Compounds containing carbon that make up living things

 Most of a living thing is water
(40-92%)
 The bulk of the remaining matter is organic compounds and contain carbon

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 composed of C, H, and O; in a 1:2:1 ratio (i.e. C
6
H
12
O
6
)
 called the sugars
 ring shaped molecules

Structural formula of a simple carbohydrate

Abbreviated structural formula

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Small monomers bond to form polymers

Polymers can be broken down into monomers

 main energy source for all living things (used in cell respiration)
 short-term energy storage
 Cellulose makes up plant cell walls
 Complex carbohydrates
(polysaccharides) make up fiber in the human digestive system

 Atoms in carbohydrates are used to make other compounds in the body
 Glycogen is a carbohydrate made from long chains of glucose; stored in the liver
 Starch is long chains of carbohydrates made by plants

When carbohydrates are consumed…
 Bonds between the larger carbohydrate molecules are broken so that simple sugars can be absorbed into the bloodstream.
 The bloodstream carries the simple sugars to cells throughout the body.
 Once inside the cells, simple sugars are used as fuel in the process of cellular respiration, releasing energy which is stored as ATP.

 composed of C, H and O (one type contains phosphorus)
 formed by bonding glycerol and fatty acids (3 fatty acids can bond to a glycerol molecule)

 wax (covering of plants to prevent evaporation of
H
2
O)
 oil (energy storage in plants; liquids at room temperature)

 fats (long term energy storage in animals and insulation; solid at room temperature)
 phospholipids (make up cell membranes)

When fats are consumed…
 Molecules are broken down absorbed into the bloodstream.
 The glycerol and fatty acid molecules are carried by the blood stream throughout the body.
 Once inside the cell, glycerol and fatty acids are stored for later use or used as fuel for cellular respiration if there are no carbohydrates available.

 composed of C, H, O, N and sometimes S
 there are 20 different types of amino acids that bond in long chains
 12 of the amino acids are made by the human body; the rest must be consumed in food

Basic structure of an amino acid

Proteins are long chains of amino acids

The amino acids make bonds with each other to form a globular shape

Antibody and flu virus

• antibodies
• collagen
• enzymes
• contractile proteins found in muscle
• most hormones (such as insulin)
• transport proteins in membranes
• keratin in hair and nails

When proteins are consumed…
 Bonds are broken and individual amino acids are absorbed into the bloodstream.
 The amino acids are carried by the blood stream to cells throughout the body.
 Once inside the cell, they are used as raw materials to make all proteins required by the organism.
 Proteins are only used as energy AFTER carbohydrates and lipids are used. (Which doesn’t usually happen!)

• deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
• ribonucleic acid (RNA)
• makes up the genetics of a cell

What are the monomers of proteins?
• amino acids
• nucleotides
• glycerol and fatty acids
• monosaccharides

DNA & RNA belong to which group of compounds?
• proteins
• lipids
• nucleic acids
• carbohydrates

What compounds are made from glycerol and fatty acids?
• proteins
• lipids
• nucleic acids
• polysaccharides

• carbohydrates
• lipids
• proteins
• nucleic acids