The Rise of Industry
The Industrial Revolution
The Transportation Revolution
Introduction

In the 1830s, almost all Americans
lived on farms or in small rural villages.

Very few Americans lived in cities.

All of this began to change because of
the Industrial Revolution.
Industrial Revolution
The IR is when
people stopped
making stuff at
home and started
making stuff in
factories.
Industrial Revolution in England

The Industrial Revolution began in
England.

Farmers began using new scientific
techniques to grow more food.

New inventions, such as the spinning
jenny (James Hargreaves) and the
steam engine allowed people to make
goods more efficiently.

People began making goods by
machines in factories.
British Spinning Jenny (as depicted 1818)
Richard Arkwright:
“Pioneer of the Factory System”
The “Water Frame”
Industrial Revolution

As the production of textiles and other
goods increased, the price for these
goods fell, leading to an increase in
demand.

Producers were able to produce for
mass markets rather than just a few
customers.

These changes set in motion a chain
reaction known as the Industrial
Revolution.
Industrial Revolution in America

From Great Britain, the Industrial
Revolution spread to the United States.

In the 1790s, Samuel Slater built from
memory a British machine that made
cotton fibers into thread. He broke a
major law in Great Britain.

Slater’s spinning mill in Rhode Island
introduced the factory system to the
United States.
Samuel Slater
"Mule Spinning" in Samuel Slater's
mill. Rhode Island System
Industrial Revolution in America

Slater’s factory was soon copied by
other manufacturers.

During the War of 1812, merchants
could no longer import manufactured
goods from England, so they invested
in their own factories.

In 1822, textile factories opened in New
England.

Many of the workers were immigrants.
Industrial Revolution in America

Eli Whitney, a New England inventor,
encouraged American manufacturers to use
standardized interchangeable parts. Whitney
became quite famous for building muskets
with interchangeable parts. These were the
easiest and fastest guns to make. They
became very popular due to their lower cost.
In 1798, the federal government--fearing war
with France--awarded Eli Whitney a contract
of $134,000 to produce and deliver
10,000 muskets.

As a result of these changes, textiles and
other goods began to be made in factories
with the help of machines instead of in small
workshops and homes.
WAR OF 1812

The war stopped the US from getting
manufactured goods from Europe. If
the US citizens wanted manufactured
goods they would have to learn how to
make them

The cost of starting a business is high

Let me show you
Job cost analysis
(remember read and note the concept)

type of machinery or equipment needed

total hours each machine is needed on the job

total cost per hour for each machine

total cost for each machine

the hours needed for each activity or worker to complete the
job

the total hourly cost for each activity or each worker

the total labor cost of completing the job

the specific materials needed

the amount of each material needed

the actual cost (before markup) of each material

the total material cost
Much less headache for
someone else to just make the
good ?

YES!!!!

But then you are depending on
someone else to make your goods

After the War of 1812, the US decided
to take the hard road and make their
own goods
1. Before he came to America, Samuel Slater was a
a.weaver in Britain.
b.farmworker in Britain.
c.skilled mechanic in Britain.
d.textile-mill owner in Britain.
____
2.In the early 1700s, most people in Europe and the United States were
a.merchants.
b.carpenters.
c.skilled workers.
d.farmers.
____
3.The first successful textile mill in the United States was established in
a.1790 at Pawtucket, Rhode Island.
b.1769 by Richard Arkwright.
c.Waltham, Massachusetts, by Francis Cabot Lowell.
d.Lowell, Massachusetts, by the Boston Manufacturing Company.
____
4.Before the War of 1812, Americans were reluctant to build new factories
and machinery because
a.the Gibbons v. Ogden decision discouraged commerce between states.
b.New England lacked the fast-flowing rivers needed to power the mills.
c.Eli Whitney’s new principle made factories seem obsolete.
d.British manufacturers could produce large amounts of goods and charge lower
prices.
SECTION 2

Samuel Slater’s factor grew in Rhode
Island

To increase production, he hired entire
families to work at his mills

He was able to pay children very low
wages but at least the entire family was
producing an income

Rhode Island System
Francis Cabot Lowell and the
Waltham System

Lowell travels to England

Builds 1st fully integrated textile mill in
Waltham, MA (1814)

Use of unskilled workers

Avoided organized labor

Waltham System - recruited daughters
of farmers as workers
Mill workers outside a Lowell boarding house
Lowell Workers

3/4 young farm women (in early years)

Lived in boarding houses

1830’s typical wage: $12-14 /month

Worked 14 hour days with only Sunday
off (until 1853)

Very dangerous conditions
Boston Manufacturing Company mill
on the Charles River in Waltham (1830)
Mill Workers

Feb. 1834 - Strike!

