REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
By: Emily Migliorini, Graham Munson, Cole
Pecora, & Alexia Petruzziello
Definition
Reproductive System: a system of sex organs within an
organism which work together for the purpose of sexual
reproduction.
*Female and male systems work together to produce offspring
Male Reproductive System
Overview
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90R25Qk
D4mc
Comparison of the Female and
Male Reproductive Systems
Male
Female
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XY Chromosomes
sex cells produced
in ovaries
Sex organs located
entirely in the pelvis
Egg
Sex Cell travels
through fallopian
tubes
produces sex
hormone Estrogen
Vagina-where sex
cell exits body
●
Produce
gametes
and hormones
● designed to
produce,
nourish, and
transport either
the egg or
sperm
● start making an
increasing
number of
hormones at
puberty
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Produced in testes
XX Chromosomes
Sex organs located outside
of the body.
Sperm
Sex Cell travels through Vas
deferens
testosterone
Penis-where sex cell exits
body
Female Reproductive System
● Female’s sexual organs are located inside the body
● Born with all of the potential eggs they will ever have.
After puberty, one egg matures a month.
● When a mature egg is released from an ovary, it travels
through one of the fallopian tubes
● If an egg meets sperm while in the fallopian tube,
fertilization is likely to result
*only one sperm can successfully fertilize the egg.
Female Reproductive System
● Designed to carry out several functions
o produces the female egg cells necessary for reproduction
(ova)
o transports the ova to the site of fertilization(Fallopian
tube)
o produces female sex hormones that maintain the
reproductive cycle
o enables sperm to enter the body and to protect the
internal genital organs from infectious organisms
● Involves: ovaries, fallopian tubes, the uterus, the vagina, and
the vulva
Female Reproductive System
Menstruation(lasts 4-6 days)
● If an egg has not been fertilized, it starts to break down as it enters the
uterus.
● The lining of the uterus,which has been thickening with blood and extra
tissue to support the fertilized egg, also breaks down.
● The unfertilized egg and extra tissue leave the uterus through an opening
called the cervix
● They enter the vagina and leave the body
Ovaries
● pair of small glands located on the left and right sides of
the pelvic body cavity lateral to the superior portion of
the uterus
● produce:
o female sex hormones
 estrogen and progesterone
o ova (commonly called "eggs"), the female gametes
Fallopian Tubes
● a pair of muscular tubes that extend from the left and
right superior corners of the uterus to the edge of the
ovaries
● end in a funnel-shaped structure
● the inside of each fallopian tube is covered in cilia that
work with the smooth muscle of the tube to carry the
ovum to the uterus
Uterus
(womb)
● Located posterior and superior to the urinary bladder
● Connected to the two fallopian tubes on its superior end
and to the vagina (via the cervix)
● surrounds and supports the developing fetus during
pregnancy
● inner lining of the uterus
o Endometrium
 provides support for embryo
● the visceral muscles of the uterus contract during
childbirth to push the fetus through the birth canal
Vagina
● an elastic, muscular tube
● connects the cervix of the uterus to the exterior of the
body
● located inferior to the uterus and posterior to the urinary
bladder
● functions
o the receptacle for the penis during sexual
intercourse
o carries sperm to the uterus and fallopian tubes
o serves as the birth canal by stretching to allow
delivery of the fetus during childbirth
Vulva
● located in the pubic region of the body
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surrounds the external ends of the urethral opening and the vagina
includes:
o the mons pubis (pubic mound)
 a raised layer of adipose tissue between the skin and the pubic bone
 cushions vulva
o labia major
 the inferior portion of the mons pubis splits into left and right halves
 enclose and protect the other external reproductive organs
o labia minora
 smaller, hairless folds of skin
 surround the vaginal and urethral openings
o clitoris
 small mass of erectile tissue
 contains many nerve endings
Process of Male Reproductive System
● Sperm are produced in the testes
● They travel through one of two muscular tubes inside the body
called the vas deferens
● They mix with several fluids.This mixture of fluids is called semen.
● From these tubes the sperm-rich semen passes into the urethra
within the penis.(tube urine travels through)
● When semen passes through the urethra, muscles near the bladder
contract
● Contraction is so semen and urine do not travel through the urethra
at the same time.
