IDENTIFY
“Temperance”
THE “STORMY SIXTIES”
Chapter 38
JOHN F. KENNEDY (JFK)
 Elected in 1960
 Youngest president elected
 Young cabinet: RFK (Attorney General)
JFK AND THE NEW FRONTIER
“New Frontier”:
Reduce unemployment
Reduce inflation
Keep wages high
Inspired patriotism
THE NEW FRONTIER
Southern Democrats and Republicans
hated it
Regulation of business (steel)
Cut taxes
THE NEW FRONTIER (LITERALLY)
Apollo programs
JFK AND THE PEACE CORPS
Youthful volunteers
Help other parts of the world
IN EUROPE…
1961-1962: BERLIN WALL
Built by Soviets, separated East and
West Berlin
WEST EUROPE: PROSPERING
Marshall Plan: economic aid
European Economic Community (Common
Market): boosted trade
Kennedy: Trade Expansion Act 1962, 50%
tariff reduction for Common Market countries
FOREIGN POLICY
“FLEXIBLE RESPONSE”
Defense Secretary: Robert McNamara
America would use military options around
the world that matched the crisis at hand
Increased spending on Special Forces
“FLEXIBLE RESPONSE” RESULTS
More force
Vietnam
MODERNIZATION THEORY
Idea that traditional societies in Asia, Africa,
and Latin America could develop into
prosperous, democratic societies by following
Americas lead.
VIETNAM
VIETNAM
VIETNAM
North Vietnam: Communist
South Vietnam: Democratic
1950s and 60s: North Vietnam starts to
invade South Vietnam
1961
Kennedy sent “military advisors” to aid the
South with resistance to the North (President
Diem)
1963: American aid was being embezzled by
Diem, supported a coup that assassinated
Diem
LATIN AMERICA
1961: ALLIANCE FOR PROGRESS
Marshall Plan for Latin America
Supposed to close gap b/w rich and poor so
as not to encourage communism
Disappointing results
CUBA
BAY OF PIGS
FIDEL CASTRO
1959
Ties to USSR
CIA OPERATION
Trained group of Cubans and Americans to
land in Cuba, overthrow Castro
Operation started under Eisenhower, unsure
about how much Kennedy knew
BAY OF PIGS
Land at Bay of Pigs
Kennedy did not come through with aid
Operation failed
Fiasco
RESULTS
America/Kennedy looks dumb
Cuba/USSR’s relationship strengthened
CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS
1962: discovered that the Soviets were
installing nuclear missiles in Cuba
Kennedy ordered removal of missiles
1 week later, USSR said okay
1963
Kennedy gave a speech urging America to
abandon negative views of the Soviet Union
“peaceful coexistence”
CIVIL RIGHTS
JFK
JFK promised to pass civil rights legislation
Got black vote
After elected, didn’t want to alienate southern
government
1960
Freedom Riders
FEDERAL AID
MARCH ON WASHINGTON
HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V
=3VDWWY4CMHE
NOVEMBER 22, 1963
Kennedy assassinated
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iU83R7rp
XQY
LEE HARVEY OSWALD
 (allegedly)
JACK RUBY
 https:/www.youtube.com/watch?v=3n9VQ -dXrwQ
/
WHAT DID KENNEDY ACTUALLY DO?
 Peace Corps
 “Ask not what your country can do for you…”
 Bay of Pigs
 Cuban Missile Crisis
 More troops to Vietnam
LYNDON JOHNSON
CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964
Banned racial discrimination in private
facilities open to the public
FEDERAL EQUAL EMPLOYMENT
OPPORTUNIT Y COMMISSION (EEOC)
Eliminated discrimination in hiring
AFFIRMATIVE ACTION
Against discrimination
GREAT SOCIET Y
New Dealish
War on Poverty
Economic and welfare measures
GULF OF TONKIN RESOLUTION
Let President use unrestricted force in
Southeast Asia
GREAT SOCIETY
CONGRESS
4 ACHIEVEMENTS
1. aid to education
2. medical care for the elderly and poor
(Medicare and Medicaid)
3. immigration reform (Immigration and
Nationality Act, abolished quotas)
4. new voting rights bill
MORE CIVIL RIGHTS
CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964
Gave federal gov’t more power to prohibit
segregation
24 TH AMENDMENT (1964)
Abolished poll tax in federal elections
VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965
Prohibited disenfranchisement through poll
taxes, literacy tests, etc
BLACK POWER
Malcolm X
Nation of Islam
Militant