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1. The Boston Massacre
During the eighteenth century, the relationship between Great Britain and
its American colony became strained. Boston, Massachusetts, was one city in
particular where the difficulties between the British and the Americans could
be observed. In an attempt to keep the peace, the British decided to place
soldiers in the city. However, this action backfired. The people of Boston saw
the soldiers as a threat. On March 5, 1770, a fight broke out between the
soldiers and some of the colonists. The British soldiers fired into the crowd
and killed five colonists, including an African American named Crispus
Attucks. This event became known as the Boston Massacre.
Directions: Type your response in the box.
Describe the overall organization of the passage. Use evidence from the
passages to support your response.
Gary and Terry have always been mistaken for one another. They are both the same
age. They share the same birthday. They both grew up in Maryland.
Terry is slightly older than Gary. He practices martial arts and used to play football in
school. He has longer hair and likes movies.
Gary, on the other hand, is a music guy. He loves music and plays the saxophone
constantly. In school, he ran track but never made the football team.
Even though they are twins, Gary and Terry do not feel they are alike at all.
2. The structure of the selection above can best be described as
A. chronological order.
B. compare and contrast.
C. problem and solution.
D. cause and effect.
3. Passage 1
Energy in the United States
1
The way in which the United States gets most of its energy is a major
concern.The country gets most of its energy from nonrenewable
sources. Nonrenewable sources cannot be made again in a short period of
time. These sources include crude oil, natural gas, coal, and nuclear
energy. Because they cannot be made again, the United States risks facing an
energy shortage when they run out. When trying to get these sources, the United
States is limited to where they can find them, which is often outside of the
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country.Perhaps most importantly, nonrenewable sources pose a major
environmental risk.When trying to get oil, there can be oil spills, which cause much
devastation. To get natural gas, some companies use a process called fracking,
which upsets rock formations. Trying to obtain nonrenewable sources like coal is
also very dangerous for the people working to mine it in dangerous conditions.
2
Once nonrenewable sources have been obtained, they must be converted to
energy in ways that are very harmful to the environment. The most negative way is
the burning of fossil fuels. The burning of fossil fuels plays a major role in global
warming.Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide into the air. This carbon
dioxide traps warm air in the atmosphere and causes temperatures to rise. This is a
natural process, but the rate at which it has happened in recent years is not
natural. Global warming drastically affects the earth's climate. If left unchecked, it
will cause ecosystems to suffer dramatically.
3
To avoid the negative effects of relying on nonrenewable energy sources, the
United States should switch to clean energy from renewable sources.Renewable
sources can be made again in a short period of time. They are often much better for
the environment.Renewable energy uses solar, biomass, wind, geothermal, and
water sources.Renewable energy is important to reducing the amount of
greenhouse gas released into the atmosphere. When renewable energy sources
are used, people need to use fossil fuels less. The production of fuels from
renewable sources has increased since 2000 because of government laws and
incentives. More incentives would further encourage the production of clean
energy. More research into affordable clean energy technology would be helpful
too.
Passage 2
Nutrient Pollution
adapted from the Environmental Protection Agency
1
Nutrient pollution is one of America's most challenging environmental problems.It
is caused by excess nitrogen and phosphorus in the air and water. Nitrogen and
phosphorus are nutrients that are natural parts of aquatic ecosystems.Nitrogen is
also the most abundant element in the air we breathe. But when too much nitrogen
and phosphorus enter the environment, the air and water can become
polluted. Nutrient pollution has impacted many streams, rivers, lakes, bays and
coastal waters for the past several decades. This has resulted in serious
environmental and human health issues.
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2
Farming can contribute to nutrient pollution when not properly
managed.Fertilizers and animal manure are both rich in nitrogen and
phosphorus. Nitrogen and phosphorous are the primary sources of nutrient pollution
from agricultural sources.Excess nutrients can also impact water quality when it
rains. It can also impact it when water and soil containing nitrogen and phosphorus
wash into nearby waters or seep into ground waters. Fertilized soils and livestock
can be significant sources of certain compounds like ammonia and nitrogen
oxides. Ammonia can be harmful to aquatic life if large amounts are deposited to
surface waters. Nitrous oxide is a potent greenhouse gas. Greenhouse gases lead
to global warming.
3
Farmers can reduce nutrient pollution through coordinated action. First, farms
can use nutrient management. They can apply fertilizers in the proper amount, at
the right time of year and with the right method. Additionally, farms can plant certain
grasses, grains or clovers to help keep nutrients out of the water. This recycles
excess nitrogen and reduces soil erosion. Planting trees, shrubs and grass around
fields can help by absorbing nutrients before they reach a water body.To manage
livestock waste, farmers can keep animals and their waste out of streams, rivers
and lakes. This keeps nitrogen and phosphorus out of the water and restores
stream banks. Farms can reduce how often fields are tilled. This reduces erosion,
builds soil organic matter, and reduces runoff. Lastly, drainage water management
is important. Reducing nutrient loadings that drain from agricultural fields helps
prevent negative effects on the water.
Directions: Select all the correct answers.
Which two statements describe the text structures of both passages?

Both passages use cause and effect in the first two paragraphs.

Both passages present a sequence of ideas.

Both passages compare and contrast multiple ideas.

Both passages are descriptive.

Both passages present questions and then try to answer them.

