Graded recitation
Page 322
Describe the condition of Roman Republic in 70s BC?
It was in disorder. (Politicians vs
generals; politically inspired riots; more
people flooded into the city adding to
the confusion).
Page 322
Who was Cicero?
Cicero was a philosopher and gifted
public speaker who called on the
upperclass Romans to work together
to make Rome a better place.
Page 322
To make Rome a better place, Cicero wanted to limit
the power of ____________.
generals
Did Cicero oppose the Senate?
NO, he wanted to give more support to
them.
Page 322
Cicero also wanted to restore ___________ and
_________ on the government.
Checks and balances
Did most Romans agree with Cicero, especially the
generals?
No. The generals were working to take
over the government.
Page 323
Who was the most powerful of these general who
wanted to take over the government?
Julius Caesar
How did Romans treat Julius Caesar?
Romans respected and admired him
for his bravery and skill in battle.
Page 323
Tell us about Julius Caesar’s accomplishment between
58 BC and 50 BC.
He conquered nearly all of Gaul (an
area that is today France).
Page 323
Give two reasons that made Caesar a key figure in
Roman politics?
His military successes (such conquest
of Gaul); an excellent speaker that won
many supporters with his speeches.
Page 323
Who were Caesar’s two powerful friends for 10 years?
Pompey and Crassus
How was the friendship of Caesar and Pompey
affected in 50 BC?
Pompey’s allies in the Senate ordered
Caesar, who was so popular, to give up
command of his armies and wanted
Pompey, who was becoming jealous of
Caesar’s popularity, to control Rome alone.
Page 323-324
Did Caesar give up to the Senate for the sake of his
friendship with Pompey?
No, he led the troops back toward Rome for
a confrontation; crossed Rubicorn River,
boundary between Gaul and Italy with no
turning back.
Why was war certain when Caesar and his men
crossed the Rubicorn River?
Roman law said no general could enter Italy
with his army.
Page 323-324
Tell us about Caesar and Pompey’s war.
For a year Ceasar chased Pompey’s forces,
who fled to Italy and were finally defeated
in Greece in 48 BC. Pompey was killed by an
Egyptian king.
Page 324
With Caesar’s victory over Pompey and upon his
return to Rome in 45 BC, what did he become?
Made himself a dictator.
Did his popularity increase among all people? If Yes,
why? If no, why not?
No. There were people who resented the
way he gained power and were concerned
that he wanted to be the king of Rome.
Page 324
Why were the Senators angry with Caesar? Were they
threatened of Caesar’s leadership?
He reduced their powers.
Were the Senate threatened of Caesar’s leadership?
Yes, they feared of his growing strength.
Page 324
Tell us about the Ides of March.
That marks the Caesar’s assassination date,
15th of March, 44 BC, when a group of
Senators attacked Caesar in the Senate and
stabbed him to death.
Page 324
Who were the two great leaders who emerged after
the assassination of Julius Caesar?
Marc Antony – Caesar’s former assistant;
Octavian – Caesar’s adopted son.
How did these two leaders and the Roman people
respond to the assassination of Caesar?
Marc Antony and Octavian prioritized
punishing the killers of Caesar. Romans
were shocked and riots broke out after
Caesar’s death.
Page 324
How did Antony turn more Romans against Caesar’s
killers?
At Caesar’s funeral, he delivered a famous
speech.
Tell us about the Battle at Philippi.
The army of Marc Antony and Octavian
caught up to the killers near Philippi in
Northern Greece. In 43BC both leaders
defeated their opponents. The last of
Caesar’s murderers committed suicide.
Page 324
Tell us about what Antony did that led to civil war in
Rome in 31 BC.
Antony divorced Octavian’s sister (Octavia)
eight years after their wedding, to marry
the Egyptian queen Cleopatra. Octavian saw
this as an insult to his sister and to himself.
Page 324
How was Antony’s fight in the civil war in 31BC?
