Human Body
Systems:
Chapters 37, 38, 40
Chapter 37: Circulatory System

Bill Nye: Circulation

Or: Bill Nye Circulation
Questions:
 Page 950: 1-5
 Page 955: 1-5


Our circulatory system is
made up of:
a) Heart
 b) Blood vessels
 c) Blood

Needed to transport
nutrients and wastes, but
especially oxygen through
our bodies.

Unicellular organisms don’t need it:
The Heart:
Center of chest
 About size of your fist
 Almost entirely muscle; called myocardium

Septum: separates right and
left sides to keep oxygen- poor
blood from mixing with
oxygen-rich blood.

Each side has two chambers:
atrium (receives blood)
ventricle (pumps blood)

Valves: flaps of tissue that
open and close to keep blood
flowing in one direction.

The Heart:
Blood Vessels:
Arteries: Carry blood
away from heart to body
(aorta is largest and first)

Veins: Return oxygenpoor blood to heart/lungs
from the body

Capillaries:
Small
branches
connecting
arteries and
veins

Blood:
Plasma: 55% of blood,
mostly water, but also
nutrients, gases, salts,
hormones, enzymes etc
Other 45% of blood is:
a) Red blood cells:
Carry oxygen
b) White blood cells:
Part of immune system;
attack/eat up foreign
substances
Page
950: 1-5
Page
955: 1-5
1. Differentiate between pulmonary and
systemic circulation.
2. What are varicose veins?
3. What is systolic and diastolic pressure?
4. What are two ways that your body can
regulate your blood pressure?
5. a) What is atherosclerosis?
b) What are the consequences?
6. Describe the process of blood clotting.
Circulation Bingo:
Myocardium
 Heart attack
 Artherosclerosis  Anemia
 Plasma
 Leukemia
 Red blood cells
 Septum
 White blood cells  Atrium
 Blood vessels
 Ventricle
 Arteries
 Valves
 Plasma
 Pacemaker
 Veins
 Aorta
 Capillaries

Pulmonary
circulation
 Systemic
circulation
 High blood
pressure
 Hemoglobin
 Lymphocytes
 Platelets
 Lymph

A) Cellular respiration:
-Release of energy due to the break
down of food in your cells.
-Takes place in mitochondria
B) Organism level respiration:
-“Process of gas exchange”
-Release of CO2 and the uptake of
O2, between lungs and environment.
Parts of the Respiratory System:
Nose: hairs filter dirt/dust from air.
Nasal cavity: mucus traps particles; cilia
push mucus back toward nostrils.
Pharynx: passageway for air and food.
Larynx: vocal cords(at top of trachea).
Trachea: windpipe (no food should enter).
Bronchi: passageways that lead to lungs.
Lungs: air sacs called alveoli exchange O2
and CO2. This process is called diffusion.
1. Why do we need cilia for respiration?
2. Why do we need mucus for respiration?
3. Why do we need alveoli for respiration?
4. How does your diaphragm work?
5. We breathe automatically; we can’t decide
to start/stop breathing because our body
won’t let us. Explain.
6. What is emphysema?
1. Cilia sweep the trapped particles and mucus
away from the lungs towards the pharynx.
2. Mucus is needed to moisten the air and trap
Particles such as dust/smoke etc.
3. The alveoli are the tiny air sacs that
exchange the oxygen and carbon dioxide
involved in respiration.
4. Diagram pg 959: Your diaphragm is needed
to draw air/oxygen into your lungs and also to
Exhale air/carbon dioxide out. Your diaphragm
lowers when you breathe in (sucks in air) and
rises/contracts when you exhale, pushing air out.
5. Your nervous system will cause breathing
to “kick in”. The medulla oblongata (brain
area) detects carbon dioxide levels in the
blood and if they are too high, then you
breathe (yawn etc). Your body does not
recognize when oxygen levels are too low!
6. Emphysema is a loss of elasticity in the
lung tissue caused by smoking etc. It makes
breathing difficult and makes it hard to get
enough oxygen etc.
Bill Nye Respiratory System Questions:
1.What do we do with the oxygen that we
breathe into our bodies from the air?
2.What are alveoli?
3.Describe and explain how your right lung is
different from your left lung.
4. What causes the burning sensation in your
muscles when you are exercising vigorously?
5.What is the chemical ATP used for?
6.What does mucus do for us?
1.We combine it with molecules in the food we
eat to give us energy.
2. Tiny air sacs in your lungs for gas exchange.
3. It’s bigger and divided into three parts, while
your left lung is divided into two parts. The size
difference is due to your heart taking up space.
4. The accumulation of carbon dioxide.
5. Storing and releasing energy (made when
oxygen is combined with food).
6. It traps dust and smoke particles to keep them
from getting in our lungs.
Chapter 38: Digestion
Digestion:
Breaking down
food into forms that
your body can use.

