Warm Up
 Why would investigators still perform blood typing
procedures in addition to DNA comparison and
fingerprinting?
 Objective:
 SWBAT
 Identify areas of improvement prior
to tomorrow’s blood test
 Agenda:
 Pass back papers
 Blood Review Packet
 Closing
 Homework:
 Blood Test Tomorrow
Blood Review Packet
 Working together, complete your blood review
packet
Closing
 Identify at least one area that you need more
clarification on before tomorrow’s test.
Warm Up
 Write a creative short story explaining how blood
clots. Imagine you are the broken blood vessel.
Be sure to create names for each character (EX:
Paul the Platelet)
 Pass your case studies packet to the aisle for
collection
 Objective:
 SWBAT
 Score >80% on their blood test
 Agenda:
 Pass Back Papers
 Cell Phone Pouches
 Blood Test
 Closing
 Homework:
 None!
Blood Test
 Put everything away except for a writing utensil
 If you have a question during your test, please
raise your hand and I will come to you
 When you are done, hold on to your test; all tests
will be collected at the end
 Good luck!
Closing
 How do you think you did on your test? Why do
you think you performed this way? Consider how
you participate in class and how you study.
Warm Up
 Once blood becomes oxygenated in the lungs,
where does it go?
 Objective:
 SWBAT
 Explain how deoxygenated and
oxygenated blood moves through
the 4 chambers of the heart
 Agenda:
 Pass back papers
 Guided Notes: Anatomy of the Heart
 Heart Contraction Animation
 The Heart Cycle Activity
 Closing
 Homework:
 None!
Guided Notes: Anatomy of
the Heart
Size, Location, Orientation
 Size of a fist, weighing less than a pound
 Located between two lungs between 2nd and 5th
ribs
 Cone-shaped with its apex pointing toward your left
hip
Coverings of the Heart
 Pericardium—encloses heart
 Fibrous pericardium—serves as a superficial anchor of
the heart
 Serous pericardium—sac of lubricating fluid deep to the
fibrous pericardium
Guided Notes: Anatomy of
the Heart
Right atrium
(Receives deoxygenated
blood from body via
superior and inferior venae
cavae)
Left atrium
(Receives oxygenated
blood from lungs via
pulmonary veins)
Right ventricle
(Pumps deoxygenated
blood to lungs via
pulmonary arteries)
Left ventricle
(Pumps oxygenated blood
to body via aorta)
 Arteries carry blood AWAY from heart, while veins carry blood
TOWARD the heart
 Pulmonary vs. systemic circulation—lungs vs. rest of body
Guided Notes: Anatomy of
the Heart
Heart Valves—prevent backflow of blood during
contraction
 AV (atrioventricular) valves—open during
relaxation, closed during contraction
 Bicuspid or mitral valve—left AV valve
 Two flaps or cusps, looks like a mitre (pope’s
headdress)
 Tricuspid valve—right AV valve
 Three flaps or cusps
 Flaps do not push backwards into atria due to chordae
tendineae attached to inferior portion of ventricles
 Semilunar valves—closed during relaxation, open
during contraction
 Pulmonary valve and Aortic valve
 Both made up of 3 leaflets, forced open by pressure of
blood, forced closed by blood pooling in leaflets
Guided Notes: Anatomy of
the Heart
Cardiac Circulation
 Blood that energizes heart muscle is different
than the blood it pumps
 Comes from coronary arteries, drains to cardiac
veins into right atrium
Heart Contraction
Animation
 http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/healthtopics/topics/hhw/contraction.html
Warm Up
 How do deoxygenated
and oxygenated blood
move through the 4
chambers of the heart?
Use appropriate terms.
 Objective:
 SWBAT
 Determine how cardiac output and
stroke volume change depending on
physical activity
 Agenda:
 Guided Notes: Physiology of the Heart
 Heart Animation
 Cardiac Cycle Lab
 Closing
 Homework:
 Finish Lab Questions
Guided Notes: Physiology of
the Heart
 Fun facts:
 6L of blood passes through heart 1,000x/day!
 Cardiac muscle will contract even when all
nerve connections are severed!
