Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Chapter 1 Section 1: The Study of Life
Study Guide B
KEY CONCEPT
Biologists study life in all its forms.
VOCABULARY
biosphere
biology
metabolism
biodiversity
organism
DNA
species
cell
MAIN IDEA: Earth is home to an incredible diversity of life.
Take notes about the diversity of life on Earth in the chart below.
1. In the box labeled The Biosphere, list examples of environments on earth in
which life is found.
2. In the box labeled Biodiversity, write a definition of the term in your own
words.
3. In the box labeled Species, briefly explain what a species is.
Earth is home to an incredible
diversity of life.
The Biosphere
Biodiversity
Species
4. How is biodiversity related to the biosphere?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
5. In general, how does biodiversity vary across the biosphere?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide B
2
Biology in the 21st Century
Section 1: The Study of Life
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Study Guide B continued
MAIN IDEA: All organisms share certain characteristics.
6. Before reading, take a quick look at the headings in this main idea. What are
the four characteristics that identify something as living?
_______________________________________________________________
7. As you read, take notes on how the four basic characteristics help define what
is a living thing.
Characteristic
Summary Sentence
Cells
Energy and
metabolism
Response to
environment
Reproduction and
development
Vocabulary Check
8. The word biosphere is made up of two word parts: bio- and sphere. How can
these two word parts help you to remember the definition of biosphere?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
9. What is an organism?
_______________________________________________________________
10. The term metabolism is based on a Greek word that means “change.” How is
this meaning related to the meaning of metabolism?
_______________________________________________________________
11. How is DNA related to reproduction?
_______________________________________________________________
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide B
2
Biology in the 21st Century
Section 1: The Study of Life
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Chapter 1 Section 2: Unifying Themes of Biology
Study Guide B
KEY CONCEPT
Unifying themes connect concepts from many fields of biology.
VOCABULARY
system
homeostasis
ecosystem
evolution
adaptation
MAIN IDEA: All levels of life have systems of related parts.
1. What is a system?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
2. What are some examples of systems?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Complete the table by writing either the level of life or an example of a system at
that level of life.
Level
Example
3.
Chemicals and processes interact in a precise way so that a
cell can function properly.
Cells
4.
5.
Different parts of a living thing work together so that the
living thing can survive.
Ecosystem
6.
MAIN IDEA: Structure and function are related in biology.
7. What are structure and function?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
8. Give an example of how structure and function are related on the cellular level.
_______________________________________________________________
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide B
3
Biology in the 21st Century
Section 2: Unifying Themes of Biology
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Study Guide B continued
MAIN IDEA: Organisms must maintain homeostasis to survive in diverse
environments.
9. What is homeostasis?
_______________________________________________________________
10. Why is homeostasis important to the survival of an organism?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
11. In the space below, draw a sketch to help you remember what negative
feedback is.
Body temperature
decreases.
Body systems send
messages.
MAIN IDEA: Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life.
12. What is evolution?
_______________________________________________________________
13. Over the course of time, evolution _______________ the genetic makeup of a
population.
14. _____________ are genetic traits that give an advantage to an individual and
can be passed on to offspring
Vocabulary Check
15. A system in which living and nonliving things in a certain area interact is
called a(n) _________________.
16. The maintenance of constant internal conditions in an organism is called
_____________________.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide B
4
Biology in the 21st Century
Section 2: Unifying Themes of Biology
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Chapter 1 Section 3: Scientific Thinking and Processes
Study Guide B
KEY CONCEPT
Science is a way of thinking, questioning, and gathering evidence.
VOCABULARY
observation
hypothesis
independent variable
constant
data
experiment
dependent variable
theory
MAIN IDEA: Like all science, biology is a process of inquiry.
Complete the table below by giving a brief description and a brief example of each
of the scientific process terms.
Scientific Process
Description
Example
Observation
1.
2.
Data
3.
4.
Hypothesis
5.
6.
7. How do scientists use statistics when they test a hypothesis?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
8. Why is it important that a scientist’s results are evaluated by other scientists?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
9. Look at Figure 3.3. Beginning with observation, what are five parts of
scientific thinking?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide B
8
Chemistry of Life
Section 1: Atoms, Ions, and Molecules
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Study Guide B continued
MAIN IDEA: Biologists use experiments to test hypotheses.
10. In _______________ studies, scientists do not interfere with what is going on.
11. Scientists can test hypotheses through ____________.
12. A(n) ____________ variable is one which is observed and not manipulated by
the scientist.
13. How are constants different from independent variables?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
MAIN IDEA: A theory explains a wide range of observations.
