Name:________________________________________ Date:____________ Period:___________
Introduction to Macromolecules Online Interactive Activity
Please follow along the activity using the websites listed below and complete the questions while
working through each activity.
Biomolecules – The Carbohydrates
Please type in the following URL and complete the fill in the blank questions as you click through the
activity.
http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP13104
Click Next and complete the questions below as you follow through the activity.
1. Carbohydrates are organic molecules with the general formula of ______ in __:__:__ ratio.
They provide the raw fuel for _________ _________ production.
Carbohydrates are classified according to molecular size and _____________. In general, the
___________ molecules are more ___________ than the _____________ ones.
2. _________________________ include glucose, fructose, galactose, deoxyribose, and ribose.
A single unit of _______, monosaccharides, are the ____________ carbohydrates.
 Glucose, a 6-carbon sugar (hexose) is the sugar in our blood.
 Fructose is the sugar that sweetens fruit.
 Galactose is the sugar found in milk.
Fructose and Galactose have the same chemical formula as ___________ and are therefore
____________ of glucose. Isomers have the same ______________ but a ______________
arrangement of their atoms and have different properties.
Draw the structure of glucose below (the structure drawn right above the word glucose):
3.
Glucose can have a straight __________ of _________ atoms or, more commonly, form a
______ structure. Two other 5-carbon sugars or ___________________________ (called
pentose) used in ____________ _____ synthesis are deoxyribose and ribose.
Draw the structure of deoxyribose below:
4. ______________________ include sucrose, lactose, and maltose. _____ monosaccharides are
joined together by _______________________ synthesis to form a disaccharide molecule.
 Sucrose (table sugar)
 ____________ + ____________ = sucrose + __________
 Lactose (milk sugar)
 ____________ + ____________ = lactose + water
 Maltose (malt sugar)
 Glucose + glucose = ______________ + water
5. ________________________ include starch, cellulose, and glycogen.
These long, chain-like polymers make ideal storage products due to their _______________.
 ___________ is the storage molecule synthesized from glucose by plants.
 _________________, which is also synthesized by plants for cell wall
construction, is indigestible because we lack enzymes for it. Cellulose provides
fiber to promote peristalsis.
 ______________ is the carbohydrate storage molecule found in ____________
and ________________ cells. When blood _____________ levels drop, liver
cells hydrolyze glycogen and release ____________ to the ________________.
Biomolecules – The Lipids
Please type in the following URL and complete the fill in the blank questions as you click through the
activity.
http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP13204
Click Next and complete the questions below as you follow through the activity.
1. Lipids are organic molecules that are ________________ in water.
Three examples of lipids are neutral fats, phospholipids, and cholesterol.
 Neutral fats (______________________)
o
_________ fatty acid chains attach to a single ________________ molecule by
____________________ synthesis. Neutral fats store _______________ fuel,
_______________ body tissues, and ______________ organs.
o
The building blocks of neutral fat molecules are the _________ ______
_________ (three are attached to a glycerol molecule). Fatty acid chains differ in
the _________ of the chain, although the chains have an _______ number of
carbons.
__________________ _________ ________ (shown below) have
____________ bonds between the carbon atoms. They originate from animal
sources and are __________ at room temperature.
o
o
o
o
Other fatty acids do not bind their maximum number of __________________
due to double bonding between _____________ atoms in the chain.
Fatty acids with one ___________ bond are _________________________,
while those with two or more _____________ bonds are
______________________ fatty acids.
____________________________ fats (shown below) originate from
___________ and are ___________ at room temperature.

Phospholipids
o These modified ____________________ have one of the fatty acid chains
replace by a ________________ group.
o _____________________ (phosphoglycerides) have a nonpolar ________
_____ _________ portion and a ________________ __________ portion.
o ______ layers of ____________________ form the chief component of all
______ __________________.
 Two layers of phospholipid molecules self-assemble so that their water
soluble (___________________) heads form the ___________ and
interior of the membrane, and the water insoluble (________________)
tails face ______ other.
 Label the Phopholipid bilayer below:

Cholesterol
o The cholesterol molecule has _______ interconnected ___________ rings.
o Cholesterol helps to ___________ all animal cell membranes. It is used by
the body to synthesize steroid _______________ such as the sex hormones
and hormones of the adrenal cortex, in Vitamin ___ synthesis, and in the
synthesis of bile.
