P. Lobosco
Journal Entry
 Match the following organ systems to their functions:
 Systems - respiratory, muscular, digestive,
cardiovascular, and endocrine
 Functions- to pump blood, to enable movement, to
send out chemical messages, to absorb oxygen, and to
break down food
Objectives 22-1
 Describe how tissues, organs and organ systems are
related
 Discuss 11 organ systems
 Analyze how organ systems work together to maintain
homeostasis
Body Organization
 Homeostasis is the
maintenance of a stable
internal environment in
the body
Cells, Tissues and Organs
 A group of similar cells is
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a tissue.
Your body has different
kinds of tissue:
Epithelial
Nervous
Muscle
Connective
Cardiac
Smooth
Organs
 Tissues form organs
 For instance, the
stomach organ is made
of muscle, connective,
nervous, blood,
epithelial
Organ Systems
 Organs form systems
 The stomach is an organ
in the digestive system
 Other organs in the
system are the large and
small intestine, the
gallbladder, the
pancreas, the liver and
the esophagus
Body Organ Systems
 11 major organ systems
1. Integumentary
2. Muscular
3. Skeletal
4. Cardiovascular
5. Respiratory
6. Urinary
7. Reproductive
8. Nervous
9. Digestive
10. Lymphatic
11. Endocrine
Integumentary System
 Skin, hair and nails
protect the tissue that
beneath them
Muscular System
 The muscular system
works with the skeletal
system to help you move
Skeletal system
 The bones provide a
framework to support
and protect the body
parts
Cardiovascular System
 The heart pumps blood
through all of your blood
vessels.
Respiratory System
 The lungs absorb oxygen
and release carbon
dioxide.
Urinary System
 The urinary system
removes wastes from the
blood and regulates the
body fluids
Male Reproductive System
 The male reproductive
system produces and
delivers sperm.
Female Reproductive System
 The female reproductive
system produces eggs
and nourishes and
protects the fetus.
Nervous System
 The nervous system
receives and send
electrical messages
throughout the body
Digestive System
 The digestive system
breaks down the food
into nutrients that the
body can absorb.
Lymphatic System
 The lymphatic system
returns leaked fluids to
blood vessels and helps
get rid of bacteria and
viruses.
Endocrine System
 The glands send out
chemical messages.
Ovaries and testes are
part of this system.
Journal Entry
What problems would you
face if you did not have
bones?
The Skeletal System
Chapter 22-2
 Objectives:
 Identify the major organs of the skeletal system
 Describe the four functions of the bones
 Describe five joints
 Discuss three injuries and two disease that affect
bones and joints
Skeletal System
 Bones, cartilage and the
connective tissue that
holds bones together
make up your skeletal
system.
Bones
 The average adult human
has 206 bones.
 Bones help support and
protect parts of your body.
 They work with muscles so
you can move.
 Bones also help your body
maintain homeostasis by
storing minerals and
making blood cells.
Bone Structure
 A bone is made of
several different tissues.
 Bone is made of
connective tissue and
minerals.
 These minerals are
deposited by living cells
called osteoblasts.
Long Bones
 Long bones are hard, dense
bones that provide strength,
structure, and mobility. The
femur (thigh bone) is a long
bone. A long bone has a shaft
and two ends.
 There are also bones in the
fingers that are classified as
"long bones," even though they
are short in length. This is due to
the shape of the bones, not the
actual size.
 Long bones contain yellow bone
marrow and red bone marrow,
which produces blood cells
Compact Bone Tissue
 There are two kinds of
bone tissue: compact and
spongy.
 If the bone tissue does not
have any visible open
spaces, it is called compact
bone.
 Compact bone is rigid and
dense.
 Tiny canals within
compact bone contain
small blood vessels.
Spongy Bone Tissue
 Spongy bone tissue has
many open spaces.
 Spongy bone provides
most of the strength and
support for the bone.
Bone Marrow
 Bones contain a soft
tissue called marrow.
 There are two types of
marrow.: red and yellow.
 Red marrow produces
both red and white
blood cells.
 Yellow marrow, found in
the central cavity of long
bones, stores fat.
Yellow Marrow
 In children, red marrow
fills the center of long
bones.
 This red marrow is
replaced with yellow
marrow as they become
adults.
Bone Growth
 Most bones start out as a
flexible tissue called
cartilage.
 As the person grows
most of the cartilage is
replaced with bone.
 During childhood, most
bones still have growth
plates of cartilage that
provide a place for bones
to continue to grow.
Cartilage
 In some places in the
body the cartilage is
never replaced.
 Your nose is an example
of cartilage.
Joints
 A place where two or
more bones meet is
called a joint.
 A joint allows your body
to move when your
muscles contract.
 Fixed joints allow little or
no movement. Much of
the skull has fixed joints.
Types of Joints
 There are five types of
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joints:
Gliding
Ball- and-socket
Hinge
Pivot
Fixed
Gliding Joints
 Gliding joints allow
bones in the hand and
wrist to glide over one
another and give some
flexibility to the area.
Ball- and- Socket Joint
 Ball and socket joints
allow the bones to move
freely.
 Your shoulder is an
example of a ball- and socket joint
Hinge Joint
 A hinge joint enables a
bone to move up and
down.
 You elbow is an example
of a hinge joint
Ligament
 Joints are held together
by ligaments.
 Ligaments are strong
elastic bands of
connective tissue.
 They connect the bones
in a joint.
 Cartilage covers the ends
of many bones to act as a
cushion.
Skeletal System Injuries and
Diseases
 Bones in the skeletal system may be broken or
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fractured.