Both passages present problems and then provide solutions for them.
4. An Overview of Slavery in the American Colonies
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Beginning in 1619, the trans-Atlantic slave trade brought millions of Africans to
America to work.
The first Africans were brought to Jamestown, Virginia, in 1619. They
worked as indentured servants. Indentured servants were people who agreed
to work for a certain amount of time in exchange for money, passage,
housing, and food. Then, in 1640, indentured servant John Punch was caught
trying to escape. He was sentenced to serve his master for life. Some
historians think Punch was the first slave in America. In 1641, Massachusetts
became the first colony to legally recognize slavery. Slavery existed at one
time or another in all 13 colonies. A group of Quakers in Pennsylvania, in
1688, requested that the government end slavery. Finally, in 1744, Rhode
Island and Connecticut made it illegal to import slaves.
Directions: Type your response in the box.
Describe the overall organization of the passage. Use evidence from the
passage to support your response.
Many people get bacteria and viruses confused. Bacteria are germs that multiply by
splitting into two cells. Those cells keep dividing. While our body contains many good
bacteria, there are some that make you sick. They release poisons and cause the body
to react to them.
Viruses are simpler in structure than bacteria. They multiply by invading cells. They
take over to make copies of themselves. Viruses make you sick by messing with how
those cells work.
http://www.sickkids.on.ca/kids/ks_Virus.asp
5. What is this passage's organizational structure?
A. compare and contrast
B. problem and solution
C. chronological order
D. cause and effect
6. Passage 1
The Boston Tea Party
1
In 1607, the British established the colony of Jamestown in Virginia. This led to
nearly a century of British dominance on the new continent. During this time, the
British worked to defend their colonies against attack by the French and others.This
cost the British money; therefore, they had to pay high taxes in their
country.Because of this, the British decided to tax the colonists to share the
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financial responsibility. They also asked the colonists to share in other
responsibilities.
2
In 1764, the British passed the Sugar Act, which taxed sugar and molasses, and
the Currency Act, which regulated paper money in the colonies. In 1765, the
Quartering Act was passed. This act forced colonists to shelter British troops when
necessary. The British passed The Stamp Act of 1765, which taxed all legal
documents, newspapers, and other documents. In 1766, this tax was overturned,
but tensions lingered between the British and the colonists. That same year,
Parliament passed the Declaratory Act, which gave the British more power in the
colonies. In 1767, the Townshend Acts instituted even more taxes on regular
items. However, these acts led to such great protests that most were repealed. In
1770, the British killed five colonists in the Boston Massacre. Three years later, the
Tea Act allowed a British company to sell directly to the colonies and greatly hurt
colonial merchants. This led to such outrage that the colonists decided to take direct
action.
3
On December 16th, 1773, several angry colonists gathered at the Boston
Harbor. The men who were part of a group called the Sons of Liberty directly
opposed the taxation by the British. They loosely disguised themselves as Mohawk
American Indians. They went on the cargo ships in the harbor and threw all the tea,
which was worth a great amount of money, into the waters of Boston Harbor. This
act greatly angered King George of England.He sent the Royal Navy to shut down
the harbor, but the other colonies came to support the rebels in Boston. The Tea
Party serves as a great symbol of the American Revolution to this day.
Passage 2
A Revolutionary Party
1
The Boston Tea Party took place on December 16, 1773. It marked a turning
point in the relations between the British and American colonists. Though some may
say that the Boston Tea Party was the direct result of a tax on tea, it actually
stemmed from a series of events which stretched over the course of a
decade.These events mainly involved the passing of bills which either introduced
new taxes or tried to limit the rights and powers of the colonists. The British had
originally begun passing these bills because they felt that they needed financial and
logistical support in defending the colonies.Gradually, the British began passing
more bills to increase their authority. To the colonists, the acts seemed unfair and
unnecessary. Some colonists were so angered that they even formed a group
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called the Sons of Liberty. The group's main platform was to oppose taxes. In 1770,
the tensions between colonists and the British came to a head at the Boston
Massacre. Colonists and British troops faced off in the streets, and five Americans
were killed. In 1773, the passing of the Tea Act reduced taxes on British tea and
hurt the colonists' businesses.
2
At this point, the Sons of Liberty decided to take action. They organized and
coordinated for weeks. The night of December 16, they dumped tea from three
ships into Boston Harbor. Many people in Boston would not cooperate with
authorities when they came to investigate.The actions of the colonists in Boston
emboldened colonists throughout the country. The Tea Party sent a clear message
to the British that they would not easily accept their policies. The British leadership
grew angry and tried to tighten their control on the colonies. More acts were passed,
and more resistance eventually came. Thomas Paine published his revolutionary
pamphlet Common Sense and leaders with names like Washington, Jefferson, and