 (Only until lack of O2 and ATP)
 Intrinsic Conduction System of the Heart:
Setting the Basic Rhythm
 SA (sinoatrial) node
 Located in right atrium
 Depolarizes cells, causing contraction of the left
and right atria
 Keeps heart beating ~75bpm
 Also known as the pacemaker!
 AV (atrioventricular) node
 Located between the right atrium and ventricle
 Depolarizes cells to send contraction signal to
Bundle of His
 Bundle of His
 Located in wall separating left and right
ventricles
 Depolarizes cells to send contraction signal to
Purkinje fibers
 Purkinje fibers
 Located in walls surrounding left and right
ventricles
 Depolarizes cells, causing contraction of the left
and right ventricles
Guided Notes: Physiology of
the Heart
 Other Factors that Can Change Heart Rate
 Autonomic nervous system (fight or flight vs. rest and
digest)
 Hormones (Epinephrine/Norepinephrine)
 Physical factors (age, gender, exercise, body
temperature)
 Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds
 Cardiac cycle—the events of one complete heartbeat (both atria and ventricles
contract and relax)
 About 0.8 seconds
 Systole—contraction of the ventricles
 Diastole—relaxation of the ventricles
 Heart Sounds
 Lub—AV valves close (long and loud)
 Dub—Semilunar valves close (short and sharp)
 Cardiac Output




Cardiac Output (CO)—the volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle in 1 minute
Stroke Volume (SV)—the volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each heartbeat
Heart Rate (HR)—number of heartbeats per minute
CO=HR x SV
Heart Animation
 https://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter
22/animation__conducting_system_of_the_heart.
html
Cardiac Cycle Lab!
 Pick a partner of your choice, follow the
directions on your lab to determine how cardiac
output and stroke volume change with exercise
Warm Up
 How does stroke volume change with exercise?
 Pass your cardiac cycle lab to the aisle for
collection
 Objective:
 SWBAT
 Identify sheep heart anatomy
 Agenda:
 Sheep Heart Dissection
 Closing
 Homework:
 Finish Heart Dissection Questions
Sheep Heart Dissection
 Please send one person from each lab station to
retrieve a sheep heart
 Then, follow your directions to explore sheep
heart anatomy!
Warm Up
1. Which chamber of the sheep
heart was the largest? Why is
this?
2. Which heart structures have we
learned about that we were
unable to visualize during our
dissection yesterday. You should
be able to come up with at least
5 terms.
 Objective:
 SWBAT
 Brainstorm and explain the
differences in arteries, veins, and
capillaries
 Brainstorm and explain how blood
returns to the heart against gravity
 Brainstorm how fetal circulation must
differ from adult circulation to create
a fetal heart diagram
 Agenda:
 Brainstorming: Blood Vessels
 Blood Vessels Discussion
 Blood Vessel Notes
 Closing
 Homework:
 Fetal Heart Drawing and Blood Vessel
Questions
Brainstorming: Blood Vessels
 In your small groups, brainstorm the answers to
the questions given.
 Although I do not expect you to know the
answers, I expect you to get close to the answers
using prior knowledge and reasoning.
