Chapter 4: Computer, 1: File Management, Internet, Virus Chapter 3: Computer Software Protection, Web, and E-Mail and Backup Basics 1 Chapter 3 Preview After this chapter, you should be able to: – Describe the components of a typical software package – Trace the development of a computer program – Describe the differences between system software and application software – Describe the way an operating system manages each computer resource – Identify operating systems for personal computers, PDAs, and servers Chapter 3: Computer Software 2 Chapter 3 Preview After this chapter, you should be able to: – Describe key and features of database and spreadsheet software – List types of software available – Explain how to install and uninstall software – Describe the differences among new software versions, software patches, and service packs – Describe rights associated with software: for users and programmers Chapter 3: Computer Software 3 Chapter 3 Outline • Section A – Software Basics • Section B – Computer Operating Systems • Section C – Application Software • Section D – Software Installation and Copyrights Chapter 3: Computer Software 4 Chapter 3 Computer Software Section A: Software Basics Computer Concepts 8th Edition Parsons/Oja What is software? • Consists of computer programs and data files that work together to provide a computer with the instructions and data necessary for carrying out a specific type of task Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 116 6 What kinds of files are included in a typical software product? • Software includes – A computer program is a set of instructions that tells a computer how to solve a problem or carry out a task – Executable files – Support modules – Data files Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 116 7 Programmers and Programming Languages: Who creates computer software? • Computer programmers write the instructions for the computer programs • Software publishers distribute the software – They specialize in packaging, marketing, and selling commercial software Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 118 8 How does a programmer “write” software? • Most software is designed to provide a taskrelated environment • Programmer defines the properties for each element in the environment – Height – Label – What happens when you click it • A computer language provides the tools that a programmer uses to create software – Source code – High-level languages Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 118 9 How does a programmer “write” software? Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 118 10 How are instructions converted to machine language? • A compiler translates all of the instructions in a program as a single batch • The resulting machine language instructions are called the object code Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 119 11 How are instructions converted to machine language? • An alternative to a compiler is an interpreter, that converts one instruction at a time while program is running Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 119 12 So how does software work? Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 120 13 Application Software and System Software: How is software categorized? • Software is categorized as either application software or system software – Application software is designed to be used for a purpose – System software is designed to help the computer carry out the basic operating functions • Operating systems, utilities, and drivers Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 120 14 Chapter 3 Computer Software Section B: Personal Computer Operating Systems Computer Concepts 8th Edition Parsons/Oja Operating System Overview: What does an operating system do? • The master controller for all of the activities that take place within a computer – Microsoft Windows XP, Mac OS, Linux, UNIX • Interacts with the application software Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 122 16 What does an operating system do? Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 122 17 Why does an operating system manage memory? • Must ensure that instructions and data from one area of memory don’t “leak” into an area allocated to another program • If it fails, data can get corrupted, programs can “crash” Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 123 18 How does the OS keep track of storage resources? • Acts as a filing clerk • Remembers the names and locations of all your files • Keeps track of empty spaces where new files can be stored Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 124 19 Why does the operating system get involved with peripheral devices? • To ensure that they function correctly • To ensure input and output proceeds in an orderly fashion Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 124 20 How does the operating system affect the user interface? • A user interface can be defined as the combination of hardware and software that helps people and computers communicate with each other – Graphical user interface (GUI) – Command-line user interface Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 124 21 Where is the operating system stored? • The OS’s small bootstrap program resides in ROM and supplies the instructions to load the core parts into memory when system boots • This component is called the kernel Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 125 22 Do I ever interact directly with the OS? • Yes, typically through helpful tools called utilities – Launch programs – Manage files – Get help – Customize the user interface – Configure equipment Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 125 23 Are different operating systems needed for different computing tasks? • • • • • Single-user operating system Multiuser operating system Network operating system Multitasking operating system Desktop operating system Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 126 24 Is Mac OS similar to Windows? • Developed several years before windows, it still has a GUI interface • Both have windows, icons, menus and pointers Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 128 25 Is Mac OS similar to Windows? Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 128 26 Are UNIX and Linux the same? • UNIX was developed in 1969 at AT&T’s Bell Labs • Linux was developed in 1991 – Is distributed under the terms of a General Public License (GPL) • Mandrakelinux, Linspire, College Linux, and Xandros Desktop Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 129 27 Are UNIX and Linux the same? Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 129 28 Why do I keep hearing about DOS? • First operating system that most people have used • DOS (Disk Operating System) was developed by Microsoft • Part of the kernel of Windows 3.1, 95, 98 and ME Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 130 29 What are the options for handheld operating systems? • Palm OS • Windows Mobile OS Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 130 30 Chapter 3 Computer Software Section C: Application Software Computer Concepts 8th Edition Parsons/Oja Document Production Software: How can my computer help me with my writing? • Word processing software • Desktop publishing software • Web authoring software Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 133 32 How does document production software help me turn my ideas into sentences and paragraphs? Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 134 33 How do I get my documents to look good? • The format for a document refers to the way that all the elements of a document are arranged on the page – Font – Point size – Paragraph style – Paragraph alignment – Line spacing (leading) – Style Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 135 34 How do I get my documents to look good? Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 136 35 How do I get my documents to look good? • Page Layout refers to the physical position of each element on a page – Headers and footers – Page numbers – Graphical elements – Tables Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 136 36 How do I get my documents to look good? Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 137 37 Does document production software increase productivity? • Mail Merge - process of creating a series of personalized letters by combining information in a mailing list with a blank form letter • Some additional capabilities – Automatically generating a table of contents and index – Automatically numbering footnotes and positioning them – Providing document templates – Exporting a document into HTML format Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 137 38 Spreadsheet Software: What is a spreadsheet? • Spreadsheet - numerical model or representation of a real situation – Checkbook • To use spreadsheet software, you: – Enter numbers – Indicate how the computer should manipulate those numbers • Particularly useful for what-if analysis Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 138 39 What does a computerized spreadsheet look like? • Worksheets – An on-screen spreadsheet – Based on grid of columns and rows • Cell - intersection of columns and rows • A cell can contain – Numbers (values) – Labels – Formulas (tells computer how to calculate) Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 138 40 What does a computerized spreadsheet look like? Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 138 41 How does spreadsheet software work? • Cell reference - unique address given to cell – A1 = column A, row 1 • You can modify a spreadsheet by – Changing text, numbers, formulas – Inserting rows and columns – Deleting rows and columns • Formulas can contain – Cell references – Mathematical operators – Numbers Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 139 42 How does spreadsheet software work? Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 139 43 What happens when I modify a worksheet? • Automatic recalculation – recalculates all formulas whenever contents of any cell are changed • Relative reference - cell reference • Absolute reference - never changes when you insert rows or move formulas Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 140 44 What happens when I modify a worksheet? Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 140 45 Aside from spreadsheets, what other “number crunching” software is available? • Statistical software • Mathematical modeling software • Money management software – Personal finance software • Tax preparation software Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 141 46 Database Software: What is database software? • Database software helps you to enter, find, organize, update and report information stored in a database Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 142 47 What is database software? Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 142 48 How do I create records? Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 143 49 How do I locate specific data? • A query language is a set of command words to direct the computer to: – Locate information – Sort records – Change data in records • SQL ( Structured Query Language) • Some software even allows a natural language query Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 144 50 How do I locate specific data? Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 144 51 How can I use search results? • • • • Print reports Export data to other programs Convert the data to other formats Transmit data to other computers Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 144 52 Graphics Software: What kind of software do I need to work with drawings, photos, and other pictures? • Graphics – refers to any picture, drawing, sketch, photograph, image or icon that appears on your computer screen • Graphics Software – – – – Paint software Photo editing software Drawing software 3-D graphics software Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 145 53 What kind of software do I need to work with drawings, photos, and other pictures? • CAD software (computer-aided design software) • Presentation software • Slides Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 146 54 Music Software: Why would I need music software? • Audio editing software lets you make your own digital voice and music recording – Ear training software – Audio encoding software Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 147 55 Music Software: Why would I need music software? Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 147 56 Video Editing Software: Is video editing software difficult to use? • Provides a set of tools for: – – – – – Transferring video footage Clipping out unwanted footage Assembling video segments in any sequence Adding special visual effects Adding a sound track • DVD authoring software offers tools for creating DVDs with Hollywood-style menus Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 148 57 Software Suites: What is a software suite? • A collection of application software sold as a single package – Microsoft Office – Star Office – Open Office – WordPerfect Office Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 149 58 Educational and Reference Software: How can I use my computer to learn new things? • Educational software helps you to learn and practice new skills – MindTwister Math – 3-D Froggy Phonics – SAT – GMAT – LSAT Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 149 59 What’s reference software? • Reference software provides a collection of information and a way to access that information – Encyclopedias • Microsoft Encarta • Britannica – Dictionaries Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 149 60 Entertainment Software: What’s the best-selling entertainment software? • Over $6 billion of computer and video games are sold each year in the U.S. alone – 90% are people 18 and older – 13% are people over 50 – About 43% are women Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 150 61 What’s the best-selling entertainment software? • Computer games – Role-playing – Action – Adventure – Puzzle – Simulation – Sports – Strategy Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 150 62 Business Software: Do businesses use specialized software? • Vertical market software • Horizontal market software – Payroll software – Accounting software – Project management software • Groupware Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 151 63 Chapter 3 Computer Software Section D: Software Installation and Copyrights Computer Concepts 8th Edition Parsons/Oja Installation Basics: What’s included in a typical software package? • The key ingredients necessary to install new software are the files that contain the programs and data • Usually supplied on distribution media Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 152 65 How do I know if a software program will work on my computer? • System requirements specify the operating system and minimum hardware requirements necessary for a software product to work correctly Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 152 66 Why is it necessary to install most software? • When you install software, the new software files are placed in the appropriate folders on your computer’s hard disk – – – – Copies files from distribution disk Uncompresses files Analyzes computer’s resources Analyzes hardware components and peripheral devices – Looks for any system files and players – Updates necessary system files Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 153 67 Installing from a Distribution Media: How do I install software from distribution media? • A setup program guides you through the installation process • Following the program will make installation easy Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 154 68 Installing Downloaded Software: Is the installation process different for downloaded software? • Sometimes files are zipped, so they must be unzipped • Other types – Self-installing executable file – Self-executing zip file – Non-executing Zip file Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 155 69 Is installing a software update different from installing a the original version? • Similar to installing a full version • Update provides a setup file that checks to make sure that your computer contains a valid version of software to upgrade • Software patches • Service packs Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 156 70 Uninstalling Software: How do I get rid of software? • Uninstall routine deletes the software’s files Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 156 71 Software Copyrights: Is it legal to copy software? • A copyright is a form of legal protection – Purchaser has right to copy software to a computer’s hard disk in order to install it – Purchaser can make a backup copy – Purchaser is allowed to copy and distribute sections of a software program for use in critical reviews and teaching • Most software displays a copyright notice Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 157 72 Software Licenses: What is a software license? • A software license is a legal contract that defines the ways in which you may use a computer program • A shrink-wrap license goes into effect as soon as you open the packaging Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 157 73 What is a software license? • An installation agreement is displayed on the screen when you first install the software Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 157 74 Are all software licenses similar? • • • • • Commercial software Shareware Freeware Open source software Public domain software Chapter 3: Computer Software Page 158 75 Conclusion You should now be able to: – Describe the software components of a typical software package – Trace the development of a computer program – Describe the way an operating system manages each computer resource – Describe key features of popular software – List types of software available – Explain how to install and uninstall software – Describe rights associated with software: for users and programmers Chapter 3: Computer Software 76