CHAPTER
24
The Skeletal
System
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24-2
Learning Outcomes (cont.)
24.1 Describe the structure of bone tissue.
24.2 Explain the functions of bones.
24.3 Compare intramembranous and
endochondral ossification.
24.4 Describe the skeletal structures and one
location of each structure.
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24-3
Learning Outcomes (cont.)
24.5 Locate the bones of the skull.
24.6 Locate the bones of the spinal column.
24.7 Locate the bones of the rib cage.
24.8 Locate the bones of the shoulders, arms,
and hands.
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24-4
Learning Outcomes (cont.)
24.9 Locate the bones of the hips, legs, and feet.
24.10 Describe the three major types of joints and
give examples of each.
24.11 Describe the common diseases and
disorders of the skeletal system.
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24-5
Introduction
• Bones provide
structure and
support
• 206 bones plus
joints and
connective tissue
•
Divisions
– Axial ~ 80 bones
• Skull
• Vertebral column
• Rib cage
– Appendicular ~ 126
bones
• Arms and legs
• Pectoral girdle
• Pelvic girdle
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24-6
Bone Structure
•
Bones contain various kinds of tissues
–
–
–
•
Osseous tissue
Blood vessels
Nerves
Spongy
(Cancellous)
Bone
Compact
Bone
Osseous tissue can
appear compact or
spongy
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24-7
Bone Structure (cont.)
•
Structures within compact bone
–
–
–
–
–
•
Osteons
Bone matrix
Lamella
Lacunae
Canaliculi
All bones are made up of both compact and
spongy bone
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24-8
Bone Structure (cont.)
• Long bones
– Femur and humerus
– Parts
• Diaphysis
• Epiphysis
• Articular cartilage
• Medullary cavity
• Periosteum
• Endosteum
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24-9
Bone Structure (cont.)
• Short bones
• Flat bones
• Irregular bones
• Sesamoid bones
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24-10
Gender Differences in Skeletal Structure
• Male Skull
• Male pelvis
– Larger and heavier
– Bones are heavier and
thicker
– Forehead shorter
– Cavity is narrower
– Face less round
– Jaw larger
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24-11
Apply Your Knowledge
Matching:
ANSWER:
C Holes in the matrix that contain
osteocytes
B Made of inorganic salts, collagen
fibers, and proteins; between
osteocytes
D Layers of bone surrounding the canals
of the osteons
A Elongated cylinders that run the length
of the bone
E Canals that connect lacunae
to each other
A. Osteons
B. Bone matrix
C. Lamella
D. Lacunae
E. Caniculi
Very
Good!
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24-12
Functions of Bones
•
Give shape to body parts
•
Support and protect soft
structures
•
Function in body movement
• Red bone marrow – hematopoiesis
• Store calcium
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24-13
Apply Your Knowledge
Why is it important for the bones to store calcium?
ANSWER: Every cell in the body needs calcium, so the
body must have a large supply readily available.
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24-14
Bone Growth
• Ossification
• Intramembranous ossification
– Bones begin as tough, fibrous membrane
– Osteoblasts turn the
membrane to bone
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24-15
Bone Growth (cont.)
•
Endochondral ossification
–
Bones begin as cartilage models
–
Diaphysis ~ primary ossification center
Diaphysis
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24-16
Bone Growth (cont.)
•
Endochondral ossification
–
Epiphysis ~ secondary ossification center
–
Epiphyseal disc ~ cartilage between epiphysis
and diaphysis
Diaphysis
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24-17
Building Better Bones
•
•
Bone – healthy diet
–
Vitamin D
–
Calcium
Bone-healthy exercises
–
Weight-bearing
–
Strength-training
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24-18
Building Better Bones (cont.)
• Bone-healthy lifestyle – avoid smoking and
alcohol
• Bone tests
– Bone density tests
– Bone scan
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24-19
Apply Your Knowledge
What are the two types of bone growth?
ANSWER: Intramembranous ossification, in which
bones begin as tough membrane and are turned to
bone by osteoblasts, and endochondral ossification, in
which primary ossification occurs in the diaphysis of
the bone and secondary ossification occurs in the
epiphysis.
Good Job!
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24-20
Bony Structures
•
Bones are designed with
–
Projections and processes
–
Depressions and hollows at
articulations
–
Openings for blood vessels
and nerves
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24-21
Bony Structures (cont.)
Term
Definition
Condyle
Crest
A rounded process that usually
articulates with another bone
A narrow, ridge-like projection
Epicondyle
A projection situated above a condyle
Foramen
An opening through a bone that is
usually a passageway for blood
vessels, nerves, or ligaments
A relatively deep pit or depression
Fossa
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24-22
Bony Structures (cont.)
