PowerPoint Presentation to Accompany
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning
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Chapter 13
The Blood
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Introduction
• Specialized connective tissue
– Plasma: fluid part (55%)
– Formed blood cells (45%)
• Erythrocytes
• Leukocytes
• Thrombocytes
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Functions of the Blood
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Functions of the Blood (cont’d.)
• Transports: O2, CO2, nutrients, waste,
hormones
• Regulates: body pH, body temperature
• Clotting mechanism
• Protection against foreign microbes and
toxins
• Osmosis
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The Classification of Blood
Cells and the Composition of
Plasma
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The Classification of Blood Cells
• Erythrocytes (RBCs)
– 95% of the volume of blood cells
• Leukocytes (WBCs)
– Granular: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
– Agranular: monocytes, lymphocytes
• Thrombocytes: platelets
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The Composition of Plasma
• Fluid portion of blood is 91% water
• Plasma proteins: 7%
– Albumin, globulin, fibrinogen
• Plasma solutes: 2%
– Ions, nutrients, waste products, gases,
enzymes, hormones
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Formation of Blood Cells:
Hematopoiesis
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Formation of Blood Cells:
Hematopoiesis (cont’d.)
• Produced in red bone marrow
• Lymphocytes and monocytes produced by
– Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils
• Stem cells: undifferentiated mesenchymal
cells
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Blood Cell Anatomy and
Functions
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Blood Cell Anatomy and Functions
(cont’d.)
• Erythrocytes
– Biconcave disks
– No nucleus
– Contain hemoglobin
• Heme: binds O2
• Globin: binds CO2
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Blood Cell Anatomy and Functions
(cont’d.)
• Granular leukocytes
– Neutrophils
• Phagocytize foreign substances
– Eosinophils
• Produce antihistamines
– Basophils
• Produce heparin, histamine, serotonin
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Blood Cell Anatomy and Functions
(cont’d.)
• Agranular leukocytes
– Monocytes
• Phagocytize bacteria and cellular debris
• Macrophages: in tissues
– Lymphocytes
• T lymphocytes
• B lymphocytes
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Blood Cell Anatomy and Functions
(cont’d.)
• Thrombocytes or platelets
– Disk-shaped cellular fragments with a nucleus
– Prevent fluid loss when blood vessels
damaged
– Produced from large megakaryocytes
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The Clotting Mechanism
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The Clotting Mechanism (cont’d.)
Ruptured blood vessel attracts Thrombocytes

Damaged tissue releases Thromboplastin

Thromboplastin + Ca+, ions, and proteins
Prothrombin activator + Ca+  Prothrombin 
Thrombin  Fibrinogen  Fibrin
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The Clotting Mechanism (cont’d.)
• Clot
– Fibrin forms long threads acting like a net
– Platelets get enmeshed
• Syneresis: clot retraction
• Fibrinolysis: dissolution of blood clot
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The Clotting Mechanism (cont’d.)
• Thrombosis: unwanted clotting
• Embolus: circulating blood clot
• Infarction
– Tissues killed as a result of loss of blood
supply
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The Clotting Mechanism (cont’d.)
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Animation - Blood
• [Insert The Blood.swf]
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The Blood Groups
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Introduction
• Human blood is of different types
– Only certain combinations are compatible
• Agglutination: clumping of RBCs
– Occurs when blood groups mismatched
– Transfusion reaction
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The ABO Blood Group
• Type A
– Anti-B antibodies
• Type B
– Anti-A antibodies
• Type AB
– No antibodies
• Type O
– Anti-A and anti-B antibodies
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The Rh Blood Group
• Eight Rh antigens
• Antigen D: most important
• Anti-Rh antibodies develop after exposure
– Rh-negative mother carrying Rh-positive baby
• Erythroblastosis fetalis
• RhoGAM - protects Rh-positive fetus
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Summary
• Described the functions of blood
• Classified blood cells into different groups
based on anatomy and function
• Discussed how and where blood cells are
formed
• Explained the clotting mechanism
• Named the different blood groups
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