1836

1840’s - petitions for 10-hour day

New influx of immigrants

By 1845 Irish immigrants dominant
- more protest
Rapid Growth of Textile Mills
Spindles in the United States (1805-1860)
6,000,000
5,000,000
4,000,000
3,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
60
18
50
18
40
18
31
18
25
18
20
18
15
18
10
18
09
18
07
18
18
05
0

Sarah G. Bagley fought for shorter
working days for the women in Lowell

Federal employees were ranted a 10hour work day before private
employees were. President Martin Van
Buren was in office
review
The fiThe first textile mill using the Lowell system was built in
a.Waltham, Massachusetts, in 1814.
b.Boston, Massachusetts, in 1793.
c.Lowell, Massachusetts, in 1823.
d.Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1807.
To convince business owners to listen to them, workers sometimes
staged strikes,
a.voting for candidates who agreed with them.
b.destroying machines and equipment, thus disabling the factory.
c.refusing to work until employers met union demands.
d.working for other companies until their original employer raised
salaries.
Section 3
The Transportation Revolution

Other important changes occurred in
the way people moved from one place
to another.

This further encouraged
industrialization and westward
expansion.
The Transportation Revolution

The removal of Native Americans and
the sale of cheap federal land
encouraged people to move west.

But as the nation expanded, travel
overland became a problem.

Travel by road was both expensive and
time-consuming.

Roads tended to be unpaved and
became very muddy with heavy rains.
The Transportation Revolution

In 1806, the federal government
agreed to finance the National
(Cumberland) Road, which was to run
from Cumberland, Maryland, across
the Appalachian Mountains to Ohio.

Henry Clay’s American System sought
to unite sections of the country by
building additional roads with federal
money.
The Transportation Revolution

In the 1800s, it was easier to ship
goods by water than by land.

New York began building a 360-mile
canal to connect Lake Erie to the
Hudson River.

The Erie Canal was completed in 1825.

New canals were built all over the
country.
The Transportation Revolution

Robert Fulton invented the steamboat
in 1807.

This invention revolutionized
transportation.

Fulton used the steam engine to drive a
large wheel with paddles.

Steam power was more dependable
than wind and could be used to move a
boat upstream.
Robert Fulton
Robert Fulton's first steamboat,
1807, the Clermont
New Jersey
Who has the power
to regulate the
waterways that
separate the two
states??
New York
Gibbons vs. Ogden


Gibbons v. Ogden, 22 U.S. (9 Wheat.) 1, 6 L. Ed. 23,
was a landmark decision of the Supreme Court that
defined the scope of power given to Congress
pursuant to the Commerce Clause of the Constitution.
In 1800, the state of New York enacted a statute that
gave robert livingston and Robert Fulton a monopoly—
an exclusive right—to have their steamboats operate
on the state waterways. Aaron Ogden owned a
steamboat company and had received a license from
Livingston and Fulton to conduct a business between
ports in New York City and New Jersey. Ogden had
formerly been in business with Thomas Gibbons, who
started his own steamship company that operated
between New York and New Jersey, in direct
competition with Ogden.

Ogden brought an action to enjoin
Gibbons from continuing to run his
steamships, which were licensed in the
coastal trade under a 1793 act of
Congress. The state courts granted
Ogden the Injunction, and the case was
brought on appeal to the Supreme
Court.

Daniel Webster, the attorney for Gibbons,
argued that the issuance of the injunction was
wrongful since the laws that authorized the
Monopoly were enacted in violation of the
Commerce Clause of the Constitution. This
clause gave Congress, not the states, the
power to regulate commerce among the
states. The term commerce included not only
buying and selling but also navigation
necessary to bring about such transactions.
Confirmed the power of Congress to regulate
commerce:

Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824)

Question presented to the court:


Did the State of New York exercise authority in a realm reserved
exclusively to Congress, namely, the regulation of interstate
commerce?
In the majority opinion drafted by Chief Justice John
Marshall, the Court agreed with this definition of commerce
and then reasoned that since Congress was vested with the
power to regulate commerce, there could be no infringement
of this power other than that specified in the Constitution.
States cannot act in this area without express permission of
Congress. The actions of New York State were an
unauthorized interference with the power of Congress to
regulate commerce, and therefore, the Court reversed the
decree of the state court and dismissed the injunction
against Gibbons.
The Transportation Revolution

Both American and English inventors
began applying the steam engine to
land transportation.

