Bell Ringer
What does the
cartoonist
suggests
Hitler is
doing?
Who are the
other people
in this picture
and what does
the cartoonist
think of them?
WORLD WAR II
Chapter 24
PATHS TO WAR
PATHS TO WAR
• Hitler believed that Germans belonged to the
Aryan race which was superior to all other
races and nationalities
– He believed that Germany should once again be an
empire and he needed more land to support the
larger population
• Hitler indicated in the 1920s that they would
expand East into the S.U.
– They would then use the Slavic's as slave labor to
build the Third Reich
– Hitler thought this would rule for 1,000 years
PATHS TO WAR
• After WWI, when Hitler was chancellor, he
said he wished to revise the unfair provisions
of the treaty by peaceful means
– He said Germany deserved its rightful place among
the European states
• However, on March 9, 1935 Hitler announced
the new air force, a week later a military draft
– Britain, France and Italy condemned the behavior
but were too busy dealing with the Great
Depression to do anything about it
PATHS TO WAR
• Hitler felt that the Western states would not
use force to enforce the Treaty of Versailles
– He sent German troops into the Rhineland
(a part of Germany that was demilitarized)
– France could have met this with force, but
wouldn’t with backing from Britain
– Britain said the Germans should have right
to militarize their own land
– This began the policy of appeasement
PATHS TO WAR
• Hitler gained new allies as he went along
– Benito Mussolini gave Hitler his support after the
British and French blocked his attempt to invade
Ethiopia
– This led to the Rome-Berlin Axis
• Germany and Italy sent support to Gen.
Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War
• Later, Germany and Japan sign the AntiComintern Pact to agree to fight against the
Communists
PATHS TO WAR
• By 1937 Hitler had declared Germany as a
“world power”
– He started work on his goal of Anschluss
(ANSH-luhs) which was unification with
Austria
– He forced the Austrian chancellor to put
Austrian Nazis in power
•Those Nazis allowed German troops to
“help” maintain law and order
•Next, he annexed Austria into Germany
PATHS TO WAR
• Next Hitler turned to the Sudetenland, part of
Czechoslovakia
– At a conference in Munich, the British,
French, and Italians gave in to nearly all of
Hitler’s demands
– The Czechs were abandoned by their allies
– Hitler promised to make no new demands
– Neville Chamberlain, British P.M., said this
meant “peace for our time”
PATHS TO WAR
• Hitler quickly made it clear that he had no
intentions of staying put
– When he began to threaten to Danzig (port
in Poland) Britain said they would fight if
he invaded Poland
– At the same time, Britain and France
realized that the SU would make a powerful
ally and began negotiations with Joseph
Stalin
PATHS TO WAR
• Hitler was not afraid of the British or French,
but he was afraid of an alliance with them and
the SU
– He created his own with the SU when he
signed the Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact
– He promised to give the Soviets control of
Eastern Poland and the Baltic states
Hitler
Stalin
•The non-aggression pact was surprising. Hitler and Stalin
were seen as natural enemies.
•When Hitler talked of taking over new land for Germany,
many thought that he meant Russia.
•Hitler also hated Communism, the form of government in
Russia
September 1939: Germany invaded Poland
This officially starts World War II
But, the pact
allowed Germany
to march into
Poland without
fear of an attack
from Russia.
On 3rd September
1939, Germany
invaded Poland
and started a War
with Britain and
France.
German troops marching
into Warsaw, the capital
of Poland.
PATHS TO WAR
• Japan had a goal of creating a new empire consisting
of Japan, Manchuria and China they knew they
needed resources
– They had intended to get these from Soviet Siberia,
but after they signed an alliance with German,
Japan had to rethink their strategy
– When Japan turned to the south, they met
opposition from the Western powers, especially the
US
PATHS TO WAR
• The US said they would apply economic
sanctions unless Japan withdrew from the
area and returned to its borders
• Japan weighed the options of losing the
resources it was getting from the US to what
it stood to lose if it didn’t move into China
– After debate, Japan decided to launch a surprise
attack on the US and European colonies in
Southeast Asia
ASSIGNMENTS
• P. 808 , Read “Hitler’s Vision” Answer the following
questions:
1. Why would Hitler regard democracy as a “cancer”?
2. What does Hitler mean by “ruthless Germanization?”
• P. 822 #1,2, 4-7
In groups of 2-3 people. You will need two pieces of paper. As a
group you will need to complete a two wall maps of the land
acquired my Germany& Italy and Japan. This needs to be done
in color and drawn to scale. Be sure to include the legend. P.