14. What is the difference between a theory and a hypothesis?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
15. Why are theories never proven?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Vocabulary Check
16. What is a hypothesis?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
17. How can you remember the difference between an independent variable and a
dependent variable? Think about what the words independent and dependent
mean.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide B
8
Chemistry of Life
Section 1: Atoms, Ions, and Molecules
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Chapter 2 Section 1: Atoms, Ions, and Molecules
Study Guide B
KEY CONCEPT
All living things are based on atoms and their interactions.
VOCABULARY
atom
ion
molecule
element
ionic bond
compound
covalent bond
MAIN IDEA: Living things consist of atoms of different elements.
1. How are atoms and elements related?
_______________________________________________________________
2. Sketch the structure of an atom. Label the protons, neutrons, nucleus, and
electrons.
3. How do compounds differ from elements?
_______________________________________________________________
MAIN IDEA: Ions form when atoms gain or lose electrons.
4. What is an ion?
_______________________________________________________________
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide B
8
Chemistry of Life
Section 1: Atoms, Ions, and Molecules
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Study Guide B continued
5. Why does an ion have an electrical charge?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
6. In the spaces provided below, sketch how both positive and negative ions
form. Label the nucleus and the electrons. Use Figure 1.3 as a reference.
MAIN IDEA: Atoms share pairs of electrons in covalent bonds.
7. What is a covalent bond?
_______________________________________________________________
8. What determines the number of covalent bonds that an atom can form?
_______________________________________________________________
Vocabulary Check
element
compound
ion
molecule
_______________
9. atoms held together by covalent bonds
_______________ 10. composed of different types of atoms
_______________ 11. composed of one type of atom
_______________ 12. atom that has gained or lost electrons
13. What is the difference between how ionic and covalent bonds form?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide B
8
Chemistry of Life
Section 1: Atoms, Ions, and Molecules
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Chapter 2 Section 2: Properties of Water
Study Guide B
KEY CONCEPT
Water’s unique properties allow life to exist on Earth.
VOCABULARY
hydrogen bond
solution
acid
cohesion
solvent
base
adhesion
solute
pH
MAIN IDEA: Life depends on hydrogen bonds in water.
1. What is a polar molecule?
_______________________________________________________________
2. Explain why water is a polar molecule.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
3. What is a hydrogen bond?
_______________________________________________________________
4. Describe where a hydrogen bond can form among water molecules.
_______________________________________________________________
Complete the table by writing short descriptions about the properties of water.
Property
Description
High specific heat
5.
Cohesion
6.
Adhesion
7.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide B
10
Chemistry of Life
Section 2: Properties of Water
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Study Guide B continued
MAIN IDEA: Many compounds dissolve in water.
8. What is the difference between a solvent and a solute?
_______________________________________________________________
9. What types of substances dissolve easily in water?
_______________________________________________________________
10. What types of substances do not dissolve easily in water?
_______________________________________________________________
MAIN IDEA: Some compounds form acids or bases.
11. Take notes about the characteristics of acids and bases in the table below.
Characteristic
Acid
Base
Effect on H+
concentration in a
solution
Effect on pH
Vocabulary Check
12. In the space below, sketch a solution using the Visual Vocab in Section 2 as a
reference. Label the solution, solvent, and solute. Next to these labels, write
brief definitions for the terms.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide B
10
Chemistry of Life
Section 2: Properties of Water
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Chapter 2 Section 3: Carbon-Based Molecules
Study Guide B
KEY CONCEPT
Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life.
VOCABULARY
monomer
lipid
amino acid
polymer
fatty acid
nucleic acid
carbohydrate
protein
MAIN IDEA: Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties.
1. Why is carbon often called the building block of life?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
2. What ability allows carbon atoms to form a large number of molecules?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
3. In the space below, sketch the three basic structures of carbon-based
molecules: straight chain, branched chain, and ring.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide B
12
Chemistry of Life
Section 5: Enzymes
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Study Guide B continued
MAIN IDEA: Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in
living things.
Complete the table with functions and examples of each type of carbon-based
molecule.
Molecule Type
Functions
Examples
Carbohydrate
4.
5.
Lipid
6.
7.
Protein
8.
9.
10.
11.
Nucleic acid
12. What determines a protein’s structure and function?
_______________________________________________________________
13. What are nucleic acids made of?
_______________________________________________________________
Vocabulary Check
14. The prefix mono- means “one,” and the prefix poly- means “many.” How are
these meanings related to the terms monomer and polymer?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide B
12
Chemistry of Life
Section 5: Enzymes