Intelligence
What makes us smart?
Or not so smart?
How do we Assess Intelligence?
use program 16
• Alfred Binet set out to figure
out a concept called a mental
age (what a person of a
particular age should know).
• He discovered that by
discovering someone’s mental
age they can predict future
performance (motivation?).
• Hoped they could use test to
the French educational system.
Lewis Terman
• Adapted Binet’s tests for
use in the United States
• The test reported
intelligence as a
calculated IQ score
• Called the Stanford-Binet
Intelligence Test
Terman and his IQ Test
• Used Binet’s
research to
construct the
modern day IQ test
called the StanfordBinet Test.
• IQ=Mental
age/Chronological
age X 100.
• A 8 year old has a
mental age of 10,
what is her IQ?
• A 12 year old has
the mental age of 9,
what is his IQ?
• A boy has the mental
age of 10 and an IQ
of 200, how old is
he?
Theories of Intelligence
• No one real
definition
• Fluid versus
Crystallized
Intelligence
• 4 main theoretical
concepts of
intelligence….
Psychometric Theories of Intelligence
• Crystallized intelligence –
The knowledge a person has acquired, plus
the ability to access that knowledge
• Fluid intelligence –
The ability to see complex relationships and
solve problems
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Charles Spearman and his G factor
http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/intro-to-intelligence.html
Jack Bauer is good
at torturing, bomb
defusing, shooting,
figuring out evil
plots and saving
the country (and he
is good looking). Is
there anything he
cannot do?
• Used factor analysis
and discovered that
what we see as many
different skills is
actually one General
Intelligence.
• If you are good at
one subject you are
usually good at many
others.
Multiple Intelligences
Gardner. Multiple Intelligence
• Howard Gardner disagreed
with Spearman’s g and
instead came up with the
concept of multiple
intelligences.
• He came up with the idea
by studying savants (a
condition where a person
has limited mental ability
but is exceptional in one
area).http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lkD
MaJ-wZmQ
Howard Gardner and Multiple
Intelligences
Battle of the Brains-50 min.questions in APSI folder
• Gardner believed that
there exists at least 7
different types of
intelligences.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Linguistic
Logical-mathematical
Spatial
Musical
Body-kinesthetic
Intrapersonal
Interpersonal
Naturalist
Robert Sternberg and his
Triarchic Theory
• Most commonly
accepted theory
today.
• Three types of
intelligence
1. Creative
2. Analytical
3. Practical
Goleman and delayed
gratification
• Emotional
Intelligence
• Interpersonal and
intrapersonal
intelligences.
• Maybe EQ is a
better predictor for
future success than
IQ.http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/j
•
oachim_de_posada_says_don_t_eat_the_
marshmallow_yet.html
American example
Normal Curve
Normal Curve
Normal Curve
Normal Curve
Normal Curve
Normal Curve
Normal Distribution
go back
How do we construct an
Intelligence Test?
reliability and validity
• Standardized: the
questions have been
piloted on similar
populations and the
scores fall on a normal
distribution.
• Reliable: Test-Retest,
Split-halves Methods.
• Validity: Content,
Predictive or
Construct.
Types of Tests
Aptitude
• Measure ability or
potential.
Achievement
• Tests that measure
what you have learned.
Does Intelligence Change Over
Time?
By age 3, a child’s
IQ can predict
adolescent IQ
scores.
Depends on the type
of intelligence,
crystallized or fluid.
Wechsler Tests
• Wechsler Adult
Intelligence Scale
(WAIS) consists of
11 subtests and cues
us in to strengths by
using…..
Factor Analysis
• WISC(Wechsler
Intelligence Scale
for Children)
go back
Intelligence Extremes
LOW
• Mental Retardation
(IQ below 70)
• Only about 1% of
humans
• More males than
females
HIGH
• Studies have shown
that they are welladjusted
• Some are more
isolated,
introverted, etc.
Creativity and Intelligence
http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/creativity-and-divergent-thinking.html
Brain Size and Intelligence
Is there a link?
• Small +.15
correlation between
head size and
intelligence scores
(relative to body
size).
• Using an MRI we
found +.44
correlation with
brain size and IQ
score.
Heritability
Khan Academy
Heritability
Heritability
Heritability
Heritability
Heritability
• Nature vs. Nurture
– Identical Twins reared apart
have more similar IQ than
Fraternal Twins reared
together
– Fraternal Twins reared
together have more similar IQ
than other types of siblings
reared together.
– Siblings reared together have
more similar IQ than unrelated
individuals reared together
– Correlation between
parent/child diminished
amongst non-biological
parent/child with age.
• Conclusion?
– Genetics and
Environment play a
factor
– The extent to which
each affects
intelligence varies
with individual
situations
The Flynn Effect