Adams began to gather around the country. In 1774, the First Continental Congress
took place. The colonists agreed to continue boycotting British products. With the
seeds of independence planted, the Revolution would soon begin.
7. How to Make Your Own Pizza
Pizza is a popular, tasty food. It is also a meal that is easy to make on your
own with just a few changes. All you need are English muffins, tomato sauce,
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mozzarella cheese, and any extra toppings you would like. First, preheat the
oven to 375 degrees. While the oven is heating, cut your English muffins in
half. Then, lightly toast them with a toaster. Once they cool off, spread some
tomato sauce over each one. Add your cheese and any extra toppings you
want. When the oven is ready, ask an adult to put your pizzas in the oven on a
cookie tray. Cook them for 10 minutes or until the cheese is bubbly. Finally, let
them cool for 5 minutes. Then you can enjoy your very own pizzas!
Directions: Type your response in the box.
Describe the overall organization of the passage. Use evidence from the
passage to support your response.
Like all lemurs, aye-ayes and ring-tailed lemurs are from the island of Madagascar.
Aye-ayes and ring-tailed lemurs are similar in more ways than one. They are about the
same size. Aye-ayes and ring-tailed lemurs both weigh around five pounds. They are
both around 17 inches from head to behind. Also, they both have tails that are about
two feet long. Another similarity between the two types of lemurs is that they both eat
fruits, nuts, seeds, grubs, and insects.
The aye-aye is a very special type of lemur. It has a couple of
unusual characteristics. First, it has a very long, claw-like middle
finger. The aye-aye uses its long finger to tap on trees while it
listens for the sound of grubs inside of the trees. Its second
unusual characteristic is its teeth. The teeth on either side of its
front teeth grow constantly. The aye-aye uses its teeth to gnaw
holes into trees. Then, it uses its extra-long middle finger to pull
grubs out of the holes. Aye-ayes are active during the night and
are not very social. They live alone in forests in separate territories.
Aye-ayes sleep in nests in trees during the day. They have dark
brown or black fur, with white hair on and around their faces.
The ring-tailed lemur is different from the aye-aye in several
ways. One major difference is that the ring-tailed lemur is social and
lives in groups of up to about 30 lemurs. For warmth and bonding,
lemurs form a lemur ball by wrapping their bodies together. Another
difference is that the ring-tailed lemur has a black and white striped
tail. In contrast to aye-ayes, ring-tailed lemurs are active during the
day and sleep at night. Also, unlike aye-ayes, ring-tailed lemurs
spend most of their time on the ground. One other difference between ring-tailed lemurs
and aye-ayes is their fur. Ring-tailed lemurs are dark reddish gray to dark reddish brown
with lighter fur on their bellies.
8. How is the passage organized?
A. cause and effect
B. problem and solution
C. compare and contrast
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D. chronological order
Many lakes and forests are being hurt by acid rain. New research shows that air
pollution is also affecting human health.
In the last 15 years, sulfur dioxide has been reduced. It is one of the main parts of
acid rain. The newest studies show that it won't be enough to protect our weakest lakes
and forests.
Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are the biggest reasons for acid rain. These
pollutants are found in coal-fired power plants, nickel and copper smelters, and cars.
When they are released into the air, they react with water vapor. It creates sulfuric acid.
adapted from http://www.msc-smc.ec.gc.ca/cd/factsheets/acidrain/index_e.cfm
9. This passage is organized using
A. compare and contrast.
B. problem and solution.
C. cause and effect.
D. chronological order.
10. Passage 1
The Great Barrier Reef
The Great Barrier Reef stretches for about 1,300 miles along the coast of
Queensland in Northern Australia. In terms of size, the reef has approximately
the same area of Japan, Germany, or Italy. The largest living structure on
Earth, the Great Barrier Reef is the only living thing visible from outer space.
The Great Barrier Reef is famous for its beautiful coral reefs, and it is a
habitat for a large number of plants and animals. Humpback whales, dolphins,
tropical fish, birds, and reptiles live around this reef. It is also home to some
endangered animals, such as green sea turtles.
Passage 2
An Endangered Treasure
The Great Barrier Reef, one of the most famous coral reefs in the world, is
in danger due to the effects of climate change, caused by global
warming. This harmful effect on the reef can, in turn, cause damage to the
plants and marine life around the reef. Climate change causes the
temperature of the waters in the ocean to rise.The rise in temperature causes
the corals to release the small creatures living in them. This makes the corals
look white, and the process is known as coral bleaching. Coral bleaching also
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stops the coral from growing; if it continues, then the coral dies. The second
danger from the rising sea temperature is that it prevents the corals from
growing their shells or skeletons, making them weak and defenseless against
erosion. Finally, the rising levels of carbon dioxide, if not controlled, will cause
the corals to dissolve. The Great Barrier Reef and its corals are in danger. If
they are not protected, there will be fewer corals, and the ones that survive
may eventually dissolve over the course of time.
Directions: Select all the correct answers.
Which two statements correctly describe the structures of the passages?