● Semen leaves the body through the opening of the penis.
Scrotum
● Skin, muscle, connective tissue
● made up of 2 testicles
● keeps the temperature of the the testes
slightly lower than that of the rest of the
body (homeostatsis)
Testes
● Produce sperm and testosterone
● Each testis is found inside its own pouch on
one side of the scrotum
● connected to the abdomen by a spermatic
cord and cremaster muscle
● The inside of the testes are divided into
small compartments known as lobules
o
small lobes
Penis
● the male sex organ
● roughly cylindrical
● contains the urethra and the external
opening of the urethra
● large pockets of erectile tissue in the penis
allow it to fill with blood and become erect
o the erection of the penis causes it to
increase in size and become turgid
Sperm Formation
● Meiosis forms sperm in gametes
● Sperm forms in testes
● Scrotum keeps sperm cooler than the inside
of the body, ideal location and heat
● Sperm with protecting fluid is called seman
● Goes through the vas deferens and then
through the Urethra after leaving the testes
Ovum Formation
● Meiosis forms the egg
● Eggs are formed in the female before birth
occurs
● Usually, one egg is released from the
ovaries after it is matured, once a month
● The fallopian tube is the place of travel for
the eggs and is also the place where
fertilization may occur
Fertilization
● Only one sperm is used to fertilize an egg at
one time
● When an egg becomes fertilized it gets the
name of a zygote
● The average length of the pregnancy
process last 9 months
Implantation of The Zygote
● The zygotes are formed in the thick walls of
the uterus
● Zygote slowly forms into an embryo
● The umbilical cord provides the embryo with
the essential nutrients to survive
● The uterus grows along with the embryo,
which causes for the pregnant woman to
have that larger body size
The First Trimester
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Known as the first 13 weeks of pregnancy
The heart of the embryo develops
Spine and brain develop after
Other body formations develop after
Side Effects :
o Morning Sickness: Fatigue and nausea
o Breast Tenderness: This is from change in hormones and is really the
first sign of pregnancy.
o Constipation: Food that moves through the intestines slow down
because of higher levels of hormone progesterone
o Bleeding: 25% of early pregnancies experience slight bleeding in the
vagina. Light spotting in the area shows that the fertilized embryo has
been planted in the uterus
Second Trimester
● 14-27 weeks
● the nausea and fatigue should begin to stop going into it (morning
sickness)
● Baby starts to kick
● Fingers and toes develop well
● Eyelids, eyebrows, eyelashes, hair and nails are also formed
● side effects:
○ congested nose: leading to snoring at night
○ breast enlargement: most of the growing will happen in the first
trimester but will still continue to grow to feed the baby
○ bleeding gums: hormonal changes send more blood to the mouth
causing gums to bleed.
○ backache: caused by extra weight from the baby
Third Trimester
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Week 27-end of pregnancy
Side effects:
o Backache
o Bleeding
o Breast enlargement
o Discharge
o Braxton Hicks contractions
o Spider veins
o Constant urination
Fat is deposited to the baby
Hearing is developed
Position changes to prepare for birth
Stay away from a lot of exercise
Each small meals, frequently
Diseases for Women
Cervical Cancer:
● Cancer that forms in tissues of the cervix (the organ connecting
the uterus and vagina).
● cells of the cervix become abnormal
● slow-growing cancer
● found with regular Pap tests (a procedure in which cells are
scraped from the cervix and looked at under a microscope)
● almost always caused by human papillomavirus infection.
Cervical Cancer
Symptoms of Cervical Cancer include:
●Vaginal bleeding after intercourse.
●Watery/bloody vaginal discharge.
●Pelvic pain.
Treatment:
● Removal of the uterus and cervix
(surgery)
● Radiation Therapy
● Chemotherapy
Endometriosis
● an often painful disorder in which tissue that normally lines
the inside of your uterus — the endometrium — grows
outside your uterus.