Joints can also be dislocated.
If a ligament is stretched too far, a sprain may occur.
Osteoporosis is a disease that causes bones to become
less dense. It is caused by age and poor eating habits.
A disease that affects the joint is arthritis.
Journal Entry
List at least five parts of your
body that you use to drink a
glass of water.
The Muscular System
Chapter 22-3
 Objectives:
 List three kinds of muscle tissue.
 Describe how skeletal muscles move bones.
 Compare aerobic exercise with resistance exercise.
 Describe two muscular system injuries.
Kinds of Muscle
 There are three kinds of
muscle tissue in your
body:
 Smooth found in the
digestive tract and blood
vessels
 Cardiac found in the
heart
 Skeletal is attached to
your bones for
movement
Movement and Tendons
 Strands of tough
connective tissues ,
called tendons, connect
your skeletal muscles to
your bones.
 When a muscle that
connects two bones
together gets shorter, the
bones are pulled closer
to each other.
Muscles work in Pairs
 Your skeletal muscles
work in pairs. One
muscles bends and the
other of the pair
straightens.
 A flexor, such as a bicep.
bends part of your body.
 An extensor , such as a
tricep, straightens part of
your body.
Smooth Muscle
 Smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs
like your intestines and stomach. They work
automatically without you being aware of them.
Smooth muscles are involved in many 'housekeeping'
functions of the body. The muscular walls of your
intestines contract to push food through your body.
Muscles in your bladder wall contract to expel urine
from your body. Smooth muscles in a woman's uterus
(or womb) help to push babies out of the body during
childbirth. The pupillary sphincter muscle in your eye
is a smooth muscle that shrinks the size of your pupil.
Cardiac Muscle
 Your heart is made of cardiac muscle. This type of
muscle only exists in your heart. Unlike other types of
muscle, cardiac muscle never gets tired. It works
automatically and constantly without ever pausing to
rest. Cardiac muscle contracts to squeeze blood out of
your heart, and relaxes to fill your heart with blood.
Resistance Exercise
 Resistance exercise
strengthens skeletal
muscles.
 In resistance exercise
people work against the
weight of an object.
Aerobic Exercise
 Steady moderately
intense activity that raise
the heart rate is called
aerobic activity.
 This kind of exercise can
strengthen the heart and
increases endurance.
Muscle Injury
 A strain is an injury in which a muscle or tendon is
overstretched and /or torn. Strains happen when a
muscle has not been warmed up or has been worked
too hard.
 People who exercise too much can cause their tendons
to become inflamed. This is called tendinitis.
 Some people take Anabolic steroids to try to increase
muscle size. These steroids can cause long term
health problems which damage the heart, liver and
kidneys. They may also cause bones to stop growing.
Journal Entry
When do you see dogs panting?
The Integumentary System
Chapter 22-4
 Objectives:
 List four functions of skin.
 Describe the two layers of skin.
 Describe the structure and function of hair and nails.
 Describe two kinds of damage that can affect skin.
The Integumentary System
 The integumentary
system is made up of
your skin, hair and nails.
Why do you need skin?
 Skin protects you by
keeping water in your
body and foreign
particles out.
 Skin allow you to touch
the outer world.
 Skin helps regulate body
temperature.
 Skin helps get rid of
wastes through sweat.
Melanin
 Skin comes in many color. Skin color is determined by
melanin. A lot of melanin will make dark skin. Very
little melanin will make light skin. Melanin absorbs
ultraviolet light from the sun so it reduces damage that
can lead to skin cancer. Skin should always be
protected from the sun.
Layers of Skin
 Skin is the largest organ
of your body. Skin has
two main layers: the
epidermis and the
dermis.
 The epidermis is the
outer most layer of skin.
 The thicker layer that
lies beneath the
epidermis is the dermis.
Structures of the Skin
 Blood vessels transport substances
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and help regulate body temperature.
Nerve fibers carry messages to and
from the brain.
Hair follicles in the dermis make hair.
Muscle fibers attached to a hair follicle
can contract and cause the hair to
stand up.
Oil glands release oil that keeps hair
flexible and water proofs the
epidermis.
Sweat glands release sweat to cool the
body. Sweating is also a way to remove
waste materials from the body.
Epidermis
 The epidermis is made of
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epithelial tissue.
It is as thick as only two
sheets of paper over most
of your body.
It is thicker on your hands
and the soles of your feet.
Most of the cells are dead.
They are filled with keratin
to make the skin tough.
Dermis
 The dermis lies beneath
the epidermis. The
dermis has many fibers
make of a protein called
collagen.
 These fibers provide
strength. They let the
skin bend without
tearing.
Hair and Nails
 Hair and nails are also
made of living and dead
cells.
Hair
 A hair forms at the
bottom of a tiny sac
called a hair follicle.
 Older cells get pushed
upward. The only living
cells in a hair are in the
hair follicle. Like skin,
the follicle gets its color
from melanin.
Hair
 Hair protects skin from
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ultraviolet light.
Hair helps keep particles
out of your eyes ad nose.
In most mammals, it helps
regulate body temperature.
If the hair follicle contracts
the hair stands up.
They also trap warm air
around your body.
Nails
 A nail grows from living
cells in the nail root at
the base of a nail.
 New cells forms as the
nail grows longer.
 Nails protect the tips of
your fingers and toes.
Skin Injuries
 Skin is often damaged. It
can repair itself by forming
a blood clot over the cut to
stop the bleeding and to
stop bacteria from
entering.
 Bacteria will then come to
the area to kill bacteria.
 The damaged cells are
replaced throug h division.