"The Great Barrier Reef" uses compare and contrast to explain what
the reef looks like.

"The Great Barrier Reef" presents a problem facing the reef and
provides a solution for fixing it.

"The Great Barrier Reef" uses description to tell about the reef.

"An Endangered Treasure" uses cause and effect to organize ideas.

"An Endangered Treasure" is organized using sequence of events to
share information.
11. Passage 1
Duke Ellington
adapted from the Library of Congress
1
Duke Ellington was one of the founding fathers of jazz music. He was born in
Washington D.C. and loved music from an early age. When he was four years old,
he listened to his mother play a popular piano tune called "The Rosary." He began
to cry, saying, "It was so pretty. So pretty." Not long after that, at the age of seven,
he began to play piano himself.
2
At age 15, Ellington worked at a soda fountain and wrote his first song, "Soda
Fountain Rag." By his late teens, he was making enough money to help his parents
move into a better house. One of Ellington's first professional gigs was a party
where he played so long that his hand bled. He earned 75 cents. "It was the most
money I had ever seen," he said. "I rushed all the way home to my mother with
it. But I could not touch a piano key for weeks."
3
By the time he was 20, Ellington and his friends formed a band that would be the
foundation for his life's work. From 1923 to 1927, he and his band lived in New York
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City and made about 60 recordings. Their first big break came on December 4,
1927. It was the opening night of what would turn out to be a long engagement at
the Cotton Club in New York City's Harlem neighborhood.
4
In 1939, Ellington's band got an important member in Billy Strayhorn. He
composed and co-wrote some of the most famous pieces associated with Ellington,
including the band's theme song, "Take the 'A' Train." Their partnership worked so
smoothly that they were even able to write songs over the telephone.
5
The Duke Ellington Orchestra was on the road for 50 years and kept up an
incredible schedule. The band often performed two shows a day. Ellington's music
was familiar to people in the U.S. and abroad. Over the years Ellington worked with
many famous people, including Irving Berlin, Lena Horn, Ella Fitzgerald, Count
Basie, Louis Armstrong, Mahalia Jackson, Bing Crosby, and many more. Ellington
and his band kept up their fast-paced touring schedule into the early 1970s.
6
In 1970, the American Ballet Theater commissioned Ellington to develop a ballet,
which he called The River. The ballet was choreographed by the famous dancer
Alvin Ailey and premiered on June 25, 1970. That same year, he was also
commissioned to write a comic opera.Other works he wrote include a theater piece
and music for films. Ellington died in 1974, but left a lasting impact on music that
continues to this day.
Passage 2
John Philip Sousa
adapted from the Library of Congress
1
John Philip Sousa was born in Washington, D. C., on November 6, 1854.His
father, John Antonio Sousa, was born in Spain of Portuguese parents, and his
mother, Marie Elizabeth Trinkaus, was born in Bavaria.
2
Sousa received his early education in Washington public schools. At the same
time, he studied music at a private conservatory. From his childhood, he was
determined, industrious, and optimistic.Foremost in his mind was how best to
please his audiences.
3
At age 13, he enlisted in the U.S. Marine Band as a "boy" (apprentice)
musician. He also continued his private music studies. His most important teacher
was George Felix Benkert. With Benkert, Sousa studied violin, harmony, and
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composition. After serving seven years with the marines, he was
discharged.Afterward, he performed as a violinist and conductor in various theater
orchestras in Washington and Philadelphia.
4
By 1880, his fame as a conductor, composer, and arranger had been
established. Sousa was known as a man of considerable self-discipline and
extraordinary talent. He excelled in everything he undertook. He was unassuming,
approachable, and tolerant.To all who knew him, he was a man of incredibly high
moral standards. He was appointed leader of the U.S. Marine Band and held this
position for 12 years. He eventually molded the band into the finest military band in
the world.
5
Sousa resigned from the Marine Corps in 1892 to form his own civilian
band. This band quickly became known as one of the finest symphony orchestras of
the day. It was a concert organization, not a marching band. The finest available
instrumentalists were engaged. Numerous other artists of international fame
performed with the band at one time or another.
6
People throughout the world flocked to see "The March King" during his many
American and worldwide tours. His influence on American musical tastes was
remarkable, and much of his influence spread abroad. The Sousa band traveled the
world in 1910-1911, made four additional tours of Europe, and annual tours of
America. He continued performing with his band until the day he died, March 6,
1932.
Directions: Select all the correct answers.
Which two statements describe the text structures of both passages?

Both passages compare and contrast multiple ideas.

Both passages use chronological order.

Both the passages use cause and effect to organize ideas.

Both passages present problems and solutions.

Passage 1 mainly compares ideas, while Passage 2 presents events
in a sequence.