Term
Definition
Head
An enlargement on the end of a bone
Process
A prominent projection on a bone
Suture
Trochanter
An interlocking line of union between
bones
A relatively large process
Tubercle
A small, knoblike process
Tuberosity
A knoblike process, usually larger than
a tubercle
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24-23
Apply Your Knowledge
Match the following:
ANSWER:
E Epicondyle A. A relatively deep pit or depression
___
C Fontanels B. An interlocking line of union between bones
___
A Fossa
___
C. “Soft spots” felt on an infant’s skull
F Process
___
D. A knoblike process, usually larger than a
tubercle
B Suture
___
E. A projection situated above a condyle
___
D Tuberosity F. A prominent projection on a bone
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24-24
The Skull
•
Two bone types – cranial and facial
•
Infant skulls
–
Bones not completely formed
–
Fontanels – tough membranes
–
Sutures
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24-25
The Skull (cont.)
•
Cranial bones
–
Frontal
–
Parietal
– External auditory
meatus
–
Occipital
– Sphenoid and
ethmoid bones
–
Temporal
– Ear ossicles
Click to see
Skull
• Malleus
• Incus
• Stapes
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24-26
The Skull (cont.)
• Facial bones
– Mandible ~ lower jaw
– Maxillae ~ upper jaw
– Zygomatic
• Cheekbones
• Fused nasal bones form bridge of nose
– Palatine ~ hard palate
– Vomer ~ divides nasal cavity
Click to see
Skull
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24-28
Apply Your Knowledge
Match the bones of the skull:
ANSWER:
E Occipital
___
A. Form the upper jawbone
C Sphenoid
___
B. A thin bone that divides the nasal
cavity
___
F Mandible
C. Part of the floor of the skull
A Maxillae
___
D. Form the prominence of the cheeks
D Zygomatic
___
E. Back of skull
B Vomer
___
F. Lower jawbone
Very
Good!
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24-29
The Spinal Column
• 7 cervical vertebrae
• 12 thoracic vertebrae
• 5 lumbar vertebrae
• Sacrum
• Coccyx
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24-30
The Spinal Column (cont.)
• Cervical vertebrae
–
–
–
–
Smallest and lightest
Located in the neck
Atlas
Axis
• Thoracic vertebrae
– Posterior attachment
for ribs
• Lumbar vertebrae
– Small of the back
– Bear most weight
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24-31
The Spinal Column (cont.)
• Sacrum
– A triangular-shaped bone
– Five fused vertebrae
• Coccyx
– A small, triangular-shaped bone
– 3 to 5 fused vertebrae
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24-32
Apply Your Knowledge
ANSWER:
Cervical – 7
Identify the sections
of the spinal column
and give the
number of
vertebrae for each.
Thoracic – 12
Lumbar – 5
Right!
Sacrum – 5 fused
Coccyx – 3 to 5 fused
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24-33
The Rib Cage
• Sternum
– Breastplate
– Joins with the clavicles and most ribs
– Xiphoid process
To ribcage
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24-34
The Rib Cage (cont.)
• Ribs
– All are attached posteriorly to thoracic
vertebrae
– True – 1st 7 pairs
– False – pairs 8, 9, and 10
– Floating – pairs
To ribcage
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24-35
The Rib Cage (cont.)
Back
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24-36
Apply Your Knowledge
True or False:
ANSWER:
T The sternum forms the front middle portion of the rib cage.
___
___
F The xiphoid process is a boney tip of the sternum. cartilaginous
___
F The true ribs are the first five pairs of ribs. seven
T False ribs attach to the costal cartilage of rib pair seven.
___
F Floating ribs attach to the xiphoid process.
___
do not attach anteriorly to any structure.
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24-37
Bones of the Shoulders, Arms, and Hands
• Shoulders
– Clavicles ~ collar
bones
– Scapulae ~ shoulder
blade
• Arm bones
– Humerus
– Radius
– Ulna
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24-38
Bones of the Shoulders, Arms, and Hands
(cont.)
• Hand
– Carpals ~ 8
– Metacarpals ~ 5
– Phalanges ~ 14
• 3 per finger
• 2 per thumb
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24-39
Apply Your Knowledge
Match the following:
ANSWER:
A Clavicle
___
A. Pectoral girdle
B Radius
___
B. Arm bones
B Humerus
___
C. Hands
___
C Carpals
A Scapula
___
B Ulna
___
___
C Phalanges
C Metacarpals
___
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24-40
Bones of the Hips, Legs, and Feet
• Hip bones
– Coxal bones
• Ilium
• Ischium
• Pubis
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24-41
Bones of the Hips, Legs, and Feet (cont.)
• Bones of leg
– Femur
– Patella
– Tibia
– Fibula
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24-42
Bones of the Hips, Legs, and Feet (cont.)
• Bones of the foot
– Tarsals ~ 7
– Metatarsals ~ 5
– Phalanges ~ 14
• 3 per toe
• 2 per each big toe
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24-43
Apply Your Knowledge
Match the following:
A. Coxal bones
ANSWERS:
B. Leg bones
C. Foot bones
B Tibia
___
B Patella
___
A Ilium
___
A Ischium
___
B Femur
___
A Pubis
___
___
C Metatarsals
B Fibula
___
C Calcaneus
___
C Tarsals
___
Super!
