of land from settle agriculture instead of
nomadic hunting westward expansion was both
inevitable and beneficial God had selected American
as a chosen land and people the ultimate enfant of
the American Dwain was to be from the tropics to
the artic…
Advocates all states rights over national/
fed government
1870’s Farmers Complained about:
•
High interest charges(loans
•
Storage cots
•
•
Middlemen profits
High freight rates
Nation Cumberland Road constructed for the purpose of promotion trade and comm. w/ old NW(Ohio valley area)
Woman’s suffrage by 1919- Frontier life tended to promote the acceptance of greater political equlity for women
Equal Suffrage:
•
East of Miss.
•
Michigan 1918
•
NY 1917
West of Miss. :
•
Wyoming 1869
•
Colorado 1893
•
Idaho 1896
•
Utah 1896
•
Washington, Oregon, California, Nevada, Arizona,
Utah, Montana, South Dakota, Kansas, OK---- all in 1910’s1918
20th Century
At begin of Civil War Southerners Expressed all of the
following expectations
•
Materialism of the north would prevent Northerners
from fighting an idealistic war
•
Great Britain would intervene on the side of the
south in order to preserve its source of cotton
•
Northern unity would eventually break
•
The justice of the south ‘s cause would prevail
1900 – WW2 & (50s, 60s, 70s, 80s, etc.)
•
Union men falls 1950s to today
•
today.
Service Sector of Economy grows most 1950’s to
•
Suburbs and Sunbelt blossom in two decades after
WWII. (50s and 60s)
•
1900-1929 progressive movements key goal is to use
government power to regulate industry and working
conditions. Not socialism; more democracy.
•
Blank Panthers and Nation of Islam both advocated
Black Nationalism and power; A separateness.
•
Harlem Renaissance 1915- 1950’s... Black Artistic
and Literary Creativity
33
o
Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Harston, James
Weldon Johnson, Josephine Baker, Claude McKay, Gwendolyn
Brooks.
o
19th Women’s Suffrage
•
50’s Rock and Roll – Crossover Appeal (Race)
adopted from African American Rhythm and Blues
•
Phyllis Schally’s stop era campaign
•
1920’s Immigration Laws (21, 24, 29)
•
Betty Friedan – “Feminist Mystique” Unknown
sickness a mystery to women in 50s.
•
National Origins … Quote …
•
Reality and public image different adv. Pop culture.
•
(Old)
Restrict S&S Europeans (New) favor N&N Europe’s
•
N.O.W
•
1960s – many felt frustration and lack of fulfillment
•
Core.
1950s and 1960s – Non-violent protests. SCLC, SNCC,
•
Criticized Gender Roles
o
MLK Junior
o
Strictly Char Michael
o
John Lewis
o
Diane Wash
o
Ella Baker
•
1920-s Sacco and Vanzetti Trial
o
2nd rise of KKK
o
Fear of new immigration; black migration to north
•
1970s De industrialization effects:
o
Increasing service sector of economy rust bust
around Great Lakes. Erosion of tax base in many
cities/communities decrease in Real wages for manufacture
sector workers
•
•
20’s – Presidents’ Tax Cuts for wealthy trickledown
(Reagan 80s)
•
Later SDS – Free Speech movement on college
campuses (Sit ins)
•
1960-s Civil Rights Movement split after 1965 – Black
Power vs. Non-violence.
•
Marcus Garvey’s United Negro improvement
association.
•
1920’s Black Separatism Black is beautiful. Largest
group in history.
•
1950’s Beat Movement? JK “on the road “
•
Critics? David Reisman – Conformity
•
Anti-War Movement
•
Margaret Sanger – Birth Control – (Pill 1960)
o
Planned Parenthood
•
Progressive Movement 1901 – 1919
•
Middle Class Movement wanted more democracy.
1920s – flappers
o
Women who showed greater freedom in press and
moral behavior.
•
•
1960s – Sit-ins used first by SNCC – College Students
for Civil Rights
Muckrakers:
o
Invest journalists who wrote accurate articles
exposing articles exposing corruption in politics and urban
poverty.
•
Horatio Alser Stories for youth… success through
hard work.
•
Progressive Era Amendments:
o
16th Income Tax
o
17th Direct Election Senators
o
18th Prohibition
•
Belief in trained professionals to find rational
scientific based solutions to society’s problems.
•
Squeezed from above by monopolists below by
socialists.
•
“Muckraking” Writers:
o
Opponents of urban boss politics.
•
1920s – Post War Writers
o
Not from N.E
34
o
Disillusioned by WW1 – Conformity traditional
values.
o
F. Scott Fitzgerald
o
Mencken
o
Sinclair Lewis
•
Trickle Down – supply side economics vs. Keynesian
Economics - Bubble up
•
Cut taxes on wealthy to invigorate economy
benefits.
o
Trickle Down
o
20’s until crash
o
80’s Reagan (Really Keynesian: 2 trillion deficit from
military)
•
Federal government borrows money to spending
into deficit and goes to lower class and creates jobs.
•
Bubble Up benefit
•
1960’s Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring
o
Mother of modern conservation movement warned
about the use of pesticides.
•
Noble Experiment
o
Prohibition fails due to 18th – 21st Amendment; Law
enforcement challenges.
•
1970s and 1980s trends.
o
Rise of divorce rate – Single parent households.
o
Rise of Christian Fundamentalism – “Moral Majority”
o
Consumer Gay Rights Women
o
Chreano Indian Environmental Movements
o
Rise of “new Right” – moral majority and
neoconservatives / south southwest evangelical Protestants
opposed USSR strongly. Little government in intervention in
economy.
•
Great Depression begins in agriculture 1st
immigration post WW1 – 1920’s... prices drop dramatically.
•
The 1970s-
o
Rising of prices
o
Greater participation in work force of women
o
Increased economic competition from W. Europe
and Japan
o
Simultaneous inflation and recession known as
“stagflation”…
•
Malcolm X Challenges MLK JR in the early 60’s for
leadership in C.R. Movement by arguing that you should use
violence if necessary.
•
McCarthyism had widespread public support due to
the fear of communist infiltration of USA.
Supreme Court Cases
•
Marbury V. Madison - 1803
•
Schechter V. US – 1935
•
Slaughterhouse Cases - 1873
•
Schenk V. US – 1910’s
•
Civil rights Cases, - 1893
•
Gideon V. Wainwrights – 1963
•
Miranda V. Arizona - 1966
•
Munn V. Illinois – 1877
•
Roe V. Wade - 1973
•
Swann V. Mecklenburg city – 1972
•
Plessy V. Ferguson – 1896
•
Escobedo V. Illinois – 1964
•
Brown V. Board of Education, Topeka Ks – 1954
•
Planned Parenthood V. Casey – 1992
•
Univ. of California V. Bakke – 1978
•
Wabash V. Illinois – 1886
•
Dred Scott V. Sanford – 1857
•
Muller V. Oregon, 1906
•
Korematsu V. Us – 1944
•
Hammer V. Dagenhart
•
Miranda V. US – 1960’s
•
McCulloch V. Maryland – 1819
35
•
Gibbons V. Ogden – 1825
•
US V. E.C. Knight Co. – 1895
•
Worcester V. Georgia – 1832
•
Engle V. Vitale – 1962
Scopes Trial – 1925
Legal proceedings
•
Zenger V. NY – 1741
•
•
Scopes Case – 1920 (Monkey Trial)
•
Amistad – 1840
•
Commonwealth v. Hunt, 1840 (mass. unions legal,
1st time)