Passage 1 mainly presents facts, while Passage 2 uses more
description.
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A glacier is a moving river of ice. Glaciers are made high in the mountain areas. The
weather there is so extreme that the snow doesn't melt all the way. In the mountains it
can snow even in the summer. As the snow settles, the ends of the snowflakes get
pressed together, just like when you make a snowball. Every winter, the ice grows into
millions of interlocking ice crystals. The shapes create a mass of solid ice. The melting
and refreezing ice and the chipping away of the rocks make a large area. As the ice
grows it gets fatter and weighs more.
As glaciers move, the front makes a giant wall of ice. It moves forward because it
has a great, heavy weight. The front of the wall can be a mile high. Nothing can stop a
glacier, not mountains, forests, lakes, plains, or people!
adapted from http://www.northstar.k12.ak.us/schools/joy/denali/OConnor/formed.html
12. This text is an example of what type of structure?
A. cause and effect
B. chronological order
C. problem and solution
D. compare and contrast
First, take the freeway to Dorman. When you reach Dorman, take the Ronaldine Exit.
As you exit, take an immediate right onto Big Sur. Go down two blocks. Then, take a
right on Coleman. My house, #3097, will be on the left.
13. What is this passage's organizational structure?
A. chronological order
B. problem and solution
C. compare and contrast
D. cause and effect
Sharks and dolphins look very similar. They have fins, mouths with teeth, and their
skin feels the same. They both live in the ocean. They both also eat smaller fish.
However, they are different in many, many ways. For instance, a dolphin is a
mammal (like a human). It breathes air through its blowhole and can drown if it doesn't
surface to breathe. A shark doesn't have to surface. It has gills that turn water into
oxygen. Also, sharks are not mammals. They are fish. What other differences can you
think of between sharks and dolphins?
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Text Structure
14. How does this author organize this passage?
A. problem and solution
B. compare and contrast
C. cause and effect
D. chronological order
15. Passage 1
Major Morning Decisions
Every school year, many parents have to make tough decisions. They must decide if they will
drive their children to school or let them ride buses. Parents of bus riders may be able to start
work or other responsibilities earlier in the day. Many times, school buses come through
neighborhoods before families would normally leave to drive to school. This early schedule also
helps to make sure that children arrive at school on time. Children who are late to school are
usually car riders, not bus riders. At some schools, bus riders arrive at school in time to eat a
healthy breakfast. This meal puts children on the right track for learning. Allowing children to
ride the bus would also save gas for parents and create less traffic on the roads.
Unlike bus riders, car riders don't have to leave at a specific time. This option might allow for
more family time in the mornings. Young children might find it difficult to be quiet and still on a
bus, especially without seatbelts. Bus riders are also forced to follow more rules for longer
periods of time. Bus rules are just as important as school rules, and students are punished for
breaking them. Also, parents who drive their children to school do not have to wonder if their
children arrive at school safely each day. Parents of bus riders do not have this instant peace of
mind. The type of transportation used can affect entire families for the entire school year.
Passage 2
Getting Around
Kids have been quickly getting around their neighborhoods for hundreds of years. Bikes are
old and common forms of travel. Some cities even have bike paths to keep riders safe on the
roads. Skateboarding is another way to get around. Skateboards were invented in the 1950s and
have been popular on and off over the years. Skateboarders travel faster than walkers and can
easily store or carry their boards when indoors. Bikes are difficult to store away. They usually
must be safely locked to bike racks when riders go indoors. Scooters are another way to travel.
Some scooters can be folded to store or carry like a skateboard. They provide a more stable ride
than skateboards, but are not as fast as bikes. Bikes, skateboards, and scooters get kids to their
destination faster than their feet.
The overall structure of these two passages is
A. comparison.
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B. cause/effect.
C. problem/solution.
D. chronological.
16.
While Italy has many rivers, they tend to be short. At four-hundred miles, the Po
is the longest. South America, on the other hand, has many long rivers. The Amazon is
the longest river in South America. It is 3,500 miles longer than the Po.
This passage is organized using
A. cause and effect.
B. compare and contrast.
C. problem and solution.
D. chronological order.
17. Passage 1
Whales and Dolphins
Whales and Dolphins belong to a group called cetaceans. Cetaceans are divided into two
groups-baleen and toothed. Baleen whales do not have teeth. They have a kind of bristle or thick
hair-like structure which hangs from their upper jaw and help them feed on small creatures in the
sea. Most dolphins belong to the group that has teeth. The sperm whale, beluga whale, and
narwhal whale belong to this group as well. Dolphins are found all over the world, and they are
generally smaller than whales. Unlike whales, they can live in warm and cold waters. Both,
whales and dolphins, are very intelligent creatures.
Saving the Whales and Dolphins
Dolphins and whales should be allowed to exist freely. People must see that they are not in
danger of being caught in fishing nets or of being hunted. They should be able to swim in clean,
clear waters. They should be protected from noise and kept away from boats which may
endanger them. In order to protect these creatures, marine officers, or people who work with the
sea, help to keep the sea clean. They try to clean the sea of nets and other garbage, which may
harm the whales and dolphins.
How are the overall structures of the two passages different?
A. Passage 1 has a comparison structure. Passage 2 has a problem/solution structure.
B. Passage 1 has a chronological structure. Passage 2 has a problem/solution structure.
C. Passage 1 has a cause/effect structure. Passage 2 has a comparison structure.
D. Passage 1 has a cause/effect structure. Passage 2 has a problem/solution structure.
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18. Passage 1
Online Schools
In recent years, children have begun to use computers to learn at earlier ages. In fact, toddlers
as young as 2 years old can learn shapes and colors on their own using the Internet. In some
middle schools and high schools, computers have completely replaced textbooks. This trend has
continued to expand. As a result, online learning has begun to replace classroom instruction for
some students. In many states, students in 3rd through 12th grades can attend school online for
free. Online educators teach and grade work using the Internet. Their students never have to
