The Skeletal System
Support Systems
Unit 2
The Basic Functions of the Skeletal System
• Hematopoiesis
– The process of producing blood cells in the red bone
marrow
• Structure/Support
– Provides a rigid framework that supports the soft tissues
of the body and maintains the body’s shape
• Movement Facilitation
– Bones serve as levers to convert muscular contraction to
movement
– Serves as a point of attachment for ligaments, tendons,
and muscles
• Mineral Storage
– Bones store calcium in bone matrix
Axial vs. Appendicular
• The Axial Skeleton (green)
– Contains the bones that are along
the long axis of the body, or the
bones of the head and trunk
• The Appendicular Skeleton (purple)
– Contains the bones of the
extremities (or appendages)
– Includes the pectoral girdles,
pelvic girdles, and the bones of
the arms and legs
Bones of the Cranium
Frontal Bone
• Forms the forehead
• Forms the roof of the eye sockets
Parietal Bones
• Consists of two bones
• Forms the sides and roof of the cranial cavity
Temporal Bones
• Consists of two bones
• Forms the lower sides of the cranium and part of the
cranial floor
Occipital Bone
• The base of the cranial cavity
• Prominent posterior portion
Facial Bones
Maxillae
• The upper jaw
Mandible
• Lower jaw bone
The Vertebral Column
• 7 Cervical
– Atlas (C1)
– Axis (C2)
• 12 Thoracic
• 5 Lumbar
• Sacrum
– 5 fused
• Coccyx
– 4 fused
Bones of the Thoracic Cavity
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Manubrium
Sternum
Xiphoid Process
Ribs
Manubrium
Bones of the Upper Extremities
Shoulder Joint
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Scapula
Clavicle
Humerus
Elbow Joint
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Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Wrist & Hand
– Carpals
– Metacarpals
– Phalanges
Bones of the Pelvis
Os Coxae (single)
• Ilium
• Ischium (purple)
• Pubis (red)
The fused os coxae articulate with the sacrum
Bones of the Lower Extremities
• Leg
– Femur
– Patella
– Tibia
– Fibula
• Foot & Ankle
– Tarsals
– Metatarsals
– Phalanges
Joints
• Definition
– Any location where
2 bones meet
• Types
– Many joint are
freely movable
joints such as the
shoulder, elbow,
knee, hip, wrist, etc.
– Some joints allow
little to no
movement such as
the sutures of the
skull and vertebrae
Hinge Joints
• Allows for extension and flexion
Gliding Joints
• Bones slide past each other
Ball and Socket Joints
• Allows for rotational movement in almost any
direction
Joints
• Types cont.
– Some joints allow little to no movement such as
the sutures of the skull
Ligaments
• Ligaments attach bone to bones
• They provide much of the support for our
freely movable joints
Disease and Disorders
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Fractures
Scoliosis
Kyphosis
Lordosis
Osteoarthritis
Sprains
Fractures
• Types of fractures
– Closed or simple fracture
• The bone is broken and the skin is intact
– Open or compound fracture
• The bone is broken and the skin is cut by the bone
Scoliosis
• Signs & Symptoms
– One hip or one shoulder higher than the
other
– Back pain
– Muscle spasms
• Cause
– An imbalance of muscles
– A leg length discrepancy
• Treatment
– Bracing, physical therapy, shoe inserts,
surgery
Kyphosis and Lordosis
• Kyphosis- abnormally enlarged thoracic curve
(humpback)
• Lordosis- abnormally enlarged lumbar curve
(swayback)
Osteoarthritis
• Arthritis that is caused by the breakdown and
loss of cartilage in the joints
Osteoarthritis
• Cause: normal wear and tear on the joints
– May be specifically causes by:
• Obesity
• Injury to a joint that is not cared for properly
• Signs & Symptoms
– Joint soreness, aching, stiffness, and swelling
– Bone spurs may develop which increases pain and loss of motion
• Treatment includes:
– pain relievers, steroids, and surgical joint replacement
Sprain
• The stretching or tearing of a ligament.
Three Degrees of Sprains
• 1st degree
– The stretching of a ligament causing micro-tears in the
tissue
• 2nd degree
– A partial tear
• 3rd degree
– A complete rupture
• Signs & Symptoms include pain, swelling, joint laxity,
instability
• Treat with RICE
Careers
Radiologist
• Medical doctors who have specialized in
radiology during their internship and
residency.
• College (4 years), Med school (3 or 4
years), and then internship/residency (3 5 years). So that's 10 to 13 years after high
school
• Directs medical imaging technologist to
diagnose and treat diseases and disorders
• Reads x-rays, MRI, CT scans
• Average : $300, 000
• Radiologist video
Radiology Technician
• Specialize in diagnostic imaging
– Take x-rays, MRI, CT, Nuclear
Medicine and Ultrasonography
• Associate degree for x-ray certification
• Bachelors degree for further
specialization
– MRI, CT, Nuclear Med and
Ultrasound
• Average salary: $30-35,000
• A Day in the Life - Radiological
Technician - YouTube
Chiropractor
• Diagnoses and treats mechanical disorders of the
spine and musculoskeletal system
• Provide natural, drug-less, non surgical treatments
like adjustments and joint alignments
• Earn Doctorate of Chiropractic = 8 years
• Average Salary- $65,000-100,000
• youniversity chiropractor
Physical Therapist
• Help restore function, improve mobility, relieve pain and
prevent or limit permanent physical disabilities of patients
suffering from injuries or diseases
• Doctorate degree (6years)
• Salary : $60- 85,000
• Physical Therapy (long but good)
Physical Therapy Assistant
• Works under direction and
supervision of a physical therapist
• Perform exercises, massages, electric
stimulation, hot and cold packs,
traction and ultrasound to patients
• Complete Physical Therapy Assistant
Program= 2 years- Associates degree
• Salary- $35-55,000
Physical Therapy Aide
• Under close supervision of a physical
therapist or physical therapy
assistant
• Perform only delegated, selected, or
routine tasks in specific situations.
These duties include preparing the
patient and the treatment area.
• On the job training
• Salary- $8-15 per hour
Vocabulary- Word Parts
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CostoChondroCranioThoracoHematoCephalCervicoArthroOsteoVertebro-
rib
cartilage
skull or cranium
chest or chest wall
blood
cranial or head
neck, neck of an organ
joint
bone
vertebra
Vocabulary- word parts
• Inter- between intercostal (between the ribs)
• Sub- under, beneath, less than
Ex: Sublingual (under the tongue)
• -poiesis - formation or production of
Ex: Hematopoiesis (production of blood)
• -malacia - softening of tissue
Ex: Osteomalacia (softening of bone)
• -al - relating to
Ex: Vertebral (relating to the vertebrae)
Vocabulary- word parts
• -genesis - generation, reproduction
Ex: Osteogenesis (generation of bone cells)
• -tomy - cutting into, incision
Ex: Craniotomy (cutting into the skull)
• -ectomy - excision, removal of
Ex: Appendectomy (removal of the appendix)
• -ic - characteristic of, relating to
Ex: Thoracic (relating to the chest)
Vocabulary
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Thoracic - pertaining to the chest or thorax
Cranium - the portion of the skull that encloses the brain
Extremities - the arms and legs
X-ray - type of diagnostic imaging
Hematopoieses - production of blood cells
Vertebrae - any of the 33 bones of the spinal column