By the 1830s, the first railroads began
to criss-cross America.

Railroads made it possible to travel
quickly and safely even when there
were no water routes.
American Railroads


Peter Cooper built the Tom Thumb
When it first ran in 1830, the engine
had a crowd watching as a horse
http://www.explainthatstuff.com/steamanimation.html
Railroad growth

By 1860, about 30,000 miles of railroad
had been laid

The cost of transporting goods
dropped and therefore so did the cost
of goods
Impact of the Industrial and
Transportation Revolutions
 Changes
in production:

Many goods were now produced in
factories instead of by hand, at
home, or in small workshops.

New inventions stimulated the
growth of other new industries.
Impact of the Industrial and
Transportation Revolutions
 Urbanization:

People moved to towns and cities
that sprang up around new factories.

Other urban centers developed
where factory goods were shipped
and carried from one type of
transport to another (for example,
from river boat to land transport).
Impact of the Industrial and
Transportation Revolutions
 Rise
of a National Market:

Improved transportation allowed
goods to be shipped longer
distances.

Manufacturers could now produce
goods for the entire country rather
than just their local area.

Larger factories brought the
prices of goods down.
Impact of the Industrial and
Transportation Revolutions
 Changed
living standards:

People could buy processed grains,
read-made clothing, kerosene
lamps, and other manufactured
goods.

Factory workers, however, labored
long hours in unsafe conditions.
review
1. The steam locomotive Tom Thumb was built by
a.Eli Whitney.
b.Robert Fulton.
c.Peter Cooper.
d.the Springfield Armory.
2. The popularity of the railroad
a.inspired people to become manufacturers.
b.led to the replacement of the steamship completely.
c.Was the result of the work of Robert Fulton.
d.eventually led to about 30,000 miles of track being laid.
3.
The transportation Revolution was a rapid growth in the
a.Raw materials needed for transportation in the U.S. during the 1800s.
b.use of wires to send messages by means of electricity during the 1800s.
c.technological discoveries that improved travel in Britain during the late 1700s.
d.speed and convenience of transportation in the United States during the 1800s.
Section 4
Technological advances

How to allow these growing businesses
and cities to communicate with each?

The TELEGRAPH

Invented by Samuel Morse

Morse’s asst., Alfred Vail, created the
Morse Code, a series of dots and
dashes to stand for letters

Please decipher:
New technology allowed factories to be built
ANYWHERE
Factories no longer had to be built near river!!
Although Elias Howe, Jr., is
generally credited with patenting the
first practical sewing machine in
1846, many inventors sought to
improve on his basic design, leading
to patent disputes. Howe's rival,
Isaac Merritt Singer, received a
patent in 1851 for an improved
sewing machine, but Howe sued
Singer for patent infringement.
Singer continued to improve on his
own model, adding a foot treadle for
hands-free operation and a carrying
case that doubled as a stand. Singer
eventually settled the suit with Howe
in 1854.
a
Farm inventions
John Deere: (is more than a green t-shirt)
John Deere developed the first American cast steel plow.
The implements being used by pioneer farmers of that day
were cumbersome and ineffective for cutting and turning
the prairie soil.
Cyrus McCormick grew up on a farm in Virginia. His goal was to
earn a million dollars. In 1833 that was a lot of money. The
average worker only earned a nickel an hour. Twenty-six years
later, he had earned a million dollars. He had also changed the
way people farmed, with his wheat harvester called the reaper.
Cyrus and his wife were very generous, sharing their money
with people who needed help.
Before his invention, a farmer could harvest only 1/2 acre a day
using a scythe * (SIGHTH). With the invention, a farmer and a
helper could harvest 12 acres a day!
Impact of the Industrial and
Transportation Revolutions
 Sectionalism:

Industrialization deepened sectional
differences.

The North became more
industrialized while the South grew
cotton for factories.
The End
Mrs Edge Rocks My Sock Drawer.
~Mandy didn’t write this