We need: water,
carbohydrates, fats,
proteins, vitamins
and minerals.
Digestion begins in
the mouth with saliva,
where enzymes such as
amylase help break
down food into simpler
molecules for absorption
by cells.
Saliva, stomach acid, bile etc =
Chemical digestion
Chewing + grinding with teeth =
Mechanical digestion
Parts of the digestive system:
1) Mouth:
4 kinds of teeth
(mechanical
breakdown)

and
Saliva
(chemical
breakdown)
2) Pharynx:
-Passageway for
both air and food

3) Esophagus:
-Long muscular tube
-Connects mouth to
stomach.
-Contractions of its
muscles forces the
food downward;
called peristalsis.
4) Stomach:
-Mechanical + chemical
digestion happen here.
-Muscles twist, churn
up food.
-During these
movements,
gastric juices
(mucus, pepsin,
hydrochloric acid)
Help with chemical
break down also,
producing chyme.
5) Small intestine:
-Narrow, coiled tube.
-Location of majority of
chemical breakdown +
absorption.
-Digestive juices made
by pancreas + liver are
added here.
-Once changed into
usable forms, food is
ready to be absorbed
into the bloodstream.
6) Large intestine:
-Undigested material
enters here.
-Water + minerals are
absorbed into blood.
-Solid waste material
moves into the lower
part, called the
rectum.
Ulcer:
Stomach acids digest
away the lining of the
stomach or the small
intestine and a sore or
hole is made.

The Excretory System:
Organs that remove waste products.
 Includes lungs, skin, kidneys etc.

Kidneys: remove excess water, salts and
urea from blood using filtering structures
called nephrons. (Diagram, page 986)
Kidneys also maintain blood pH, regulate
water content and volume of blood etc.
*Homeostasis?
Urination:
Urine leaves each
kidney through a tube
called the ureter.

Each ureter carries
urine to the urinary
bladder for storage.

The urethra is the
tube that carries urine
outside the body.

Excretory problems:
Kidney stones:
Buildup of calcium,
usually passed
through urethra.
Treatments:
a) Medication to
dissolve or break up
b) Surgically removed
c) Sound waves to
break them up
Excretion through skin:
Sweat glands release waste products
through perspiration.

Perspiration is a liquid waste including
water, salts and some urea.

Each sweat gland has a small tube leading
to an opening on the surface of the skin
called a pore.

Frog Dissection:

Begin with the pre-lab questions on your
handout, use the Heath Biology texts to
find information and labeled diagrams.

Handouts (write-ups) are due on
Wednesday or before.
Chapters 37/38 review assign:
Page
 Page
 Page
 Page


967:
969:
993:
995:
1-10
1-10
4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10
1-6
32 points total, due tomorrow-will help you
prepare for the test.
After the test:
Frog
dissection handout
due tomorrow (Pg 540
in Heath text)
Start
reading chapter 40
In your book
(Immune System)
The Immune System and Disease:
Disease: Disrupts normal body functions (not due to
injury).
Pathogens: Things that cause disease.
Germ theory: Idea that diseases are caused by
microorganisms. (Pasteur, Koch etc.)
Vectors: Animals that carry pathogens from host to
host.
Antibiotics: Compounds that kill bacteria without
harming the host cells.
How diseases are spread:
1) Person to person
(ex: influenza)
2) Contaminated food
or water (ex: hepatitis)
3) Infected animals
(ex: rabies)
Over the counter drugs only
Treat symptoms; not actual
cause.
Best treatment for most
Infections: rest, good diet, and
plenty of fluids.
Two categories of immune
System defense:
A) Non-specific defenses
B) Specific defenses
A) Non-specific defenses:
(First line of defense)
1) Physical and chemical
barriers (skin, mucus,
sweat, tears etc.)
-Chemicals in these are
natural disinfectants.
Non-specific defenses
continued:
2) Inflammatory response
-WBC’s (mostly phagocytes)
engulf and “eat” the bacterial
cells causing the infection.
-Accompanied by fever which
slows down/kills the bacteria
and pumps blood (WBC’s) to
the area of infection quicker.
B) Specific Defenses:
(Second line of defense)
If pathogen gets past first line,
it is attacked by immune
system, this attack is called the
“immune response”.
Immune response: A specific
form of defense against infection(s)
in your body, triggered by antigens.
Antigen: Substance that triggers immune
response.
Antibodies: Proteins that recognize and bind
To antigens. (attack pathogens)
Vaccination: Injection of a weakened/dead
form of a pathogen to produce
antibodies/immunity.
Page 1031-1034: 1. A) What are at least 3 causes of
disease? B) Give an example of a disease caused by each.
Page 1042-1043: 2. A)What is the difference between
passive and active immunity?
B) Give an example to explain each type.
Page 1043-1044: 3. A) What are histamines? B) What
are antihistamines?
Page 1044: 4. What is asthma and how does it cause
disease? 5. What is an autoimmune disease? (Use examples)
Page 1045-1047: 6. A) How is HIV transmitted from one
person to another? B) How does HIV cause disease and
spread itself within the body?
Page 1052-1053: 7. A) What are some causes of cancer?
B) Explain how each factor actually causes the disease.