Notes: Blood Vessels
 Fun fact: The vascular system was not discovered
until 1616 by William Harvey, an English physician
 Arteries (larger) and arterioles (smaller)—move
blood AWAY from heart
 Thicker walls than veins
 Capillary Beds—place where gas and nutrient
exchange take place
 Smallest diameter of all blood vessels
 Thinnest walls
 Venules (smaller) and veins (larger)—move blood
TOWARD the heart
 Thinner walls than arteries
Notes: Blood Vessels
 Mechanisms to Counteract Low Blood Pressure in
Veins
 Veins contain valves to prevent backflow
 Skeletal muscle squeezes veins, “milking” blood back
to the heart
 Inhalation causes diaphragm to move down,
creating low pressure
Notes: Blood Vessels
Special Circulations
 Brain
 Supplied by carotid and vertebral arteries
 The Circle of Willis—circle of blood vessels
 Allows multiple routes for blood to travel
Notes: Blood Vessels
 Fetus
 Respiratory and digestive systems are not yet
developed
 Receives oxygen and other nutrients (and excretes
carbon dioxide and wastes) from mother’s blood
through umbilical cord and placenta
 Special structures:
 Ductus venosus—bypasses blood past liver, back
to the heart through inferior vena cava
 Foramen ovale—shunt between right atrium and
left atrium
 Ductus arteriosis—shunt between pulmonary artery
and aorta
Notes: Blood Vessels
 Liver
 All blood from the digestive organs, spleen, and
pancreas passes through liver before returning to the
heart
 Nutrients and wastes from food are absorbed into
capillaries
 This blood is sent to the liver through the hepatic
portal vein
 Nutrients and wastes in blood are absorbed into
the liver
 Blood moves back to the heart
Fetal Circulation Animation
 http://www.muschealth.com/video/Default.aspx
?videoId=10019&cId=34&type=rel
Fetal Circulation Drawing
 Using the rest of class, work individually to alter
the printed lines of the adult heart given to you
to reflect the fetal heart
 Then, use blue and red colored pencils to color
the parts of the fetal heart that receive
deoxygenated blood and oxygenated blood
Warm Up
 How and why does the fetal heart differ from the
adult heart?
 Pass your homework to the aisle for collection
 Objective:
 SWBAT
 Locate and measure their own pulse from their
temporal, facial, carotid, brachial, radial, popiteal,
posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis arteries.
 Measure the blood pressure of three other
students using the brachial artery.
 Agenda:
 Notes: Blood Pressure
 Blood Pressure Lab
 Closing
 Homework:
 Finish your Blood Pressure Lab Questions
Notes: Blood Pressure
 Vital signs—various statistics physicians use to
determine health
 Pulse
 Blood pressure
 Respiratory rate
 Body temperature
Notes: Blood Pressure
 Pulse
 Expansion and recoil of arteries with each beat
of blood from the left ventricle
 Same as heart rate
 Can be taken at multiple arteries:
 Temporal, facial, carotid, brachial, radial, femoral,
popiteal, posterior tibial, doralis pedis
 Don’t use thumb because has own pulse
 Also known as pressure points—compressed during
injury to stop blood loss
Notes: Blood Pressure
 Pressure that blood exerts against the inner walls
of blood vessels to keep blood circulating
 Blood flows from high pressure (in the aorta and
arteries) to low pressure (in the veins and vena cava)
 However, BP in the aorta and arteries change with
each beat
 Systolic pressure—high pressure in arteries at
systole (ventricular contraction)
 Diastolic pressure—low pressure in arteries at
diastole (ventricular relaxation)
 Systolic is recorded over diastolic in mm Hg
(millimeters mercury)
 EX: Average BP is 120/80 mm Hg, but varies
widely
Notes: Blood Pressure
 How to Take BP
 Wrap the blood pressure cuff snuggly around the
patient’s arm just above their elbow
 Slip your stethoscope onto their brachial artery,
identifying the patient’s pulse
 Inflate the cuff until you no longer hear their pulse
 Slowly reduce pressure in the cuff until their pulse is
heard; record this as their systolic pressure
 Continue to slowly reduce pressure in the cuff until
you no longer hear their pulse; record this as their
diastolic pressure
Blood Pressure Lab
 Working with a partner, you will practice
measuring your pulse at various arteries as well as
measuring blood pressure
Closing
1. How did your pulse measurements compare at
different locations?
2. How did your partners’ blood pressure
measurements compare to one another?
Warm Up
How do you take blood pressure?
 Objective:
 SWBAT
 Locate and measure their own pulse from
their temporal, facial, carotid, brachial,
radial, popiteal, posterior tibial, and dorsalis
pedis arteries.
 Measure the blood pressure of three other
students using the brachial artery.
 Brainstorm possible factors that affect blood
pressure and discuss how this could be tested
 Agenda:
 Finish Blood Pressure Lab
 Brainstorm: Factors Affecting Blood
Pressure
 Notes: Peripheral Resistance
 Closing
 Homework:
 None!
Blood Pressure Lab
 Working with a partner, you will practice
measuring your pulse at various arteries as well as
measuring blood pressure
Brainstorm: Factors Affecting
Blood Pressure
 On your own sheet of paper, (working
individually), write down as many possible factors
that may affect blood pressure as Ms. McGowan
times you
 We will go over this list as a class
 Prizes will be involved!