811-812
Next, use the timeline on page 809 to indicate the order of
events on your World War II maps, draw a timeline on your
map.
Then answer the following questions on your own paper:
1)In what ways did Hitler ignore the Treaty of Versailles?
2)What were some of the causes of WWII?
3)At what stage do you think other countries should have
attempted to stop Hitler by using force? Why do you think they
did not?
4)How was Hitler able to take over Western Europe so quickly?
5)In your own words what was the policy of appeasement? Do
you think this was a successful policy?
• Propaganda Power Point… go to the other power point
BELL RINGER
• Why do you think America joins WWII?
THE COURSE OF WORLD WAR II
• Hitler used blitzkrieg or “lightening war” which
consisted of 300 tanks, plus accompanying forces and
supplies as well as air support, to attack Poland
– Poland surrendered within 4 weeks
– On Sept. 28, 1939 Germany and the SU divided
Poland
• After a winter of waiting (called the Phony War)
Hitler resumed attacks with another blitzkrieg
against Norway and Denmark on April 9, 1940
– One month later Germany launched attacks on the
Netherlands, Belgium, and France
THE COURSE OF WORLD WAR II
• Germany’s main assault on France came through
Luxembourg and the Ardennes Forest
– Allied forces were taken by surprise when Germany
went around the Maginot Line
– Both Britain and France were pushed back to the
port of Dunkirk
– Only by the heroic efforts of the Royal Navy and
private citizens with boats did the British manage
to evacuate 338,000 Allied troops
• On June 22 France signed an armistice giving
Germany control of 3/5ths of France
– The rest was controlled by a puppet government
THE COURSE OF WORLD WAR II
• The British (will now) turned to the US for help
– FDR denounced the Axis powers actions, but the
US was following the strategy of isolationism
– They eventually loosened up some so as to supply
the British with food, ships, planes and weapons
• Hitler knew he could launch a successful amphibious
invasion if he controlled the air over Britain
– In Aug. 1940 Germany launched a major air attack
on Britain (naval bases, harbors, communication
centers, and war industries)
THE COURSE OF WORLD WAR II
• The British fought back by launching attacks on
Berlin (the first time in the war that Germany goes on
the defense)
• Hitler ordered a shift in strategy from military targets
to British cities
– This allowed Britain to recover from the loss of
military goods
– Hitler hoped to break Britain’s spirit, instead he
ended up postponing the invasion indefinitely
• This was known as the Battle of Britain
View of a V-1 rocket in
flight, ca. 1944.
Aircraft spotter on the
roof of a building in
London. St. Paul's
Cathedral is in the
background.
"Children of an eastern suburb
of London, who have been
made homeless by the random
bombs of the Nazi night
raiders, waiting outside the
wreckage of what was their
home."
THE COURSE OF WORLD WAR II
• Hitler had no desire to fight a two-front war, yet he believed
the only reason Britain remained in the war is because they
expected help from the SU
– Hitler believed that the SU had a pitiful military
• Hitler planned the attack for the spring of 1941, but had to
delay his attack on the Soviet Union until later. This will
prove to be a huge mistake for Hitler.
• Hitler thought the war with the SU would be over before the
winter
– While successful early on, German forces were stopped by
an early winter and Soviet resistance.
– Germans had no idea what a Russian Winter was.
– This is the first time the Germans were stopped and it
marked an ominous ending to the year
German forces in Russia, 1941
Pearl Harbor
THE COURSE OF WORLD WAR II
• On December 7, 1941 Japan attacked several
naval bases in the Pacific including the
Philippines, Malaya, and Pearl Harbor
• Japan called their new “community” the
Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere
– They assumed that their attack on America
would make the Americans realize that
Japan was the dominant country
USS SHAW exploding during the Japanese raid on Pearl Harbor,
December 7, 1941
ASSIGNMENT
• Pearl Harbor Video
Would you go to war?
Would you risk going to war based solely on
what you saw in yesterdays footage?
Franklin Delano Roosevelt DID!
The United States has now official entered
into World War II.
