WHS AP Psychology
Unit 7: Intelligence (Cognition)
Essential Task 7-2: Compare and contrast
historic and contemporary theories of
intelligence with specific attention to general
intelligence, triarchic theory, crystallized/fluid
intelligence, multiple intelligences, emotional
intelligence.
Mental
Retardation
We are
here
Savants
Giftedness
Triarchic
Theory
Special
Topics
Intelligence
Theories
StanfordBinet
WISC/
WAIS
Culture
Fair
General
Intelligence
Multiple
Intelligences
Emotional
Intelligence
IQ
Tests
Psychometrics
Crystallized
and Fluid
intelligence
Reliability
Standardization
Validity
Essential
Task
7-2:
Outline
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General intelligence
Triarchic theory
Crystallized vs. fluid intelligence
Multiple intelligences
Emotional intelligence
General Intelligence
• Theorist: Charles
Spearman (1904)
• Also called g factor
• According to Spearman,
this g factor was
responsible for overall
performance on mental
ability tests.
General Intelligence
• How did he prove it? Spearman used factor
analysis to find correlations among tests of
different cognitive tasks.
• Technical definition: The g factor is a variable that
summarizes positive correlations among different
cognitive tasks, reflecting the fact that an
individual's performance at one type of cognitive
task tends to be comparable to his or her
performance at other kinds of cognitive tasks.
• Huh? If you are good at intelligent you will be
good at many things.
Triarchic theory
• Theorirst – Robert J. Sternberg (1985)
• More of a cognitive look at intelligence
rather than a psychometric focus.
• Sternberg’s theory of intelligence is
made up of three parts
– Analytic
– Creative
– Practical
Triarchic Theory: Analytic
• Academic problem solving skills
• similar to the standard psychometric
definition of intelligence e.g. as measured
by Academic problem solving: analogies and
puzzles, and corresponds to his earlier
componential intelligence.
• Sternberg considers this reflects how an
individual relates to his internal world.
Triarchic Theory: Creative
• insights, synthesis and the ability to react to
novel situations and stimuli.
• Sternberg considers this the Experiential
aspect of intelligence and reflects how an
individual connects the internal world to
external reality.
Triarchic Theory: Practical
Intelligence
• (a) adaptation to the environment in order
to have goals met
• (b) changing the environment in order to
have goals met
• (c) or, if (a) and (b) don't work moving to a
new environment In which goals can be met
• People with this type of intelligence can
adapt to, or shape their environment.
Crystallized vs. Fluid Intelligence
• Theorist: R. B. Cattell (1971)
• Identified two clusters of mental abilities
– Crystallized intelligence one’s lifetime of intellectual
achievement, as demonstrated largely through one's
vocabulary and general knowledge
– Fluid intelligence the capacity to think logically and
solve problems in novel situations, independent of
acquired knowledge.
• Crystalized intelligence increases with age while
fluid intelligence decreases in old age.
Multiple Intelligences
• Theorist: Howard Gardner – 1980s
• the extent to which humans possess
different kinds of minds and therefore
learn, remember, perform, and
understand in different ways,“
• 9 Intelligences
Multiple Intelligences
• 1. Naturalist Intelligence (“Nature Smart”)
• 2. Musical Intelligence (“Musical Smart”)
• 3. Logical-Mathematical Intelligence
(Number/Reasoning Smart)
• 4. Existential Intelligence (Phil Smart)
• 5. Interpersonal Intelligence (People Smart”)
• 6. Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence (“Body Smart”)
• 7. Linguistic Intelligence (Word Smart)
• 8. Intra-personal Intelligence (Self Smart”)
• 9. Spatial Intelligence (“Picture Smart”)
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
• 1990 – Salovey & Mayer coin term
“emotional intelligence
• “it is an intelligence that involves the
ability to monitor one’s own and
others’ feelings and emotions, to
discriminate among them, and to use
this information to guide one’s
thinking and action.”
• 1995 - Daniel Goleman publishes
“Emotional Intelligence.”
GOLMAN’S THEORY
• THE BRAIN HAS EMOTIONAL
ARCHITECTURE
– Limbic structures generate feelings &
emotions
– Reptilian brain downshift
as the amygdala performs
“neural hijacking”
COMPONENTS OF E.I.
• Self-Awareness
• Self-Management or trustworthiness
• Motivation or resilience
• Empathy or recognizing emotions in
others
• Social skills or handling relationships
COMPONENTS OF E. I.
• FIRST THREE ARE PERSONAL
– SELF-AWARENESS
– SELF-REGULATION
– MOTIVATION
• LAST TWO ARE SOCIAL
– EMPATHY
– SOCIAL SKILL
SELF-AWARENESS
• “THE ABILITY TO RECOGNIZE AND
UNDERSTAND YOUR MOODS,
EMOTIONS, AND DRIVES, AS WELL AS
THEIR EFFECTS ON OTHERS
• Do I know how I’m
coming off in this
situation?
SELF-REGULATION
• “THE ABILITY TO CONTROL OR
REDIRECT DISRUPTING IMPULSES AND
MOODS OR THE ABILITY TO SUSPEND
JUDGMENT TO THINK BEFORE
ACTING.”
• Can I stop the
R brain downshifting?
SELF-REGULATION
• ABILITY TO RELAX
• ABILITY TO MANAGE STRESS
• ABILITY TO CONTROL MOODS
• ABILITY TO RECOVER FROM
EMOTIONAL UPSET MORE QUICKLY
• ABILITY TO EMPLOY THE 6 SECOND
PAUSE
SELF-REGULATION
• PEOPLE WHO SELF-REGULATE
– CREATE AN ATMOSPHERE OF TRUST AND
FAIRNESS
– REDUCE EMOTIONAL REACTIVITY IN
ENVIRONMENT
MOTIVATION
• “A PASSION TO WORK FOR REASONS
THAT GO BEYOND MONEY OR STATUS”
• JOB CAPABILITIES
– Achievement drive
– Commitment
– Initiative
– Optimism
EMPATHY
• “THE ABILITY TO UNDERSTAND THE
EMOTIONAL MAKE-UP OF OTHER
PEOPLE.”
EMPATHY
• ABILITY TO TAKE OTHER’S PERSPECTIVE
• CARING ATTITUDE
• CAN BETTER READ VERBAL &
NONVERBAL CUES
• ATTUNED TO NEEDS & EMOTIONS OF
OTHERS
EMPATHY
• EMPATHY BUILDS ON SELFAWARENESS.
• THE MORE OPEN WE ARE TO OUR
OWN EMOTIONS, THE MORE SKILLED
WE ARE IN READING OTHERS’
EMOTIONS
SOCIAL SKILLS
• “PROFICIENCY IN MANAGING
RELATIONSHIPS AND BUILDING
NETWORKS.”
• Using your empathetic knowledge
ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENTS
• Work Profile Questionnaire—EI
Version
• Emotional Competence Inventory 360
• Emotional Intelligence Appraisal
• BarOn Emotional Quotient Inventory
• Mayer-Salovey-Caruso-EI Test