Warm Up
4/11
 How does standing up affect blood pressure?
Why?
 Pass your Blood Pressure Practice Lab to the aisle
for collection
Warm Up
4/22
 How do you think diuretics such as coffee and
alcohol affect blood pressure? Why?
 Objective:
 SWBAT
 Determine how standing up, talking,
exercise, fluid, and foods high in salts,
saturated fats, and cholesterol
actually affect blood pressure.
Agenda:
 Factors Affecting Blood Pressure Lab
 Peripheral Resistance Notes
 Closing
 Homework:
 Factors Affecting BP Homework
Factors Affecting Blood
Pressure Lab
 Working with a partner, follow your directions to
discover how different factors actually affect
blood pressure
Notes: Peripheral Resistance
 BP = CO x PR
 Peripheral Resistance—amount of friction blood
encounters in vessels
 An increase in PR = an increase in BP
 PR generally increases with vasoconstriction, arterial
plaques, increased blood volume, and increased
blood viscosity
 Factors Affecting BP and PR
 Orthostatic pressure results in low BP so
baroreceptors (pressure receptors) cause
vasoconstriction
 Hemorrhage results in low BV so baroreceptors
cause vasoconstriction
 Kidneys regulate BV by increasing or decreasing
urine output
 Cold temperature causes vasoconstriction; warm
temperature causes vasodilation
 Epinephrine, nicotine, caffeine cause
vasoconstriction; alcohol causes vasodilation
 Diets high in salt, saturated fats, and cholesterol
increase vasoconstriction
Closing
 How does drinking water theoretically affect
your blood pressure?
 What did your results show? Why do you think
this is?
Warm Up
 Coffee is a diuretic, but it is also a stimulant.
 So, how does coffee affect blood pressure?
 Objective:
 SWBAT
 Use their knowledge of the
cardiovascular system to determine
cause of death of the couple in “The
Hot Tub Mystery.”
Agenda:
 Case Study: The Hot Tub Mystery
 Guided Notes: Blood Vessel Issues
 Closing
 Homework:
 Create a list (as long as you can) of
celebrities who have undergone
coronary artery bypass surgery
Case Study: The Hot Tub
Mystery
 Work together to determine the cause of death
(COD) of the couple in “The Hot Tub Mystery”
 In your groups, take turns reading the case study
 Answer your questions as you read
Warm Up
4/25
 How do doctors diagnose cardiovascular issues?
Individually, list as many tools as you can—prizes
are involved!
 Objective:
 SWBAT
 Read EKGs in order to diagnose the
type of arrhythmia patients are
experiencing
Agenda:
 Begin Guided Notes: Cardiovascular
Issues
 EKG Webquest
 Closing
 Homework:
 EKG packet
Notes: Cardiovascular Issues
General Diagnosis:
 Auscultation—listen to heart sounds by way of stethoscope
 Blood pressure—record blood pressure by way of
sphygmomometer
 Blood tests—record levels of high- and low-density lipoproteins
(HDL/LDL aka good and bad cholesterol), troponin post-MI, etc.
 Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)— record electrical activity of the
heart by way of electrodes placed across chest and limbs
 Stress tests—record EKG when heart under stress by way of
treadmill or drugs
 Cardiac catheterization tests—2-3 mm tube is threaded into the
heart to record pressure in the chambers and vessels
 Angiography and XRs—XR of heart and blood vessels by way of
contrast dye injected by catheter
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PXay0q1kJVw
 http://www.muschealth.com/video/Default.aspx?videoId=185&cI
d=7&type=rel
Notes: Cardiovascular Issues
General Treatment:
 Diet
 Exercise
 Cessation of drugs and alcohol
 Medication
 Surgery
Notes: Heart Issues
 Congenital defects—due to maternal drug use or
infection during first 3 months of pregnancy
 Arrythmia—abnormal heart beat
 SA Node Abnormality
 Bradycardia—slow, but constant HR (less than 60 bpm)
 Tachycardia—fast, but constant HR (greater than 100 bpm)
 Treatment: synthetic pacemaker
 Atrial Conduction Abnormality
 Fibrillation (Afib)—fast, but irregular fluttering of atria
 EKG: fast rate, irregular rhythm, absent P wave and PR
interval
 Treatment: defibrillators in emergencies, medication for
long-term
 AV Node Abnormality
 Heart block—atria and ventricles beat at different rates
 EKG: prolonged PR interval
 Bundle of His Abnormality
 Left or Right Bundle Branch Block (LBBB/RBBB)—two ventricles
beat at different rates
 EKG: prolonged QRS interval
EKG Webquest
 Sign out a laptop from the front of the classroom
 Follow the directions on your packet to learn how
to read EKGs
 On the back of your packet, diagnose each
patient (some patients may be healthy)
Closing
 On the left is an EKG from a
healthy heart. To the right is
your patient’s EKG. What type
of arrhythmia is she suffering
from?