Antony escaped back to Egypt with
Cleopatra after his fleet was defeated, and
the couple committed suicide so they
would not be taken as prisoner by Octavian.
Page 324
Tell us about the two titles that Octavian had after he
became the sole ruler.
First he took the title “pinceps” or first
citizen.
Second, the Senate gave him a new name –
Augustus, which means revered one.
Page 324
Did Octavian give all his power to the Senate?
No, he just announced that he will give all
his power to the Senate but in reality, he
kept all his power.
What marked the end of the Roman Republic and the
beginning of the Roman Empire?
The naming of Augustus.
Page 325
Looking at the map on page 325, why do you think
the Romans called the Mediterranean “Our Sea”?
Because it was surrounded by Roman
territory.
What did Roman conquests promote?
Trade. (imported raw materials, exotics
goods like spices and silk from Asia, animals
from Africa; exported goods made by
artisans – like jewelry, glass and clothing.
Page 326
What did Romans use to pay for their trade goods?
Currency or Money like coins made of gold
or silver. Nearly everyone accepted Roman
coins that helped trade grow even more.
What do you call the peaceful period in the first 200
years of the Roman Empire?
Pax Romana or Roman peace.
Page 327
Romans built _______________ raised channels used
to carry water from mountains into cities.
aqueducts
They built roads in ______________to make these
highly durable.
layers
Page 327
Because of its round shape, Romans used an
______________ that can support much more weight
than other shapes can.
arch
Romans combined arches to create ________ which
are sets of arches that support the roof of a building.
vaults
Page 327
______________ in Rome was a huge building
constructed for gladiator fights.
Colosseum
Most Roman paintings were ___________, type of
painting done on plaster.
frescoes
Page 328
__________was the language of Roman government
and law.
Latin
Latin later developed into many different languages
called as ____________ languages that include
Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese and Romanian.
Romance
Page 328
__________ law is a legal system based on written
code of laws, like the one created by Romans.
civil
In 300s, Emperor Constantine removed the ban on
______________ and ended remaining persecution
of it; while about 42 years after, Emperor Theodosius
declared it as the official religion.
Christianity
Page 327
__________ law is a legal system based on written
code of laws, like the one created by Romans.
civil
In 300s, Emperor Constantine removed the ban on
______________ and ended remaining persecution
of it; while about 42 years after, Emperor Theodosius
declared it as the official religion.
Christianity
Page 332-333
Did Romans generally allow the people they
conquered to keep their religious beliefs?
Yes
Before Christianity became an official religion, what
was the dominant belief in Roman Empire?
Polytheism
Page 332-333
What influenced Rome to believe in many gods?
Greek mythology; adopted also gods from
Egypt, Gaul and Persia.
What was the first monotheistic faith that was
recognized as a legal religion in Rome?
Judaism – monotheistic faith – believes in
one God.
Under Julius Caesar, Judaism
was officially recognized as a
legal religion,
a policy followed by the first
Roman emperor, Augustus.
Herod the Great was
designated ‘King of the
Jews’ by the Roman
Senate in c. 40 BC, the
Roman province of
Egypt was established
in 30 BC, and Judea
proper, Samaria and
Idumea (biblical Edom)
were converted to the
Roman province of
Iudaea in 6 AD.
Herod also known as Herod the Great and Herod I,
was a Roman client king of Judea, referred to as the
Herodian kingdom. He has been described as "a
madman who murdered his own family and a great
many rabbis","the evil genius of the Judean nation",
"prepared to commit any crime in order to gratify
his unbounded ambition", and "the greatest builder
in Jewish history".He is known for his colossal
building projects throughout Judea, including his
expansion of the Second Temple in Jerusalem
(Herod's Temple), the construction of the port at
Caesarea Maritima, the fortress at Masada and
Herodium
Herod also appears in the Christian New Testament as the ruler of Judea
at the time of the birth of Jesus, who orders the Massacre of the
Innocents
Matthew 2:16-18
Herod Kills the Children
16 Then Herod, when he saw that he had been tricked by
the wise men, became furious, and he sent and killed all
the male children in Bethlehem and in all that region who
were two years old or under, according to the time that
he had ascertained from the wise men. 17 Then was
fulfilled what was spoken by the prophet Jeremiah:
18 “A voice was heard in Ramah,
weeping and loud lamentation,
Rachel weeping for her children;
she refused to be comforted, because they are no
more.”