attend class at a school building. Computers have created a new generation of learners.
Passage 2
Free Tutoring
Some cities offer free tutoring to youth. One-on-one learning is important for some students.
However, tutors can be expensive and hard to find. Free tutoring is the perfect fix. It can be
offered at schools, community centers, churches, or libraries. Sometimes, volunteers will tutor
for free. Other times, the tutoring program can raise money to pay the tutors. Either way, parents
and their children can receive a valuable service at no cost.
How are the overall structures of the two passages different?
A. Passage 1 has a chronological structure. Passage 2 has a problem/solution structure.
B. Passage 1 has a comparison structure. Passage 2 has a chronological structure.
C. Passage 1 has a cause/effect structure. Passage 2 has a comparison structure.
D. Passage 1 has a cause/effect structure. Passage 2 has a problem/solution structure.
19.
A Difficult Conversation
Sometimes, you may need to have a difficult talk with a friend. Telling a friend about the
problems that are bothering you can relieve a lot of stress. Before you talk to your friend, you
should consider some of these steps. First, think about what you will say to him or her. You want
to bring up the reasons why you are having the conversation. Next, figure out where and when
you want to speak with your friend. Try to have the conversation in a place where he or she will
not be distracted. After that, address your concerns calmly. Listen to your friend's point of view
as well. Finally, try to reach an agreement by the end of the conversation.
How is the passage organized?
A. chronological order
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B. cause and effect
C. compare and contrast
D. question and answer
20. Passage 1
Benjamin Franklin
Benjamin Franklin was born in 1706 in Boston. He was the fifteenth child of his parents. At
the age of eight, he joined a grammar school. Here, he fared very well. He also learned subjects
such as such as writing and arithmetic. At the age of ten, he started working in his father’s shop,
where he helped to make candles. However, he found this life very boring and always dreamed
of going away. He also loved to read. Later, he worked in his brother’s printing shop until the
age of twenty-one. Benjamin Franklin rose to become one of the greatest men in the history of
the United States of America. He was one of the five men appointed to write the Declaration of
Independence. After the signing of the Declaration of Independence on July 4th, 1776, he went
to France.
Passage 2
Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln was born in Kentucky, on February 12th, 1809. When he was seven years
old, his family moved to Indiana. They settled near the Ohio River. Abraham Lincoln's schooling
was short - less than an entire year in all. While attending school, Abraham Lincoln had to walk
a distance of about four and a half miles from his home. Till he was about twenty years old, he
helped his father by chopping wood, and doing other chores. Later, he studied law and then
joined politics. In 1858, Lincoln received the nomination of the Republican Party for the United
States Senate.
What overall structure do these two passages share?
A. chronological
B. comparison
C. cause and effect
D. question and answer
21.
A bruise is also called a contusion, and it forms after a hard enough bump to the
soft tissues under your skin. When these tissues are injured, small veins and capillaries
(the tiniest blood vessels) under the skin sometimes break. These blood vessels then
leak out red blood cells.
Imagine you're hit with a baseball in the leg. Ouch! Your body will go through the
phases of a bruise. First, you'll probably have a bump that will probably look red or
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purplish and tender. The bump might swell from the blood collecting under the tissue.
After a couple of days, the bruise will look blue (or even blackish). After 5 to 10 days, it
may look greenish or even yellow. After 10 to 14 days, the bruise will most likely be a
light brown and then get lighter and lighter as it fades away. Most bruises will disappear
after 2 weeks, and some go away even sooner.
http://www.faqkids.com/idx/20/107
What is this passage's organizational structure?
A. cause and effect
B. problem and solution
C. compare and contrast
D. chronological order
22.
Many people have been subject to unsafe drivers. Bad drivers are responsible for
more accidents. Car insurance companies can raise their rates due to the increase of
wrecks. New traffic laws are passed because of the behavior of dangerous drivers.
Drivers who break these laws show a lack of respect for us all.
This passage is organized using
A. compare and contrast.
B. cause and effect.
C. problem and solution.
D. chronological order.
23.
Here's how the Pony Express worked. A young rider would grab a mailbag. Then,
he would jump on a horse and ride for ten miles at top speed. Next, he would jump on a
fresh horse and keep going. He would change horses seven times. Finally, he would
pass the mailbag to another rider, who would complete the same process.
This passage is organized using
A. cause and effect.
B. problem and solution.
C. chronological order.
D. compare and contrast.
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24. Passage 1
Long-Term Leader
Mary McLeod Bethune was born in 1875. Her parents were former slaves. She grew up in
South Carolina with her 16 brothers and sisters. Bethune always thought education was
important. She was the only one in her home to attend school. She later went to college and
worked as a teacher for 10 years.
In 1904, she used her own money to open a high school in Florida. She started out with just a
few girls. Later, the school joined with the Cookman Institute, and Bethune served as president.
The new school grew to include several hundred students and then became a college. It is now
known as Bethune-Cookman University.
Bethune also worked for equal rights. In 1935, she started a national women's leadership club
that still exists today. Bethune also worked with four U.S. presidents to provide schooling and
work for youth and young adults.
Mary McLeod Bethune died in 1955. The work that she started for youth and women
continues today.
Passage 2
Swiped
Windshield wipers help drivers see in heavy rain. Thanks to Robert Kearns, they are also
helpful in light rain.
Kearns was born in 1927. He grew up near many car factories in Detroit. Kearns studied
engineering in college and then worked as a college professor. He used his education and
experience to create windshield wipers that used a motor to pause in between swipes. Until then,
wipers moved constantly.
In 1964, Kearns tried to team up with several carmakers. He wanted them to pay him to use
his wipers on their new cars. In 1967, Kearns patented his idea with the government. This step
prevented others from copying his invention. The carmakers decided not to team up with Kearns.
However, they used his idea to put in the new type of wipers on their cars beginning in 1969.
Kearns spent the next two decades taking carmakers to court for copying his invention. He
even served as his own lawyer sometimes. Kearns won about $30 million from Ford Motor