The U.S. declared war on Japan: December 8, 1941
Germany declared war on the U.S.:
December 11, 1941
THE COURSE OF WORLD WAR II
• When the US entered the war, a new coalition was
created called the Grand Alliance
– This included Britain, US, and SU
– They agreed to put aside political differences in
order to deal with military operations
– They agreed to fight until the Axis Powers
(Germany, Italy and Japan) surrendered
unconditionally
THE COURSE OF WORLD WAR II
• With Japan attacking in the Pacific, Hitler and his
European allies continued fighting the war in Europe
– In North Africa the Africa Corps, German forces led
by Gen. Erwin Rommel, were closing in on
Alexandria
– In the SU the Germans had captured the entire
Crimea
• Hitler declared that the British Empire would collapse
within two years thanks to the advancements his
military was making
Gen. Erwin Rommel (a.k.a. Desert Fox) Libya,
January or November 24, 1941
THE COURSE OF WORLD WAR II
• By the fall of 1942, however, the war had turned against
the Germans
– In May of 1943 American and British forces forced the
Germans to surrender in North Africa
• Back in Russia, Hitler’s generals wanted him to go after
the oil fields
– He decided to go after Stalingrad instead
– One of the worst battles of the war occurred between
Nov. 1942 and Feb. 1943
• Eventually the German Sixth Army (considered
the best) was encircled and lost
• German forces were now pushed back to where
they had been a year ago
– Even Hitler knew they would not defeat the SU
THE COURSE OF WORLD WAR II
• The turning point in the Pacific is going to come at the
Battle of Midway Island
– This put the US on the offensive allowing them to
have two operations in place
• Douglas MacArthur led troops through the Philippines,
into New Guinea and on to the South Pacific Islands
• The other campaign was to take a combination of Marines,
Army and Navy and attack random Japanese-held islands
while leaving others until they got to Japan (this was
known as “island hopping”)
– After a series of entanglements, the Japanese were
losing ground
A Water Buffalo, loaded with Marines, churns through the
sea bound for beaches of Tinian Island near Guam." July
1944
American troops of the 163rd Infantry Regiment hit
the beach from Higgins boats during the invasion of
Wadke Island, Dutch New Guinea. May 18, 1945
165th Infantry assault wave attacking Butaritari, Yellow
Beach Two, find it slow going in the coral bottom waters.
Nov. 20, 1943
Iwo Jima, Feb. 23, 1945
The March of Death. Along the March on which these prisoners were photographed, they have their
hands tied behind their backs. The March of Death was about May 1942, from Bataan to Cabanatuan,
the prison camp
THE COURSE OF WORLD WAR II
• By the beginning of 1943 things were looking bad for the
Axis powers
– Winston Churchill, the P.M. of Britain, declared that
Italy was the “soft underbelly” of Europe
– Allied troops took Sicily in September and turned to the
mainland of Italy
• Mussolini was removed from office and arrested by King
Victor Emmanuel III
– Italy offered surrender to the Allied forces
– Germany busts Mussolini out of jail and puts him in
charge of the government in Northern Italy
– It would not be until June 4, 1944 after months of long
battles, that Rome falls to the Allies
THE COURSE OF WORLD WAR II
• The Allies had been planning an invasion of France from
Britain, across the English Channel
– They had set a diversion in Pas-de-Calais
– On June 6, 1944 (D-Day), led by Dwight D. Eisenhower,
allied forced stormed the beaches in Normandy
– This was the greatest naval invasion in history
– Within 3 months, the Allies landed more than 2M
people and ½ a million vehicles
– By August, they took Paris back and by March of 1945,
they were headed into Germany
– By April, they were linked across Germany into Soviet
territory
Scenes from the D-Day Invasion,
June 6, 1944
THE COURSE OF WORLD WAR II
• As British and US forces closed in from the West, the
Soviets closed in from the East
– Allied forces entered Berlin in April 1945
• Hitler had retreated to a bunker 55 feet under Berlin
– He said “Above all I charge the leaders of the nation and
those under them to scrupulous observance of the laws
of race and merciless opposition to the universal
poisoner of all peoples, international Jewry.”
THE COURSE OF WORLD WAR II
– On April 30, 1945 Hitler
committed suicide
– Mussolini had been killed
two days prior
– On May 7th German
commanders
surrendered
– May 8th is known as V-E
Day
Mussolini was hanged in a
town square upon his death.