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24-44
Joints
• Junctions between bones
• Fibrous joints
– Connected together with
short fibers
– Between cranial bones
and facial bones
– Sutures
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24-45
Joints (cont.)
• Cartilaginous joints
– Disc of cartilage
– Slightly moveable
– Between vertebrae
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24-46
Joints (cont.)
• Synovial joints
– Covered with hyaline
cartilage
– Fibrous joint capsule
– Freely movable
– Ligaments hold
bones together
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24-47
Apply Your Knowledge
ANSWER:
Match the following:
A. Fibrous joints B. Cartilaginous joints C. Synovial joints
____
A Between cranial bones and facial bones
____
C Covered with hyaline cartilage
____
B Between vertebrae
C Freely movable
____
A Sutures in the skull
____
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24-48
Common Diseases and Disorders of the
Skeletal System
• Arthritis
– Osteoarthritis
•
•
Degenerative joint disease (DJD)
Weight-bearing joints
– Rheumatoid arthritis
•
•
Chronic systemic inflammatory disease
Smaller joints and surrounding tissues
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24-49
Common Diseases and Disorders of the
Skeletal System (cont.)
• Bursitis – inflammation of the bursa
• Ewing sarcoma family of tumors (ESFT)
– Primarily affect bone
– Usually lower extremities
• Gout – deposits of uric acid crystals in
joints
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24-50
Common Diseases and Disorders of the
Skeletal System (cont.)
• Kyphosis – humpback
• Lordosis –swayback
• Osteogenesis imperfecta – brittle-bone disease
• Osteoporosis – thin, porous bones
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24-51
Common Diseases and Disorders of the
Skeletal System (cont.)
• Osteosarcoma – bone cancer from osteoblasts
• Paget’s disease – bones enlarge, become
deformed, and weak
• Scoliosis – an abnormal S-shaped curvature of
the spine
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24-52
Apply Your Knowledge
What is the difference between osteoarthritis and
rheumatoid arthritis?
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease
that primarily affects weight-bearing joints.
Rheumatoid arthritis chronic systemic
inflammatory disease of smaller joints and
surrounding tissues; it is thought to be an
autoimmune disease.
Nice Work!
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24-53
In Summary
24.1 Bones consist of the following substances:
osteons or Haversian systems; bone matrix
between osteocytes (bone cells); collagen fibers
and proteins; the lamella; and canaliculi.
The skeleton consists of long bone, short
bones, flat bones and irregular bones
The diaphysis is the shaft of the long bone. The
epiphysis is an end of a long bone. Articular
cartilage covers the end of the long bones. The
endosteum lines the medullary cavity. The
periosteum is the membrane surrounding the
diaphysis.
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24-54
In Summary
24.2 Bone functions include giving shape to body
parts, protecting soft structures of the body,
and assisting in movement. The red bone
marrow is responsible for hematopoiesis.
Bones also store calcium.
24.3 Bones grow through the two types of
ossification: intramembranous ossification
and endochondral ossification. The cartilage
plate between the diaphysis and the
epiphysis allows for growth of the long bone.
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24-55
In Summary (cont.)
24.4 Skeletal structures include the following:
condyles, crests, epicondyles, foramina,
fossae, heads, processes, sutures,
trochanters, tubercles, and tuberosities.
24.5 The major bones of the skull are the frontal,
parietal, temporal, and occipital bones. The
skull also contains the fontanels, the mastoid
processes, sphenoid,ethmoid, and ear
ossicles. The facial bones include the
mandible, maxillae, zygomatics, nasal and
palatine bones, and the vomer.
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24-56
In Summary (cont.)
24.6 The spinal column includes cervical, thoracic,
and lumbar vertebrae; the sacrum; and the
coccyx.
24.7 There are 12 pairs of ribs, a sternum, and the
xiphoid process.
24.8 Each upper extremity includes the clavicle,
scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals,
metacarpals, and phalanges..
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24-57
In Summary (cont.)
24.9 The bones of the hip, leg, and foot include
the coxal bones, the femur, patella, tibia,
fibula, metatarsals, tarsals, and phalanges.
24.10 The three joint types are fibrous joints,
cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints. A
synovial joint consists of hyaline-covered
bones held together by a fibrous joint
capsule, which is lined by a synovial
membrane that secretes synovial fluid.
Ligaments hold the bones of these joints
together.
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24-58
In Summary (cont.)
24.11 There are many common diseases and
disorders of the bones and the skeletal
system with varied signs, symptoms, and
treatments. Examples include arthritis,
bursitis, EFT, gout, kyphosis, lordosis, and
scoliosis, as well as osteoporosis and
osteosarcoma..
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24-59
End of Chapter 24
Rigid, the skeleton of
habit alone upholds
the human frame.
~ Virginia Woolf
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in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.