Company and Chrysler Corporation. The other cases didn't go in his favor. He died in 2005. The
2008 film Flash of Genius tells his story.
What overall structure do these two passages share?
A. description
B. chronological
C. comparison
D. question/answer
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25. Passage 1
Elephants
Elephants are very powerful and graceful animals. The most common types of elephants are
the Indian or Asian Elephant and the African Elephant. You can tell the difference between these
elephants by looking at their ears. Indian elephants have very small ears. They are placed low
and close to their head. African elephants have large ears which reaches over their shoulders.
The tusks of the African elephants are much larger than those of the Indian elephants. However,
among the Indian elephants, it is only the male elephant that has tusks. In case of the African
elephants, both male and female have tusks.
Passage 2
Lions and Tigers
Lions and tigers, belong to the cat family. However, though they belong to the same family
they are quite different. One of the most common differences is in the way they look. Lions do
not have any stripes or marking on their bodies. Tigers, on the other hand, have big bold stripes
on them. Tigers do not have a mane, while male lions have a mane around their face. Lions are
usually taller than tigers while Tigers have longer bodies. Also, tigers are much more active than
lions.
What overall structure do these two passages share?
A. question and answer
B. comparison
C. cause and effect
D. description
26.
Many things must be done before a shuttle can launch. The shuttle has many
parts. They are made in different places in the United States. The finished parts are
sent to NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The pieces of the shuttle go to the
Vehicle Assembly Building. NASA workers connect all the parts. NASA calls it
"stacking."
After all of the parts are put together, the whole vehicle is called the Space
Transportation System. Now, it's time to move to the launch pad.
The Space Transportation System rides on a crawler. The top of the crawler is as big
as a baseball diamond. The crawler has tracks of wheels like a tank. It is very, very
slow. It moves about one mile per hour on a road called the crawlerway.
When the shuttle gets to the launch pad, NASA has more work to do before
countdown. The shuttle may sit on the launch pad for weeks. This is the countdown
clock. It tracks the amount of time until launch.
The astronauts get into the orbiter about 3 hours before launch. Finally, everyone
waits for the words, "3 . . . 2 . . . 1 . . . Liftoff!"
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http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forkids/home
What is this passage's organizational structure?
A. compare and contrast
B. cause and effect
C. chronological order
D. problem and solution
27. Passage 1
Wetlands
There are several types of wetlands. Marshes and swamps are both considered wetlands. A
marsh is an area of low, wet land. It is usually treeless and has different kinds of grasses growing
in it. There are saltwater marshes in Georgia. Similar to a marsh, a swamp is also a low and wet
area. A swamp, however, often has trees growing in it. It is sometimes covered by a slowmoving body of water. The Florida Everglades is one example of a large swamp.
Passage 2
Tornadoes
A tornado is a type of severe weather known for its funnel-shaped cloud and high winds.
Funnel clouds form when winds traveling in two different directions come together and begin to
rotate in a circle. Very powerful tornadoes can reach wind speeds of up to 300 mph. Tornadoes
can harm people and things. In order to protect themselves, people must follow safety rules.
During a tornado, a person should find a place to hide that does not have any windows. If one
cannot find a safe place inside a building to hide, that person should lie flat in a ditch or other
dry, low place. No one should stay in a car or mobile home because these items can be picked up
by the tornado.
How are the overall structures of the two passages different?
A. Passage 1 has a comparison structure. Passage 2 has a problem/solution structure.
B. Passage 1 has a chronological structure. Passage 2 has a cause/effect structure.
C. Passage 1 has a problem/solution structure. Passage 2 has a comparison structure.
D. Passage 1 has a cause/effect structure. Passage 2 has a chronological structure.
28.
The Chiang family drove to Florida. They were going to spend spring vacation at
Disney World. They spent over six hours in the car driving. Travel was slow because
many cars and trucks crowded the highway. Spring Break traffic always interferes with
making a quick trip to the theme parks in the Orlando area at this time of year. This
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5 Standards for Informational Text
Text Structure
traffic was heavy. A car had stalled in the freeway. Its tires had become flat when it ran
over a bed of nails. The family's reservation at the hotel was for 8:00 p.m., but the traffic
had slowed them down.
How does this author organize this passage?
A. cause and effect
B. problem and solution
C. compare and contrast
D. chronological order
29. Passage 1
A Real Playground
Our neighborhood must address the growing issue of car traffic. Another child narrowly
avoided being hit by a car last week. Children no longer feel safe riding their bikes, skate boards,
and scooters in our neighborhood. In the past, there were fewer cars driving through our streets.
When the new grocery store opened in the neighborhood next to ours, things changed. Cars
began to drive past our homes very quickly all day long. Our neighborhood soon became a
shortcut through town. These cars are now cutting into the only playground the children have.
The only way to fix this issue is to build a park. This park should have a real playground with a
bike path around it. Then, children could play there instead of in the dangerous streets.
Passage 2
Earthquake Alley
Oklahoma is in Tornado Alley, an area known for its tornadoes. Now, some Oklahoma
families are worried about another threat. Earthquakes have been growing in number in the state.
About 50 small earthquakes a year occurred in Oklahoma from the 1970s to the 2000s. In 2011,
the largest earthquake to ever hit the state occurred in the town of Prague. It caused highway
damage but no serious injuries. Then the state had about 3,000 small earthquakes in 2013.
Researchers continue to try and find the reasons for the change to share with concerned families.
How are the overall structures of the two passages different?
A. Passage 1 uses a comparison structure. Passage 2 uses a problem/solution structure.
B. Passage 1 uses a cause/effect structure. Passage 2 uses a description structure.
C. Passage 1 uses a problem/solution structure. Passage 2 uses a cause/effect structure.
D. Passage 1 uses a comparison structure. Passage 2 uses a cause/effect structure.
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30. Put warm water in the bottom of a jar. Hold a lighted match over the jar so there will
be smoke particles for condensation. Next, hold ice cubes over the jar. Use tongs or a