He was continually beaten with
sticks and other objects. The
Italians dislike for him was
quite evident. His mistress and
many of his guards were
hanged with him.
THE COURSE OF WORLD WAR II
• With the war over in Europe, the US could now turn their
attention to Japan
– Japan was using kamikaze pilots to blow up targets
– Truman, President of the US after the death of FDR,
had to decide whether or not to use the newly created
atomic bombs
• On August 6 the US dropped the first atomic bomb on
Hiroshima
• On August 9 US dropped the second on Nagasaki
• On August 14 Japan surrendered
• The war was finally over
– 17M people died in battle
– 20M civilians died as well
A dense column of smoke rises
more than 60,000 feet into the
air over the Japanese port of
Nagasaki, the result of an
atomic bomb, the second ever
used in warfare, dropped on
the industrial center August 8,
1945, from a U.S. B-29
Superfortress.
In the background, a
Roman Catholic
cathedral on a hill in
Nagasaki. 1945
The patient's skin is
burned in a pattern
corresponding to the dark
portions of a kimono worn
at the time of the
explosion. Atomic bomb
survivor.1945.
Sailors return to NYC, 1945
American Soldiers after Japan
surrenders, 1945
ASSIGNMENT
• Read Ch.26, Sec.3 “The Holocaust”
– Answer the Reading Checks
– #1,2,4-9
• Read a (P.823) “A German Solider at Stalingrad”
– #1-3
• Get with a partner and discuss these questions. Decide
which of the three topics do you two have the most to talk
about. Then as a set answer this question using things we
spoke about in lecture and facts from the book. Using a piece
of paper record the information in a Y-graph.
• Do you think the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor had any
impact on the outcome of World War II, and did this incident
justify Americas entrance into World War II?
• Do you think President Truman’s final decision to drop the
atomic bomb was a necessary evil or just plain evil?
• Was Hitler a good military leader or did he make mistakes
when it came to his decisions with the war?
Was Hitler an evil genius or just evil?
2
• Yes, he was able to take
control of a country in just 4
years.
• Yes, he was able to create
5.5 million jobs in just 5
years.
• Yes, he brought Germany
from a weak poor country to
a World Power in 4 years.
• No, he caused a 2 front
war.
4
Us
• No, he could not get into
art school.
• Yes, he was able to create
5.5 million jobs in just 5
years.
• Yes, he brought Germany
from a weak poor country to
a World Power in 4 years.
• No, he went too far and
caused an unnecessary war.
•No, he invaded Russia.
• Yes, he was able to create
5.5 million jobs in just 5
years.
• Yes, he brought Germany
from a weak poor country to
a World Power in 4 years.
• No, he created a two-front
war
What we
agreed
on…
3
Bell Ringer
• Based on yesterday’s discussion do you think Truman
made the right decision to drop the Atomic Bomb on
Japan on August 6 and 9th of 1945?
• Remember in 1945 you were unaware of the future
complications that would arise due to the Nagasaki
and Hiroshima.
THE NEW ORDER AND THE
HOLOCAUST
• Soon after the conquest of Poland, Hitler and the Nazis began
their “racial program”
– Heinrich Himmler, leader of the SS, was put in charge of the
resettlement plans
– His task was to move Slavs from Czechoslovakia, Poland,
Ukraine, etc. and replace them with German people
– More than 1 million Poles were moved from their homes and
resettled in the Southern part of Poland
• By 1942, 2M ethnic Germans had been settled in Poland
• Himmler said 30 Slavs might die and “Whether nations live in
prosperity or starve to death interests me only insofar as we need
them as slaves for our culture. Otherwise it is of no interest.”