Biomolecules – The Proteins
Please type in the following URL and complete the fill in the blank questions as you click through the
activity.
http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP13304
Click Next and complete the questions below as you follow through the activity.
1. Proteins of “prime importance” comprise ____ to ____ percent of cell mass and have many
physiological functions. All enzymes, blood proteins, hemoglobin, and antibodies are functional
________________. All proteins contain ___, ___, ___,and ___ and have many other elements
as well.
Proteins are built from ___ common building blocks called ____________ _______.
Differences in the ___-group identify the various ________________ ________.
2. The ___________________ ___________________ of a protein molecule is determined by the
____________________ of amino acids connected by ______________ bonds forming a
polypeptide chain. (The key to the sequence is in the _______ molecule.)
Depending upon the protein, it could have fewer than ______ amino acids or as many as several
_______________ in its chain.
3. Depending upon a protein’s __________ _______ sequences, the chain could use hydrogen
bonding to form a ___________________ __________________ into coils or pleats.
4. Still more bonding and _____________ can create the final dimensional shape or conformation
of the ____________. The final __________ shape determines the protein’s _______________.
The conformation of protein is vulnerable to destruction by high temperatures, wrong pH,
radiation, and chemicals. Many proteins are denatured this way.
Click on the “Construction of the Cell Membrane” and answer the following questions.
1. What is the cell membrane mainly composed of?
2. Its framework consists of a double layer of?
3. Label and draw the two examples of molecules in the cell membrane and the three
examples of globular shaped proteins.
4. Because the cell membrane is mostly lipid, it allows only what types of substances to go
through it? List three examples of these.
5. What do water soluble substances need the help of for transport? List four examples of
water soluble substances.
6. Draw the phospholipid bilayer, making sure to label the Hydophobic tails and the Hydophilic
heads.
7. As you click through the remaining slides add and label the following to your cell membrane:
 Fibrous proteins/cell receptors
 Globular proteins/pores (Be sure to show the H2O molecules and the direction they
are moving!)
 Channel proteins for transport (Be sure to show the Na+ molecules and the
direction they are moving)
 Glycoprotein
 Cholesterol
STOP when you get to the slide on cholesterol. Click the back button and flip back through
the slides as you need. Once you have completed your sketch click the next button and
complete the activity questions.
Once you have completed the 10 activity questions exit out that tab and return to where
you left off at Proteins.
Proteins continued.
5. Animal protein molecules contain repeated use of all ___ amino acids and are known as
______________ proteins. Most plant proteins are incomplete in that _______ all 20 amino
acids are used in the ________________ of each type of plant protein molecule. Vegetarians,
therefore, eat a variety of plant materials to get all of the ______________ ________ they need
for their own protein ______________________.
Nucleotides
Type in the following website http://www.dnaftb.org/19/animation.html .
Answer the questions below as you read through and complete the activities online.
1. In 1953, who published the first accurate model of the structure of the DNA molecule ?
2. Dr. Phoebus Levene determined that each nucleotide building block of DNA is made up of what?
3. What are the four nitrogenous bases and their abbreviations?
4. How are nucleotides linked?
5. What is the problem if DNA had a fixed, repetitive sequence? Why was this theory
incorrect?
6. Why does it make sense that the nucleotides change their order?
7. What did Erwin Chargaff do?
8. What did he find? Which nucleotide levels were very close to each other?
9. How did Chargaff’s study disproved Levene’s theory of equal amounts of A, T, G, and C?
10. How are the nucleotides arranged instead?
11. What technique did Linus Pauling use to discover the corkscrew-shaped structure found
in many proteins called the alpha - helix?
12. The resulting diffraction pattern is a unique what of the molecule?
13. Who made the two DNA X-ray diffraction patterns?
14. The distinctive X in the X-ray photo is the telltale pattern of what shape?
15. Draw an example of this shape.
16. Based on the X-ray pattern the dimensions of the helix must also be consistent so the
what must the diameter of the helix do?
17. How did Watson and Crick determine which nucleotide bases paired up with each
other?
18. Which nucleotide bases pair with each other?
19. How many hydrogen bonds are there when guanine pairs with cytosine? And Adenine
with Thymine?
20. DNA is like a twisted ladder, what makes up the rails and what makes up the rungs?
21. What does it mean that the nucleotide rungs are complementary to each other?