Block 1-2
Items stapled in order.
Per_____
____/3 Section Cover-sheet, Agenda, Standards, WCW
Name_________________________________
CH 22. Origin of Modern Astronomy
Student sign____________________________
Parent /
Guardian sign___________________________
Date Given 8/26 odd 8/27 even
Date Due 9/9 odd 9/10 even
____/3
22.1 Early Astronomy 612-621 KVGA
CH 25. Beyond Our Solar System
____/3
25.1 Properties of Stars 698-706 KVGA
____/3
25.2 Stellar Evolution 707-714 KVGA
____/3
25.3 The Universe 715-721 KVGA
CH 24. Studying the Sun
____/3
24.1 The study of light 672-677 KVGA
____/3
24.2 Tools for Studying Space 678-683 KVGA
____/3
24.3 The Sun 684-690 KVGA
WCW
8/26 odd 8/27 even
8/28 odd
Warm-up
Warm-up
8/29 even
When
measuring objects you must use the proper
tools such as a __?__ for mass and a __?__
for length.
Critical thinking
It is important to make good measurements
today during the measurement lab because
you need to get the correct result
Wrap-up
Describe the use of conversion factors
during today’s activity. How do you change
from cm to in?
5 in ( 2.54cm/in) =12.7 cm
What do you think the two words below
mean?
Geocentric-Earth centered
Heliocentric-Sun centered
Critical thinking
Qualitative analysis means descriptive
Quantitative analysis means amount
Wrap-up
Why is Copernicus important for
Astronomy?
Copernicus constructed a Solar System that
is Sun centered
9/3 odd 9/4 even
Warm-up
What can we learn by studying star’s
and other celestial objects?
Critical Thinking
9/6 odd 9/9 even
Warm-up
What wave has the lowest frequency?
Which two waves have the highest frequency?
Critical Thinking
Describe a system to remember the Electromagnetic
spectrum order.
H_R diagram shows Luminosity vs. Temperature.
Temperature is the x-axis, What is the slope of this
diagram?
Wrap-up
Wrap-up
Name the layers of the sun and some properties.
Describe the life cycle of the Sun.
22.1 Early Astronomy 612-621
Key Concepts
How does the geocentric model of the solar system differ from the heliocentric model?
Geo is earth centered, Helio is Sun centered

What were the accomplishments of early astronomers?
Categories of galaxies, stars, and other celestial objects
Vocabulary1. Astronomy- study of celestial objects
2. Geocentric- Earth centered universe
3. Heliocentric-Sun centered Solar system
4. Retrograde Motion- the apparent westward motion of planets
5. Ellipse-oval with two foci
6. Astronomical Units (AU)-average distance between the Earth and Sun
G.O.
Place of Earth
Geocentric
Model
Center of the
universe
Location of
Sun
Orbiting
Earth
Heliocentric
Model
Orbiting the
Sun
Center of
SS
Supporters
Aristotle
Ptolemy
Nicolaus Copernicus
Tycho Brahe
Johannes Kepler
Galileo Galilei
Isaac Newton
Assessment p.621
1. Geo earth centered universe, Helio sun centered solar system.
2. Earths motion around the Sun is quicker and shorter then Mars’
3. Planets go in circles and they orbit, he was wrong.
4. Changed the circular orbit to an ellipse or oval. Key Change
5. Able to see that moons orbit Jupiter and saw rings around Saturn.
6. 1st law states all orbits are ellipse
2nd law states the foci is 1 center to the ellipse
3rd law states that (period of orbit)2 = (distance away)3
7. T2 = D3
25.1 Properties of Stars 698-706
Key concepts What can we learn by studying star properties?
Elements, temp, size
 How does distance affect parallax?
More distance less parallax
 What factors determine the stars apparent magnitude?
Distance, radius
 What relationship is shown on a Hertzsprung Russell Diagram?
Luminosity vs. Temperature
Vocab1. Constellation-an apparent group of stars originally named for mythical characters, 88
2. Binary star- one of two stars revolving around a common center of mass
3. Light-year- the distance light travels in one year 9.5 trillion km
4. Apparent magnitude- the brightness of a star when viewed from earth
5. Absolute magnitude- the apparent brightness of a star viewed from 32.6 Ly
6. Main-sequence star- a star that falls into the main sequence category on the H-r diagram
7. Red giant- a large cool star of high luminosity a star upper-right of H-R
8. Supergiant- a very bright, large red giant
9. Cepheid variable- a star whose brightness varies periodically because it expands and contracts
10. Nova- a star that explodes
11. Nebulae- a cloud of gas or dust in space
G.O.
Questions about the Hertzberg-Russell diagram on page 704 then as you read answer
Question 1
Why does temperature change the stars color?
Answer 1
Temperature increases the electrons speed
changing its color
Question 2
What is the y-axis of the HR diagram?
Answer 2
Absolute magnitude or Luminosity
Assessment pg. 706
1. Temperature of a star is known by studying its color
2. Binary stars can be used to establish a stars mass.
3. The nearest stars have the largest parallax angles, while
the parallax angles of distant stars are too small to measure
4. Three factors determine the apparent magnitude of a star
 how big, hot, far away
5. absolute magnitude and the temperature of stars
6. The magnitude 7 star is 100 times brighter.
7. Following the nova flare-up, the star returns to its pre-nova state.
If a great amount of mass had been lost, this would not be possible,
nor would it be possible for the star to experience more
than one nova eruption.
25.2 Stellar Evolution 707-714
Key Concepts What stage marks the birth of a star?
Protostar
 Why do all stars eventually die?
Run out of fuel or Energy
 What stages make up the Sun's life cycle?
Protostar, Main sequence, Giant, Supergiant, Nebula, White Dwarf
Vocab
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Protostar-a collapsing cloud of gas and dust destined to become a star
Supernova-an exploding star
White dwarf-a star that has been without fuel and collapsed, final stage
Neutron star- a star of extremely high density
Pulsar-a variable radio source of emits pulses in regular periods
Black hole- collapsed star with high gravity that holds on to light
G.O
Evolution
of medium
size star
like our sun
Sun on the
main
sequence of
the HR
diagram
White Dwarf
stage
hydrogen
used up
moving off
main
sequence
towards Giant
stage
Planetary
nebula stage
Variable stage
Giant Satage
Dust and
gases
Protostar
Assessment pg. 714
1. Beginning of a star
2. Protostar stage
3. Energy runs out
4. Dust to main sequence to giant to white dwarf
5. Less massive stars burn the fuel slower
6. Interstellar material makes up stellar material
7. When supernova occurs we see bright light, like the moon
during the day
Black dwarf
stage
25.3 The Universe 715-721
Key concepts What is the size and structure of the Milky-Way galaxy?
Spiral, with a bright big bulge in the center
 In what ways do galaxies differ from one another?
Size, shape, age, temperature and types of stars
 What evidence indicates that the universe is expanding?
Doppler Effect
 According to the big bang theory, how did the universe begin?
a singularity explodes creating all matter
Vocab1.
2.
3.
4.
Galaxy – are groups of stars, dust, and gases held together by Gravity
Galaxy cluster – grouping of galaxies
Hubble’s law- because more distance galaxies have greater red shifts, Hubble concluded that they must be
retreating from us at greater speed
Big Bang theory- universe was started from an explosion at a singularity
G.O.
I.
The Universe
a. Milky Way Galaxy
I. Size-100,000 Light years wide and 10,000 light years thick
II. Structure-at least three spiral arms, nearly round halo
b. Types of Galaxies
I. Spiral Galaxy- disk shaped, large
II. Elliptical Galaxy- round to oval mostly small
III. Irregular galaxy- only 10% of galaxies have irregular shapes
IV. Galactic clusters-groups of galaxies
c. Expanding Galaxies
I. Red shifts- light from distant galaxies is Stretched
II. Hubble’s Law- universe is expanding
Assessment pg. 721
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
A grouping of stars
Center bulge with spiral arms, 10,000 ly thick and 100,000 wide
size, shape, temp
Red shift of galaxies moving away from us in all directions
starting of the universe from a singularity
Spiral Galaxy- disk shaped, large
Elliptical Galaxy- round to oval mostly small
Irregular galaxy- only 10% of galaxies have irregular shapes
Average density would decrease in an open universe do to the volume increasing and mass staying the
same
24.1 The study of light 672-677
Key Concepts What types of radiation make up the electromagnetic spectrum?
Radio, microwave, IR, visible light, UV, x-ray, gamma