– This was supported by the labor shortage in the fact that they
would round up foreigners to come work for Germany
THE NEW ORDER AND THE
HOLOCAUST
• Hitler viewed the Jews as parasites who were trying
to destroy the Aryans
– The SS was given the responsibility of carrying out
what the Nazis called the Final Solution, or
genocide of the German people
– Reinhardt Heydrich was the head of the SS’s
Security Service
• He created a special strike force called the Einsatzgruppen
to carry out the plan
• Originally the Jew were grouped into ghettos in Poland
• Later, they were given orders to advance with the military
to round up Jews in the villages and kill them
THE NEW ORDER AND THE
HOLOCAUST
• Probably 1M Jews were killed by the Einsatzgruppen but that
was too slow for the Nazis
– They began building special death camps to kill the Jewish
population
– They were packed into freight trains like cattle and shipped
to Poland (the largest was Auschwitz)
– About 30 percent of them were sent to work camps, while the
rest were put in gas chambers
• A small percent were used for “medical” experiments
– Children were not spared from this; 1.2M Jewish children
died in the Holocaust
– Even in Germany’s final days, the Final Solution received
priority of resources
THE NEW ORDER AND THE
HOLOCAUST
• The Germans killed between 5-6M Jews
– They were also responsible for killing 9-10M nonJewish people (Gypsies, etc.)
• The Allies knew about the death camps, but instead
focused on ending the war
– It was not until the end of the war that the horror
and inhumanity of the Holocaust became known
PROGRESSION OF
DISCRIMINATION TOWARDS JEWS
• The NAZI party and Adolf Hitler seized power
in 1933 and slowly began their program
against the Jews of Germany
• In 1933 there were 566,000 Jews living in
Germany.
• Each new year in Germany led to harsher
policies directed towards the Jews.
1933
• NAZIS boycott
Jewish businesses
• Issue decree that
defines non-Aryans
• 1933: first
concentration
camps are built
1934
• Jews are not allowed
to have national
health insurance
• the SS (Schutzstaffel)
is formed
• Hitler becomes Der
Fuherer and receives
a 90% approval rating
from the people
1935- NUREMBERG RACE LAWS
Jews are not allowed to:
Marry or have sex hire Aryan women
with Aryans
as maids
have rights of
citizenship
1936
• SS Deathshead
division is created to
guard camps
• Heinreich Himmler
is appointed Chief of
the German Police
• Olympic games in
Berlin, Jews treated
better - briefly.
1937
• Jews are not allowed to
teach Germans
• Jews cannot be
accountants or dentists
• “Eternal Jew” exhibit
opened in Germany
– showed the 'typical
outward features' of
Jews
1938
• Nazi troops enter
Austria
• League of Nations
considers helping
Jews fleeing Hitler,
but no country will
take them
• Jews are not
allowed to practice
medicine
1939-KRISTALLNACHT
• Night of Broken
Glass
• Jewish stores,
shops and
synagogues burned
down
• Took place because
a German official
was killed in Paris
by a Jew
• November 9, 1939
1939
• Reinhard Heydrich is
ordered to speed up
emigration of Jews
• The St. Louis is
turned away from the
US.
• Jews must hand over
all gold and silver.
• Nazi troops seize
Czechoslovakia
• 350,000 Jews
POLAND 1939
• Sept. 1, 1939 Nazis
invade Poland
• 3.35 million Jews
• Hans Frank becomes
governor of Poland
• Forced labor decree
issued and all Jews
must wear yellow
stars
“I ask nothing of Jews
except that they should
disappear”
1940
• German Jews are
deported to Poland
• Ghettos of Lodz,
Krakow and
Warsaw are sealed
off.
• Total of 600,000
Jews
• These ghettos will
be liquidated
starting in 1942
German soldiers rounding up
Jews to be placed in ghettos
1941
• Nazis invade the
Soviet Union
• Jewish population
of 3 million
• Hitler issues
infamous
“Commissar Order”
• SS Einsatzgruppen
follow advance of
German Army
“Liquidate all Communist
officials you encounter!
EINSATZGRUPPEN
• SS “Special Action Groups” organized in early years of
war by Reinhard Heydrich
• Heydrich organized 4 large groups (A,B,C,D) in Soviet
Union
• Competition between group leaders to see who could
kill the most Jews
• 1,300,000 Russian Jews killed by end of war by these
“mobile killing units”
EINSATZ AREA OF OPERATIONS
WANNSEE CONFERENCE
• Heydrich was ordered by Hermann Goering to prepare
a “final solution” to the Jewish question
• Heydrich organized a meeting with 15 top Nazi
officials in Berlin = Jan. 20, 1942
• Nazis would attempt to exterminate the entire Jewish
population of Europe, an estimated 11 million persons
REINHARD
HEYDRICH
• Nicknamed “The
Blond Beast” and
“Hangman
Heydrich”
• second in command
of Gestapo and SS
• principle planner of
the Final Solution
• Brigadier General
in SS at the age of
HEYDRICH AND FINAL
SOLUTION
• “Europe would be
combed of Jews
from East to West”
• “Madagascar Plan”
• ordered Einsatzs to
round up and kill
Jews in occupied
countries
HEYDRICH ASSASSINATED 1942
• Czech underground
agents bombed his
car
• SS hunted down
and killed 1000
suspects
• Czech town of
Lidice was
liquidated
• Hilter called him
“The man with the
iron heart.”