Notes: Heart Issues
 Pericarditis--inflammation of the pericardium
causes decrease in serous fluid, causing severe
chest pain
 Valve issues—heart works harder than normal,
leading to CHF
 Leaky or incompetent valves—valve doesn’t close
properly and causes blood backflow (regurgitation)
 Valvular stenosis—valve becomes stiff from bacterial
infection and causes less blood passing through
 Characterized by murmurs—abnormal heart sounds
(whooshing blood) upon stethoscope application
 Treatment: synthetic or human or pig valve
replacement
 http://www.muschealth.com/video/Default.aspx?vi
deoId=10015&cId=7&type=rel
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G95lk41TmsU
Notes: Heart Issues
 Myocardial infarction (MI)—aka heart attack
 Caused by ischemia—sudden blockage causing
inadequate supply of blood and oxygen to the
heart that will lead to cell death after 20 minutes
 Characterized by angina pectoris—severe chest,
radiating pain
 Coronary artery disease (CAD)—coronary
arteries supplying heart progressively become
blocked, leading to an inadequate supply of
blood to the heart
Notes: Heart Issues
 Congestive heart failure (CHF)—heart
progressively weakens, leading to an inability to
pump enough blood to the tissues
 Pulmonary congestion—when left side of heart fails,
blood remains in lungs, causing pulmonary edema
 Peripheral congestion—when right side of heart fails,
blood remains body tissues (most noticeable in
hands and feet), causing systemic edema
 Cardiac Arrest—cessation of all heart activity
 http://www.muschealth.com/video/Default.aspx
?videoId=10008&cId=7&type=rel
Notes: Blood Vessel Issues
Blood Vessel Issues
 Varicose veins—pooling of blood in veins due to
inactivity or pressure on veins
 Common in people who stand for long periods of time
for their job as well as obese and pregnant women
 Hypotension—low blood pressure, less than 90/60
 Chronic—poor nutrition so low blood volume
 Acute—dangerously low blood volume
 Can be orthostatic
 Can be an early sign of circulatory shock—
inadequate blood volume usually due to
hemorrhage
 Hypertension—high blood pressure, greater than
140/90
 Chronic—heart works harder, thickening and
weakening, while blood vessels weaken and break
 Acute—normal response to fever, exercise, stress, etc.
Notes: Blood Vessel Issues
 Atherosclerosis—repeated damage to blood
vessels allows cholesterol and fats to collect as
plaques
 Arteriosclerosis—late stage of atherosclerosis in which
elastic fibers are replaced by plaques, hardening the
vessels
 Treatments:
 Coronary artery bypass surgery—undamaged vessels
are surgically removed and placed in the heart
 Balloon angioplasty—catheter is fed through the
blood vessel, when it reaches the blockage, the
balloon tip expands, compressing the plaque, used
for localized blockages
 Stents—a metal mesh tube placed in a vessel to keep
it open post-angioplasty
 Laser catheters—vaporizes plaques, used for
generalized blockages
 http://www.muschealth.com/video/Default.aspx?vid
eoId=10017&cId=7&type=rel
 http://www.mayoclinic.org/testsprocedures/angioplasty/multimedia/coronaryangioplasty/vid-20084728
Closing
 What does open heart surgery refer to?