Symptoms:
● Painful periods
● Pain with intercourse
● Pain with bowel movements/urination
● Excessive bleeding
● Infertility
Causes:
● Immune system disorder
o makes the body unable to recognize and destroy
endometrial tissue that's growing outside the uterus
● Embryonic cell growth
o one or more small areas of the abdominal lining turn into
endometrial tissue
● Endometrial cells transport
o The blood vessels or tissue fluid (lymphatic) system may
transport endometrial cells to other parts of the body
Treatments:
● Pain medications
● Hormone Therapy
● Conservative Surgery
Diseases For Males
Prostate cancer
● Most common form of cancer in
men over 40
● risks of developing increase with
age.
● developed in the prostate
● Tumor is formed due to abnormal
cells multiplying and reproducing
Prostate Cancer
Symptoms of early prostate cancer:
● A frequent need to urinate, especially at night
● Difficulty starting or stopping a stream of urine
● Blood in urine or semen
Symptoms of advanced prostate cancer include:
● Dull, deep pain or stiffness in the pelvis, lower back, ribs, or upper
thighs; pain in the bones of those areas
● Loss of weight and appetite, fatigue, nausea, or vomiting
Prostate Cancer
The three options for early-stage/low-risk prostate cancer are:
● Surgery
● Radiation therapy - external beam radiation or radioactive tumor seeding
● Active surveillance- expectant management or watchful waiting. (a form of
patient management that involves close observation and testing.)
Hydrocele
● a fluid-filled sac surrounding a testicle that results in swelling of the
scrotum, the loose bag of skin underneath the penis.
o common in newborns, but most hydroceles disappear without
treatment within the first year of life
o Older boys and adult men can develop a hydrocele due to
inflammation or injury within the scrotum.
Symptoms:
● Scrotal swelling
(one or both testicles)
● discomfort and pain in the penis
and testicles
Causes:
Babies
● can develop in the womb
● opening between abdomen and scrotum
Men
● inflammation or injury in the scrotum
Treatments:
● surgical excision
● needle aspiration
Infertility
Not being able to get pregnant despite having frequent, unprotected sex
for at least a year for most people.
Signs/Symptoms
the inability for a couple to get pregnant.
an infertile woman may have irregular or absent menstrual periods.
an infertile man may have some signs of hormonal problems, such as
changes in hair growth or sexual function.
Infertility-Female
Damage of the fallopian tubes
Fertilization is prevented due to sperm and the egg may
never come in contact
Hormonal causessome women have problems with ovulation
Cervical causes- cervical condition in which the sperm
cannot pass through the cervical canal.
Uterine causes- Abnormal anatomy of the uterus; the
presence of polyps and fibroids.
Infertility-Male
Abnormal sperm production or function- Enlarged veins in the
testes can increase blood flow and heat, affecting the number and
shape of sperm.
Overexposure to certain environmental factors-radiation, or to
certain medications (anabolic steroids, or marijuana)
Problems with the delivery of sperm- due to sexual problems, such
as premature ejaculation; semen entering the bladder instead of
emerging through the penis during orgasm or damage or injury to
the reproductive organs.
How Is the Cause of Infertility
Determined?
If male infertility is suspected tests can be performed:
Semen analysis- will evaluate the number and health of his sperm
Blood test- to check his level of testosterone and other male hormones
If female infertility is suspected tests include:
A blood test to check hormone levels
An endometrial biopsy to check the lining of the uterus
Treatment
*Some causes of infertility can't be corrected. However, a woman may still
become pregnant with assisted reproductive technology
For women:
Stimulating ovulation with fertility drugs.
Surgery to restore fertility.
For male:
Sperm retrieval.
Surgery, hormones or assisted reproductive technology
Medication or behavioral approaches.
Works Cited
http://www.livescience.com/44076-reproductive-system-surprising-facts.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90R25QkD4mc
http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prostate-cancer/basics/causes/CON-20029597
http://www.webmd.com/prostate-cancer/guide/prostate-cancer-stages
http://www.webmd.com/sex-relationships/guide/your-guide-female-reproductive-system
http://www.innerbody.com/image/repfov.html
http://kidshealth.org/teen/sexual_health/changing_body/male_repro.html
http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/endometriosis/basics/symptoms/con-20013968
http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/cervical
http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/cervical
http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-90919895/stock-photo-cervical-cancer.html
http://www.webmd.com/infertility-and-reproduction/default.htm?names-dropdown=NJ
http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/cervical/Patient/page1