EOC REVIEW
Evolution, Classification, and Body Systems
QUESTIONS 1 – 3: EVOLUTION
 STANDARD: Describe the experiments of Redi, Needham, Spallanzani,
and Pasteur to support or falsify the hypothesis of spontaneous generation
 Redi – Demonstrated maggots came from flies, not rotten meat
 Needham – Experimented with hypothesis that broth bred bacteria.
Sample was contaminated by air giving a false positive.
 Spallanzani – Kept flasked sealed when sterilizing. No bacteria appeared.
Was criticized because no air flow was present
 Pasteur – Created a swan neck flask to give broth access to air, but not
contaminants from the air. Showed that spontaneous generation did not
happen
QUESTION 4: EVOLUTION
 STANDARD: Explain the biological definition of
evolution
 Evolution – The change in a species over time due to
adaptation. Evolution occurs in populations of
organisms, not individuals.
QUESTIONS 5 – 7: EVOLUTION
 STANDARD - Differentiate among chemical evolution, organic evolution, and the
evolutionary steps along the way to aerobic heterotrophs and photosynthetic
autotrophs
 Endosymbiosis – the theory that early evolution in cells occurred in part because
of beneficial bacteria species that eventually became incorporated into
mitochondria and chloroplasts. This was proposed by Lynn Marguilis
 Chemical Evolution – the theory of the process by which life arose from
inorganic matter
 Organic Evolution – the theory that all living things have descended with
modification from previous simpler forms or single cells
 Heterotroph Hypothesis – the hypothesis that heterotrophs arose first and that
autotrophs evolved in response to the abundance of carbon dioxide and lack of
oxygen.
QUESTION 8: EVOLUTION
 STANDARD - Discuss Darwin’s principle of survival of the fittest
and explain what Darwin meant by natural selection
 Survival of the Fittest – the organisms with traits best adapted
to the environmental conditions will survive and reproduce more
often than those less “fit”
 Natural Selection – Organisms better adapted for their
environment tend to survive and produce more offspring than
others. Over time, this makes the traits that are giving them the
advantage more common in the population
QUESTION 9: EVOLUTION
 STANDARD - Explain the influences of other scientists (e.g., Malthus,
Wallace, Lamarck, Lyell) and of Darwin’s trip on HMS Beagle in
formulating Darwin’s ideas about natural selection
 Malthus – Said that population was controlled by limiting factors
 Wallace – contemporary of Darwin; said attributes would only be
passed on if they were beneficial
 Lamarck – said that acquired characteristics were passed from
parents to offspring
 Lyell – supported uniformitarianism and constant gradual change,
not huge catastrophes
QUESTION 10: EVOLUTION
 STANDARD - Provide
examples of behaviors
that have evolved
through natural selection
(e.g., migration, courtship
rituals)
QUESTIONS 11 AND 12: EVOLUTION
 STANDARD - Specifically describe the conditions required to be
considered a species (e.g., reproductive isolation, geographic
isolation)
 Species – organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
 Geographic isolation – a physical barrier that prevents populations
from mating (stops gene flow)
 Behavioral isolation – changes in behavior that prevent mating
 Temporal isolation – changes in mating period or time of day active
that prevent mating
 Reproductive isolation – when two populations can no longer mate
successfully
QUESTIONS 13 AND 14: EVOLUTION
 STANDARD - Describe the basic
types of selection, including
disruptive, stabilizing, and
directional
 Disruptive selection – moves
toward both phenotype extremes
 Stabilizing selection – moves
toward the intermediate
phenotype
 Directional selection – moves
toward one extreme phenotype
QUESTION 15: EVOLUTION
 STANDARD - Explain how natural selection and its evolutionary
consequences (e.g., adaptation or extinction) provide a scientific
explanation for the fossil record of ancient life-forms and the striking
molecular similarities observed among the diverse species of living
organisms
 As you look through layers of rock, the fossils show adaptations as the
environment changes.
 Over time, new species enter the fossil record and species disappear from
the fossil record (extinction)
 As populations spread out, they became isolated and variations arose due
to adaptation under different conditions in these areas
QUESTIONS 16 AND 17: EVOLUTION
 STANDARD - Explain how Earth’s life-forms have evolved from
earlier species as a consequence of interactions of (a) the
potential of a species to increase its numbers and (b) genetic
variability of offspring due to mutation and recombinations of
DNA
 The faster the increase of numbers of a population, the more
potential for mutation and recombinations of DNA
 Genetic variability is good as it gives the species more room to
adapt if the environmental conditions change
 Too small a gene pool leads to a loss of genetic variability
QUESTIONS 17 AND 18: EVOLUTION
 STANARD - Distinguish between catastrophism, gradualism, and punctuated
equilibrium
 Catastrophism - the theory that changes in the earth's crust during geological
history have resulted chiefly from sudden violent and unusual events
 Gradualism - the hypothesis that evolution proceeds chiefly by the accumulation
of gradual changes
 Punctuated equilibrium - the hypothesis that evolutionary development is marked
by isolated episodes of rapid speciation between long periods of little or no
change
Questions 1 – 3: Body Systems

STANDARD - Identify major types of animal cells
and tissues
Note: The best place to go to study body systems is
quizlet.com. Search “Body Systems Study Guide
2015. There are three parts

Types of tissue: epithelial (skin), muscle, skeletal
(bone), nerve, adipose (fatty), connective (layer
between tissues)
Questions 4 - 8
STANDARD - Describe the major
components and functions of
physiological systems, including
skeletal, muscle, circulatory,
respiratory, digestive, urinary,
endocrine, nervous,
reproductive, and immune
Questions 1 – 3: Classification

STANDARD - Explain how organisms are classified into a hierarchy of groups
and subgroups based on similarities that reflect their evolutionary
relationships

Example: Reptiles and birds share many characteristics (claws, similar
circulatory and respiratory systems) but have unique characteristics too
(feathers in birds, scales in reptiles)

Example: Monkeys and deer are both mammals because they have fur,
are warm blooded, and produce milk for their offspring
Questions 4 and 5

STANDARD - List each of the major levels in the
hierarchy of taxa:

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus,
and species

Kingdom is the biggest, species the smallest
Questions 6 - 7

STANDARD - Explain the binomial nomenclature system
 Binomial
nomenclature – Two names
 To
write it Genus first (Capitalized) and species
second (lowercase)
 Example:
 When
Panthera tigris
typing the scientific name, italicize it. If written,
underline it.
Also need to know. . .

STANDARD - Use a dichotomous key

Always start at #1

Read both choices for #1 and pick the one that fits with
your specimen

Go to the step it tells

Repeat steps until you get to the name

Backtrack if necessary
Questions 8 - 10

STANDARD - Distinguish between and among viruses,
bacteria, and protists, and give examples of each

Protist Kingdom: organisms that have single, complex cells.
Have nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Example –
Paramecium or Euglena

Moneran Kingdom: organisms that have single, simple cells.
No nucleus or organelles. Example – Bacteria

Viruses: Consist of protein coat and genetic material. Do not
reproduce on their own and not considered living things.
Example – HIV or influenza
Question 11

STANDARD - Explain classification criteria for fungi,
plants, and animals

Animal Kingdom: organisms that usually move around
and find their own food.

Plant Kingdom: organisms that make their own food
and do not actively move around.

Fungi Kingdom: organisms that absorb food from living
and non-living things.
Question 12

STANDARD - Compare
the major divisions of
animals