Chapter Introduction
Section 1: Interpersonal Attraction
Section 2: Social Perception
Section 3: Personal Relationships
Chapter Objectives ·
Section 1
Interpersonal Attraction
Explain how we depend on others
to survive and the factors that
influence our attractions to others.
Chapter Objectives ·
Section 2
Social Perception
Describe the ways in which we
explain the behavior of others by
making judgments about them
based on our perceptions of them.
Chapter Objectives ·
Section 3
Personal Relationships
Explore the different types of love
and relationships people
experience throughout their lives.
Main Idea
We depend on others to survive. We are
attracted to certain people because of factors
such as proximity, reward values, physical
appearance, approval, similarity, and
complementarity.
Vocabulary
• social psychology
• social cognition
• physical proximity
• stimulation value
• utility value
• ego-support value
• complementarity
Objectives
• Discuss why we need friends.
• List and explain the factors involved in
choosing friends.
How important is your social circle in
your life?
A. Extremely important
B. Kind of important
C. Not really important
0%
A
A. A
B. B
C.0%C
B
0%
C
Why You Need Friends
• Social psychology
• Social cognition
• Being around other humans is a habit that
we acquire beginning at birth.
• Social psychologist have found that we
need company most when we are afraid or
anxious, and we also need company when
we are unsure of ourselves and want to
compare our feelings with other peoples’.
Why You Need Friends (cont.)
• Many individuals use the performance of
others as a basis for self-evaluation.
• Friendship also offers support in trying
times.
Schachter’s Results
Do you ever hug your friends?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Sometimes
0%
A
A. A
B. B
C.0%C
B
0%
C
How You Choose Friends
• Factors in friend-choice:
– Physical proximity—the distance from
one another that people live or work is
one of the most important factors in
determining whether two people will
become friends.
How You Choose Friends (cont.)
– Rewards values are another reason
people become friends:
• Stimulation value
• Utility value
• Ego-support value
How You Choose Friends (cont.)
– Physical appearance—people tend to
hold more positive views of physically
attractive people than those people who
are not attractive.
– Approval—we choose friends who agree
with and support us—they provide egosupport value.
How You Choose Friends (cont.)
– Similarity—we tend to choose friends
whose backgrounds, attitudes, and
interests are similar to our own.
How You Choose Friends (cont.)
• Reasons we choose friends:
– Agreement about what is stimulating,
worthwhile, or fun provides the basis for
sharing activities.
– Most of us feel uneasy around people
who are constantly challenging our
views.
– People who agree about things usually
find it easier to communicate with each
other.
How You Choose Friends (cont.)
• Some people do choose friends or mates
who are complementarity
What is the ability of a person to provide
another person with sympathy,
encouragement, and approval?
A. Physical proximity
B. Stimulation value
C. Utility value
D. Ego-support value
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Main Idea
We explain the behavior of others by making
judgments about them. Our judgments are
influenced by our perceptions of others.
Vocabulary
• primacy effect
• stereotype
• nonverbal
communication
• attribution theory
• fundamental attribution error
• actor-observer bias
• self-serving bias
Objectives
• Explain how we use first impressions and
schemas.
• Describe several factors that influence
how we interpret other’s behavior.
Do you feel that first impressions
shape your future view of a person?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
First Impressions
• Primacy effect
– First impressions sometimes become a
self-fulfilling prophecy.
First Impressions (cont.)
• A schema is the knowledge or set of
assumptions that we develop about any
person or event.
– Schemas allow us to organize information
and predict behavior so that we can
respond appropriately in social situations.
– Schemas can influence and distort our
thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors.
– We also form schemas about events.
First Impressions (cont.)
• Stereotype
– They can be negative or positive, and
should be modified by experience.
Have you ever been guilty of stereotyping
someone and found that you were wrong?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
Attribution Theory
• Attribution theory
– Internal attributions (dispositional)—
personal characteristics.
– External attributions (situational)—acting
in response to a situation.
Attribution Theory (cont.)
• Fundamental attribution error
• Actor-observer bias
• Self-serving bias
What is a tendency to claim success is
due to our efforts, while failure is due to
circumstances beyond our control?
A. Fundamental attribution
error
0%
D
0%
A
D. Attribution theory
A
B
C
0%
D
C
C. self-serving bias
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
B. Actor-observer bias
Nonverbal Communication
• Nonverbal communication
• Many of the gestures we make and
postures we adopt are governed by very
subtle social rules.
Which is a nonverbal communication?
A. Winking at someone
B. Sneezing
C. Talking with someone
D. None of the above
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Main Idea
People experience different types of love and
relationships throughout their lives.
Vocabulary
• generational identity
Objectives
• Describe sources of parent-adolescent
conflict.
• Describe different types of love.
How many children do you plan to
have?