Upon Herod's death, the Romans divided his kingdom
among three of his sons and his sister—
1. Archelaus became ethnarch of the tetrarchy of Judea,
2. Herod Antipas became tetrarch of Galilee and
Peraea,
3. Philip became tetrarch of territories east of the
Jordan, and Salome I was given a toparchy including
the cities of Jabneh, Ashdod, Phasaelis.
Herod Antipater (born before
20 BC – died after 39 AD),
known by the nickname
Antipas, was a 1st-century
ruler of Galilee and Perea, who
bore the title of tetrarch ("ruler
of a quarter").
He is best known today for
accounts in the New Testament
of his role in events that led to
the executions of John the
Baptist and Jesus of Nazareth.
Jesus faces Pontius Pilate & Herod Antipas
Who: Jesus, a Galilean teacher and
miracle-worker; Pontius Pilate the Roman
governor; Herod Antipas, Romanappointed ruler of Galilee
Where: The Roman praetorium in
Jerusalem
What happened: Only the Roman
governor could condemn a man to death,
but Pontius Pilate was reluctant to pass
sentence on Jesus and sent him to Herod
Antipas, who ruled Galilee, Jesus' home
territory. But Jesus would hardly speak to
Herod, so in exasperation Herod sent
Jesus back to Pilate.
Page 333
Why did Romans consider Judaism a threat?
Jews continued to rebel and demand
independence since 63 BC when Judea, the
territory in which most Jews lived, had been
conquered by Rome.
Jews rebelled against Romans in 66-70AD.
Page 334
Tell us about Emperor Hadrian’s action on rebellions
of Jews.
Banned Jewish rituals that did not end
Jewish desire for independence and so
ordered for the crush of the Jewish revolt
and destroyed Jerusalem and forced the
Jews to leave the city (Diaspora).
Jewish-Roman tensions resulted in
several Jewish–Roman wars, 66-135
AD, which resulted in the destruction of
Jerusalem and the Second Temple and
institution of the Jewish Tax in 70 and
Hadrian's attempt to create a new
Roman colony named Aelia Capitolina
c. 130.
Page 334
Tell us about Jesus’ Resurrection.
The resurrection of Jesus is the Christian
religious belief that, after being put to
death, Jesus rose again from the dead. It is
the central tenet of Christian theology and
part of the Nicene Creed: "On the third day
he rose again in accordance with the
Scriptures"
The resurrection of the body is
an essential Christian doctrine,
as the apostle Paul declares:
"[I]f the dead are not raised,
then Christ has not been raised.
If Christ has not been raised,
your faith is futile and you are
still in your sins. Then those
also who have fallen asleep in
Christ have perished" (1 Cor.
15:13–18).
Page 337
Tell us about the role of the Apostles in the spread of
Christianity, after Jesus resurrection.
The Apostles were 12 disciples whom Jesus
chose to receive special training. After the
resurrection they travelled widely telling
about Jesus and his teachings.
Some of Jesus’ disciples wrote account of
Jesus’ life and teachings in four Gospels –
Matthew, Mark, Luke and John.
Page 337
Tell us about the most important figure in the spread of
Christianity in Roman Empire after Jesus’ resurrection.
He was Paul the Apostle who was then
known as Saul of Tarsus, who was
persecuting Christians. He was known for
consented the stoning of Stephen. Jesus
struck down Saul on the Damascus Road,
converting him into the Apostle Paul, one of
the greatest missionaries in the history of
the church.