What can scientists learn about a star by studying its spectrum?
Elements present and thus the stars chemical composition

How can astronomers determine if a star is moving toward or away from Earth?
Doppler Effect is the changing of the wavelength of the object as it moves
Vocab1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Electromagnetic Spectrum-includes all types of radiation
Photon-light acting as a stream of particles
Spectroscopy- the study of the properties of light that depend on wavelength
Continuous Spectrum-incandescent solid, liquid, or gas under pressure. Uninterrupted light
Absorption Spectrum-visible light is passed through a relatively cool gas under low pressure
Emission Spectrum-hot gas under low pressure
Doppler Effect-perceived change in wavelength of a wave that is emitted from a source that is moving
away or toward an object
G.O.
Term
Electromagnetic
Radiation
Spectroscopy
(spectrums)
Before you read these terms mean?
Nature of light
After you read these terms mean?
Nature of light
Photons
Photons
Continuous
Continuous
Absorption
Absorption
Emission
Emission
Doppler effect
Assessment p.677
1. R,M,IR (ROY G BIV) UV, X-ray, Gamma
2. Continuous spec-all color no gaps, Absorption- all color with some gaps. Emission- gaps from emission are
colored and colored from absorption are black
3. By studying the spectrum given off by the star
4. Scientists study Doppler shifts. A red shift indicates that a star is moving away from earth. A blue shift indicates
that a star is moving toward earth
5. Violet, Indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, red
6. Visible light bent when it encounters water droplets in the atmosphere and is separated into its component
colors.
24.2 Tools for Studying Space 678-683
Key Concepts How does a refracting telescope produce an image?

Why are most large telescopes reflecting telescopes?

How does a radio telescope gather data?

What advantages do space telescopes have over Earth-based telescopes?
Vocab1.
2.
3.
4.
Refracting telescope
Chromatic aberration
Reflecting telescope
Radio telescope
G.O.
Refracting Telescopes
Space Telescopes
i.
i.
ii.
ii.
Detecting invisible
radiation
i.
Assessment p.683
Reflecting Telescopes
i.
ii.
Light Gathering,
resolving, and
magnifying power
24.3 The Sun684-690
Key Concepts What is the structure of the Sun?

What are the characteristics of features on the sun?

How does the sun produce energy?
Vocab1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Photosphere
Chromosphere
Corona
Solar wind
Sunspot
Prominence
Solar flare
Aurora
Nuclear fusion
G.O.
What I expect to Learn about…
What I learned about…
Structure
of the
Sun
Photosphere
Chromosphere
Corona
Active
Sun
Sunspots
Prominences
Solar flares
Solar
interior
Nuclear fusion
Assessment p.690