A. 0
B. 1–2
C. 3–4
D. 5 or more
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Parent-Child Relationships
• Erik Erikson believed that parent-child
relationships could influence people’s later
adult expectations about their relationships
with the significant people in their lives.
• Parents also provide the first model of a
marital relationship.
• Parent-child conflict may develop during
adolescence.
Parent-Child Relationships (cont.)
• Causes:
– Generational identity
– Changes in both the parent and child
over the years.
– The parent and child have different
ideologies and concerns.
Do you have different viewpoints than
your parents?
A. Almost always
B. Sometimes
C. Not very often
0%
A
A. A
B. B
C.0%C
B
0%
C
Love Relationships
• Two common types of love:
– Passionate love—intense, sensual, and
all-consuming love.
– Companionate love—friendship, liking
someone, mutual trusting, and wanting
to be with him or her.
Sigmund Freud
Love Relationships (cont.)
• Liking is based primarily on respect for
another person and the feeling that he or
she is similar to you.
Love Relationships (cont.)
• Zick Rubin identified three major
components of romantic love:
– Need—a longing, hunger for that other
person.
– Caring—the desire to give.
– Intimacy—special knowledge of each
other derived from uncensored selfdisclosure.
Love Relationships (cont.)
• Rubin found that women expressed the
same degree of love for her partner as he
did for her.
Love Relationships (cont.)
• Robert Sternberg’s triangular theory of
love contends that love is made up of
three parts that are present in various
combinations:
– Intimacy
– Passion
– Commitment
Triangular Theory of
Love
Love Relationships (cont.)
• Two principles tend to govern behavior
leading to successful marriages:
– Endogamy—the tendency to marry
someone who is from one’s own social
group.
– Homogamy—the tendency to marry
someone who has similar attributes.
Love Relationships (cont.)
• Healthy adjustments to marriage seems to
hinge on whether:
– the couple’s needs are compatible.
– the husband’s and wife’s images of
themselves coincide with their images of
each other.
– they agree on what the husband’s and
wife’s roles in the marriage are.
Love Relationships (cont.)
• Most people who end up divorced
experience “separation shock”—a period
of mourning that lasts until the person
suddenly realizes that he or she has
survived.
Love Relationships (cont.)
• Children have a harder time adjusting to
divorce because they:
– usually do not want the divorce to occur.
– might not understand the reasons for the
divorce.
– can’t exercise any control over the
situation.
– are not emotionally mature enough to
deal with the experience.
Which type of love do you think is more
important in a successful marriage?
A. Passionate
B. Companionate
C
A
0%
A. A
B. B
0% C0%
C.
B
C. Both are equal
Schachter’s Results
These graphs show the results of Schachter’s experiment about the effects of anxiety
on affiliation.
Triangular Theory of Love
Intimacy refers to the feeling part of love—as when we feel close to another. Passion is
love’s motivating aspect—feeling physically aroused and attracted to someone.
Commitment is the thinking component—when we realize that a relationship is love and
we desire to maintain that relationship over time.
Sigmund Freud
1856–1939
“Martha is mine, the sweet
girl of whom everyone
speaks with admiration, who
despite all my resistance
captivated my heart at our
first meeting, the girl I feared
to court and who came
toward me with high-minded
confidence, who
strengthened the faith in my
own value and gave me new
hope and energy to work
when I needed it most.”
Chapter Concepts
Transparencies
Correcting Attribution Errors
Parent-Child Relationships
Select a transparency to view.
social psychology: the study of how our
thoughts, feelings, perceptions, and
behaviors are influenced by interactions
with others
social cognition: focuses on how we
perceive, store, and retrieve information
about social interactions
physical proximity: the distance of one
person to another person
stimulation value: the ability of a person
to interest you in or to expose you to new
ideas and experiences
utility value: the ability of a person to
help another achieve his or her goals
ego-support value: the ability of a
person to provide another person with
sympathy, encouragement, and approval
complementarity: the attraction that
often develops between opposite types
of people because of the ability of one to
supply what the other lacks
primacy effect: the tendency to form
opinions about others based on first
impressions
stereotype: a set of assumptions about
people in a given category summarizing
our experience and beliefs about groups
of people
attribution theory: a collection of
principles based on our explanations of
the causes of events, other people’s
behavior
fundamental attribution error: an
inclination to over attribute others’
behavior to internal causes (dispositional
factors) and discount the situational
factors contributing to their behavior
actor-observer bias: tendency to
attribute one’s own behavior to outside
causes but attribute the behavior of
others to internal causes
self-serving bias: a tendency to claim
success is due to our efforts, while failure
is due to circumstances beyond our
control
nonverbal communication: the process
through which messages are conveyed
using space, body language, and facial
expression
generational identity: the theory that
people of different ages tend to think
differently about certain issues because
of different formative experiences
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