small strainer. Try the same thing with cold water in the jar. What happens each time?
How does this author organize this passage?
A. cause and effect
B. compare and contrast
C. problem and solution
D. chronological order
31.
The behavior of the atmosphere, which we experience as weather and climate,
affects our lives in many important ways. It is the reason no one lives on the South Pole.
It controls when a farmer plants the food we will eat, which crops will be planted, and
also whether those crops will grow. The weather tells you what clothes to wear and how
you will play after school. It may even affect your emotions. For example, many people
say they feel happier on sunny days.
How is the passage organized?
A. cause and effect
B. compare and contrast
C. chronological order
D. problem and solution
32.
Passage 1
Soil Erosion
Soil erosion is a common problem all over the world. However, certain
factors speed up this process. A major factor that causes soil erosion is
deforestation. Deforestation happens when large numbers of trees are cut
down. Tree roots help to hold the soil in place. Soil erosion occurs when wind
and rain erode and wash away soil. When the trees are cut down, the soil
becomes loose and gets washed or blown away by water or the wind. Heavy
rains can wash soil into seas or rivers. If the soil found on steep slopes is not
held together by the roots of trees, it can get washed or blown away
too. Crops and plants also help protect the soil. So, if there are no plants or
crops on a piece of land, soil erosion can occur there too.
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Passage 2
What Happens When Soil Erodes?
The effects of soil erosion are harmful. The loose soil that flows into the
rivers and the seas causes harm to fish eggs. The soil flowing into the seas
also affects the growth of the coral reefs in many parts of the world. The
growth and the yield of crops are also affected. This happens because top
soil, which contains a lot of nutrients, gets washed away. Top soil is fertile and
consists of a lot of organic matter; it also helps to preserve the life of the
soil. Lack of top soil forces people to spend more on fertilizers. Fertilizers
pollute ground water. Further, soil containing fertilizers and pesticides that is
blown away by the wind can harm the health of human beings and animals.
Directions: Drag each tile to the correct location on the image.
The following sentences state some causes and effects addressed in the
passages. Identify which part of the sentence is the cause and which part is
the effect by placing the tiles in the correct place in the chart.
1. When trees are cut down, soil gets washed or blown away.
2. Loose soil harms fish eggs.
3. A lack of top soil causes people to use more fertilizers.
4. Fertilizers pollute groundwater.
33. Passage 1
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The Beginning of Trade in Chicago
by J. Honiotes
The city of Chicago, Illinois, is one of the largest cities in the United States,
but it has not always been that way. The first resident of Chicago was a trader
named Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. He settled in Chicago in the 1700s.
However, the area did not become an official city until 1837. By 1848, a canal
was built in the Chicago area. It was during this time that Chicago began to be
known as a center for trading goods.
Passage 2
Fur Trade
by J. Honiotes
Fur trade was once one of the most important businesses in Chicago
between 1800 and the mid-1830s. Native Americans traded furs with
Europeans for items like tools and glass. The furs were used by Europeans to
make articles of clothing. Fur trading lasted over 200 years. The business
slowed when the city of Chicago began to develop. Once the number of
people who lived there increased, it became more difficult to find the animals
necessary for trade. Fur trading slowed, but its importance to the city is still
remembered.
Directions: Type your response in the box.
Compare and contrast the overall organization of the two passages and
explain how the structures give information about trade in Chicago. Use
evidence from both passages to support your response.
To make guacamole, cut the avocados in half lengthwise. Remove the pits, and
scoop the flesh out of the skin. Next, add all the solid ingredients: cilantro leaves, finely
chopped scallions, finely cut tomatoes. Then, add the spices: 2 tablespoons freshly
squeezed lime juice, 1/4 teaspoon salt, and 1/2 teaspoon of ground black pepper.
Finally, blend with a fork until the mix is just a little lumpy.
34. How does this author organize this passage?
A. problem and solution
B. chronological order
C. cause and effect
D. compare and contrast
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When I first started school, I was lonely. I had just moved into a new neighborhood,
and I didn't know anyone at the new school. All of my friends were still at my old school,
and I was so scared that I wouldn't like anyone at my new school. Here, they all wore
uniforms, and my old school didn't. They ate lunch earlier. Their recess period was
shorter. Their hallways were smaller. I never had a locker at my old school, and now, I
had one at my new school. My old school had televisions in the classroom. This new
school didn't even have chalk boards in the classroom.
Then, after my first day, I had made friends with a kid named Mary. She and I ate
lunch together. By the second day, the hallways didn't seem so small. Recess felt like it
lasted all day, and lunch seemed perfect.
adapted from "First Day School Blues" by c.safos
35. How is the passage organized?
A. chronological order
B. compare and contrast
C. problem and solution
D. cause and effect
Football and fútbol sound like they could be the same game. They are both sports,
and they are watched by millions of fans. The players playing both sports play on teams
on a set field.
This is where the similarities end though. Fútbol is a sport that in the United States is
referred to as soccer. The rules are similar. You must use your feet to kick a ball and
score. Each goal counts as one point. And there are eleven players on the field for a
team.
In American football, there are eleven players from a team on the field too. However,
players are allowed to use their hands. Also, each touchdown counts as six points.
American football players also wear much more protective equipment than soccer
players.
36. How does this author organize this passage?
A. compare and contrast
B. chronological order
C. problem and solution
D. cause and effect
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Raisins are dried grapes. The sun dries the grapes and turns them into raisins. The
drying process makes them sweeter. As the amount of water in the grapes decreases,
the concentration of sugar increases. The sun dries out the grapes to a moisture level of
15% or less, and they become raisins.
37. How is the passage organized?
A. compare and contrast
B. cause and effect
C. problem and solution
D. chronological order
Answers
1. -2. B
3. -4. -5. A
6. -7. -8. C
9. C
10. -11. -12. A
13. A
14. B
15. A
16. B
17. A
18. D
19. A
20. A
21. D
22. B
23. C
24. B
25. B
26. C
27. A
28. A
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29. C
30. D
31. A
32. -33. -34. B
35. B
36. A
37. B
27