172 men shot in village of
Lidice in retaliation.
FINAL SOLUTION
• “Now judgment has begun and it will
reach its conclusion only when the
knowledge of the Jews has been erased
from the earth!” Nazi Newspaper
• There were 3 phases of the Nazi plan to
wipe out the Jewish population of
Europe
PHASE 1 = SHOOTING
• Jews were rounded
up and told they
were to be relocated
• They were taken to
the woods and were
shot one by one
• Their bodies were
buried in mass
graves
PHASE 2 = GAS VANS
• Again, Jews were
rounded up and
told they were to be
relocated in vans
• The vans were
equipped so that
the van’s exhaust
was piped back into
the van
700,000 Jews killed in
Vans
PROBLEMS WITH PHASES 1,2
• The Nazis encountered several problems with the
executions and gas vans
• First, they were both taking to much time
• Second, resources such as gas and munitions were
becoming scarce
• Third, soldiers involved were beginning to have
psychological problems with what they were doing.
PHASE 3 = THE CAMPS
• Nazi leaders decided to drastically speed up the Final
Solution
• There were two different types of camps:
– CONCENTRATION CAMPS
– EXTERMINATION CAMPS
• Jews from all over occupied Europe were to be brought
here.
CONCENTRATION
• 100 of these in Nazi-occupied Europe
• Prisoners used for forced labor
• Prisoners usually lasted less than 1/2 year
• Communists, homosexuals, criminals, socialdemocrats, artists were placed in concentration camps
too.
• First camp was opened in 1933, right after Nazis came
to power
RAVENSBRUCK
• Camp for women
only
• run by German
women who were
criminals
• prisoners worked
on remodeling furs
• 50,000 killed
• 14,000 rescued by
Swedish diplomat
MEDICAL EXPERIMENTS AT
RAVENSBRUCK
Nazi doctors sliced open the
leg of inmates and
deliberately infected the
wound with bacteria, dirt,
and glass slivers to simulate
a battlefield injury. They
then treated the wound with
drugs.
Nazis at Ravensbruck
concentration camp amputated
limbs from prisoners in useless
attempts to transplant them onto
other inmates. Many of the
victims perished as a result.
THERESIENSTADT
• Most humane camp
• well connected
Jews and war
veterans
• Jews married to
Aryans could pay to
go to this camp
• Red Cross
inspected this
camp, good rating
• stop over on the
way to Auschwitz
EXTERMINATION
• Started out as ordinary concentration camps
• Later modified with gassing installations for use on
humans, now “DEATH CAMPS”
• two sub-groups:
– 1) Majdanek and Auschwitz, Birkenau
– 2) Operation Reinhard camps and Chelmno
• “NAZIS GET CLOSE TO CREATING HELL ON
EARTH!!!”
CHELMNO
Jews from the Lodz ghetto in Poland sent here
First death camp built = 1941
First to use
Gas Vans on
Jews
CAMPS IN POLAND
MAJDANEK
• Established in 1941
as a POW camp
• started its part in
the Final Solution
in 1942
• Jews, Poles and
Soviet POW’s sent
here
• had two gas
chambers to
exterminate
AUSCHWITZ
• Started operations in January
1940 (Poland)
• Himmler chose Auschwitz as
the place for the Final
Solution
• had 4 gas chambers
/crematories by 1943
• mass killings with Zyklon B
gas
• commanded by Rudolph Hess
• recorded 12,000 kills in one
day
THE SS AT AUSCHWITZ
ORDERED TO TAKE ALL POSSESSIONS FROM
JEWS
TEETH WITH GOLD
PILES OF GLASSES
ZYKLON-B
GAS USED TO KILL VERMIN. IT WAS INEXPENSIVE
COMPARED TO GAS. DROPPED FROM CEILINGS
DR. JOSEF MENGELE
• Arrived in
Auschwitz in May
of 1943
• SS Doctor who had
power of life/death
• performed medical
experiments on
“ANGEL OF DEATH”
Jewish children
MEDICAL EXPERIMENTS
• Sterilization of men and women
• endurance of pain to high and low temperatures and
pressure
• experiments on twins to increase number of multiple
births to Aryan women
• injections of phenol to kill patients
• Dr. Mengele attempted to sew children together to
make Siamese twins
MEDICAL EXPERIMENTS
EXTRACTED HUMAN
ORGANS
EXPERIMENTS ON CHILDREN
IN AUSCHWITZ
OPERATION REINHARD
• Largest single massacre of Holocaust
• March 1942-November 1943
– named after Reinhard Heydrich
– carried out at three camps, run by the SS
• Every Jew that arrived at one of the camps
would be dead in 2 hours.
– Total of 1,700,000 Jews killed
BELZEC
• MARCH 1942
• JEWS FROM
LUBIN GHETTOPOLAND
• OPERATIONS
STOP DECEMBER
1942
• CAMP WAS
DISMANTLED
AND PLOWED
OVER AND
SOBIBOR
• MAY 1942
• 3 GAS
CHAMBERS
• ESCAPE OF 300
JEWS AND
SOVIET POW’S
• ONLY 50 LIVE
• GAS CHAMBERS
SHUT DOWN
AFTER ESCAPE
TREBLINKA
• JEWS FROM
WARSAW
GHETTO
• 10 GAS
CHAMBERS
• LOCATED EAST
OF WARSAW
• BODIES WERE
BURNED IN
OPEN PITS
• AUGUST 1943
A Jewish woman
from Budapest,
victim of starvation
experiment in the
Dachau "hospital"
A Jewish man in icy
water subject to
German experiments
on pilot survival in
sea
SS wardresses
transfer bodies of
their victims to a
mass grave
after the British
liberation of Belsen,
April 1945.
Liberated Jews in
Nordhausen, 1945
PEACE AND A NEW WAR
PEACE AND A NEW WAR
PEACE AND A NEW WAR
• The total victory of the Allies in
World War II was followed not by a
real peace but by a period of
political tensions, known as the
Cold War.
• The Cold War will dominate world
affairs until the end of the 1980s
THE TEHRAN CONFERENCE
• The leaders of the BIG THREE (Stalin,
Roosevelt, Churchill) will meet in November of
1943 to decide the future course of the War.
• Stalin and Roosevelt will decide that the best
plan of action will be a British-American
attack on Germany through France.
THE YALTA CONFERENCE
• The Big Three will meet again in February
1945 to discuss how to divide Europe upon
Germany’s defeat.
– Stalin: wanted pro-Soviet buffer states to
protect them from Democratic Western
Nations
– Roosevelt: wanted self-determination,
meaning the countries would hold elections
to determine their political institutions.
THE YALTA CONFERENCE
• The United Nations will be formed at the
Yalta Conference. Roosevelt wanted the Big
Three Powers to pledge to be part of
International Organizations before difficult
issues would divide them into hostile camps
• Decided that Germany would be divided into 4
zones, these zones would be governed by the
United States, France, Great Britain, and the
Soviet Union.
• After World War II,
Germany was divided
into four zones,
occupied by French,
British, American, and
Soviet troops.
Soviet blockade:
East Berlin
West
Germany
East
Germany
West Berlin
· In June of 1948, the
French, British and
American zones were
joined into the nation of
West Germany after the
Soviets refused to end
their occupation of
Germany.
THE POTSDAM CONFERENCE
• July 1945, Roosevelt has died and Truman has
stepped in and is demanding free elections in
all of Eastern Germany.
• Stalin felt free-elections were anti-Soviet
influences, and because the SU lost the most
men in WWII he sought security. Security
meant Pro-Soviet Eastern States.
A NEW STRUGGLE
• As the War slowly receded into the past, a new
struggle was already beginning.
• The West felt that the Soviet Policy was a part
of a World-Wide Communist Conspiracy.
• The Soviets viewed the Western, and
especially American, policy as nothing less
than global capitalist expansion.
ASSIGNMENT
• P.838 #1-17